This document discusses various types of waste and waste management practices. It begins by defining waste and describing its various sources. It then covers classification of waste by physical state, biodegradability, and health effects. Public health importance of proper waste management and the magnitude of waste problems in Nepal are discussed. Methods of waste storage, collection, and disposal including dumping, landfilling, composting, and incineration are explained. Integrated waste management and challenges in waste management are also summarized. The document provides an overview of different types of waste and approaches to handling and processing municipal solid waste.

1. Waste Management

2. Contents
• Waste
• Classification
• Sources
• Magnitude of the problem
• Public health importance of waste
management
• Ideal waste management system
• Present status of waste management in Nepal
• Integrated solid waste management

3. Contents
• E-waste – effects , sources, mgt
• Hazardous waste
• Biomedical waste
• Liquid waste
• Challenges faced in management of waste

4. Introduction
• Waste is being generated everywhere.
Waste comes from our homes, schools,
colleges, hospitals, markets, industries,
agriculture and commercial places.

5. • Rapid urbanization,
• Constant change in consumption pattern
and social behaviour
• Problems of high volumes of waste, the
costs involved, the disposal technologies
and methodologies, and the impact of
wastes on the local and global environment.

6. Waste
• Waste includes all items that people
no longer have any use for, which they
either intend to get rid of or have already
discarded. (European Topic Centre on
Sustainable Consumption and Production)**
• Any material which is not needed by the
owner, producer or processor.

7. Types of waste on the basis of their physical
state
• Solid waste
• Liquid waste
• Gaseous waste

8. On the basis of Bio-degradability
• Biodegradable wastes
• Non–Biodegradable wastes

9. On basis on effects on human health
• Hazardous waste
• Non – hazardous waste

10. Sources
• Residential
• Commercial
• Institutional
• Industrial
• Municipal Solid Waste (Construction
and Demolition)
• Treatment Facilities
• Agricultural

11. Solid waste
• Solid waste is commonly called Garbage.
• It includes only non-liquid wastes
Three types of Solid Waste
House hold waste or Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial waste or Hazardous waste
Hospital waste or Biomedical waste

12. Public health importance of waste
management
• Poor waste handling and disposal 
environmental pollution  breeding of
disease-vector insects, animal scavengers and
rodents  diseases
• Public or community nuisance due to foul
odour and unsightliness
• Obstruction of drainage systems
• Fire hazards.

13. Extent of the problem in Nepal
• Adequate excreta disposal facilities is reported
to be 23% (urban 74%, rural 18%).
• Open defecation-in rural area
• Safe drinking water 59% (urban 61% and rural
59%)
• Water and sewage line run parallel and chance
of contamination
• Seware line fed into rivers
13

14. Solid Wastes
• The term "solid wastes" includes-:
- garbage (food wastes),rubbish (paper, plastics, wood,
metal, throw-away containers, glass)
- demolition products (bricks, masonry, pipes),
- sewage treatment residue (sludge and solids from the
coarse screening of domestic sewage),
- dead animals, manure
- and other discarded material.
• It should not contain night soil.
• The output of daily waste depends upon the dietary
habits, life styles, living standards and the degree of
urbanization and industrialization (0.25 TO 2.5 kg
Daily).

15. • Solid waste, if allowed to accumulate, is a health
hazard because-:
a. it decomposes and favours fly breeding
b. it attracts rodents and vermin
c. the pathogens which may be present in the
solid waste may be conveyed back to man's food
through flies and dust
d. there is a possibility of water and soil pollution,
and
e. heaps of refuse present an unsightly
• Therefore, in all civilized countries, there is an
efficient system for its periodic collection, removal
and final disposal without risk to health.

16. Sources of Refuse
• Refuse that is collected by the street cleansing
service or scavenging is called street refuse.
• Refuse that is collected from markets is called
market refuse.
• Refuse that is collected from stables is called stable
litter.
• Industrial refuse comprises a wide variety of
wastes ranges from completely inert materials such
as calcium carbonate to highly toxic and explosive
compounds.
• The domestic refuse consists of ash, rubbish and
garbage.

17. Storage
1.) The “galvanized steel dustbin” with close fitting
cover is a suitable receptacle for storage of refuse.
• The capacity of a bin will depend upon the
number of users and frequency of collection.
• For a family of 5 members, a bin having a capacity
of 5/10 or 1/2 c.ft would be needed. If collection is
done once in 3 days, a bin having a capacity of 1½,
or 2 c.ft would be adequate.
2.) A recent innovation in the western countries is
the "paper sack”

18. 3.) Public Bins: Public bins cater for a larger
number of people.
• They are usually without cover and are kept on a
concrete platform raised 2 to 3 inches above
ground level to prevent flood water entering
bins.
• In bigger municipalities, the bins are handled
and emptied mechanically by lorries fitted with
cranes.

19. Collection
• The method of collection depends upon the funds
available.
• House-to-house collection is by far the best
method of collecting refuse.
• People are expected to dump the refuse in the
nearest public bin, which is usually not done.
• The collection methods normally practised in this
country need drastic revision and improvement in
the interest of better hygiene.
• The Environmental Hygiene Committee (1949)
recommended that municipalities and other local
bodies should arrange for collection of refuse.

20. • The open refuse cart should be abandoned and
replaced by enclosed vans.
• Mechanical transport should be used wherever
possible as it is more practical and economical
than the 19th century methods.
• There is a wide variety of refuse collection
vehicles of all shapes and sizes.
• The latest arrival in the western countries is the
"Dustless Refused Collector" which has a totally
enclosed body.

21. Methods of Disposal-:
• The principal methods of refuse disposal are :-
(a) Dumping
(b) Controlled tipping or sanitary land-fill
(c) Incineration
(d) Composting
(e) Manure pits
(f) Burial.
• The choice of a particular method is governed by local
factors such as cost and availability of land and labour.

22. Dumping
• Refuse is dumped in low lying areas partly as a
method of reclamation of land but mainly as an
easy method of disposal of dry refuse.
• As a result of bacterial action, refuse decreases
considerably in volume and is converted gradually
into humus.
• A WHO Expert Committee (1967) condemned
dumping as "a most insanitary method that
creates public health hazards, a nuisance, and
severe pollution of the environment".

23. • The drawbacks of open dumping are:
(1) the refuse is exposed to flies and rodents
(2) it is a source of nuisance from the smell and
unsightly appearance.
(3) the loose refuse is dispersed by the action of
the wind
and
(4) drainage from dumps contributes to the
pollution of surface and ground water.

24. Controlled Tipping
• Controlled tipping or sanitary landfill is the most
satisfactory method of refuse disposal where
suitable land is available.
• It differs from ordinary dumping in that the
material are placed in a trench or other prepared
area, adequately compacted, and covered with
earth at the end of the working day.
• The term "modified sanitary landfill" has been
applied to those operations where compaction
and covering are accomplished once or twice a
week.

25. • Three methods are used in this operation :
1) The trench method: Where leveI ground is
available.
- A long trench is dug out - 2 to 3 m (6-10 ft.) deep
and 4 to 12 m. (12-36 ft.) wide, depending upon
local conditions. The refuse is compacted and
covered with excavated earth.
2) The ramp method : This method is well suited
where the terrain is moderately sloping.

26. (3) The area method: This method is used for filling
land depressions, disused quarries and clay pits.
- The refuse is deposited, packed and consolidated
in uniform layers up to 2 to 2.5 m (6-8 ft.) deep.
- Each layer is sealed on its exposed surface with a
mud cover at least 30 cm (12 inches) thick.
- Such sealing prevents infestation by flies and
rodents and suppresses the nuisance of smell and
dust.
- This method often has the disadvantage of
requiring supplemental earth from outside
sources.

27. • Chemical, bacteriological and physical changes
occur in buried refuse.
• The temperature rises to over 60 deg. C within 7
days and kills all the pathogens and hastens the
decomposition process.
• Then it takes 2 to 3 weeks to cool down.
• Normally it takes 4 to 6 months for complete
decomposition of organic matter into an innocuous
mass.
• The bulldozer achieves the tasks of spreading
trimming and spreading top soil.

28. Incineration
• disposing hygienically by burning or incineration.
• It is the method of choice where suitable land is
not available.
• Hospital refuse which is particularly dangerous is
best disposed of by incineration.
• A preliminary separation of dust or ash is needed.
• All this involves heavy outlay and expenditure,
besides manipulative difficulties in the incinerator.
• loss to the community in terms of the much
needed manure.
• has a limited application in refuse disposal.

29. Incineration

30. Composting
• Composting is a method of combined disposal of
refuse and night-soil or sludge.
• It is a process of nature whereby organic matter
breaks down under bacterial action resulting in the
formation of relatively stable humus-like material,
called the compost which has considerable
manurial value for the soil.
• The principal by-products
are carbon dioxide,
water and heat.

31. • The following methods of composting are now
used :
- Bangalore method (Anaerobic method)
- Mechanical composting (Aerobic method)
1)Bangalore Method-:
• Trenches are dug 90 cm (3 ft.) deep, 1.5 to 2.5 m
(5-8 ft.) broad and 4.5 to 10 m (15-30 ft.) long,
depending upon the amount of refuse and night
soil to be disposed of.
• The pits should be located not less than 800 m
(712 mile) from city limits.

32. • The composting procedure is as follows :
- First a layer of refuse about 15 cm (6 in) thick is
spread at the bottom of the trench.
- Over this ,night-soil is added corresponding to a
thickness of 5 cm (2 in).
- Then alternate layers of refuse and night-soil are
added in the proportion of 15 cm (6 in) and 5 cm
(2 in) respectively, till the heap rises to 30 cm (1 ft.)
above the ground level.
- The top layer should be of refuse, at least 25 cm (9
in) thickness.
- Then the heap is covered with excavated earth.
“If properly laid, a man's legs will not sink when
walking over the compost mass”

33. 2)Mechanical Composting-:
• The refuse is first cleared of salvageable materials
such as rags, bones, metal, glass and items which
are likely to interfere with the grinding operation.
• It is then pulverised in a pulverising equipment in
order to reduce the size of particles to less than 2
inches.
• The entire process of composting is complete in 4
to 6 weeks.

34. Manure Pits
• The problem of refuse disposal in rural areas can be
solved by digging 'manure pits' by the individual
householders.
• The garbage, cattle dung, straw, and leaves should
be dumped into the manure pits and covered with
earth after each day‘s dumping.
• Two such pits will be needed, when one is closed,
the other will be in use.
• In 5 to 6 month's time, the refuse is converted into
manure which can be returned to the field.

35. Burial
• This method is suitable for small camps.
• A trench 1.5 m wide and 2 m deep is excavated,
and at the end of each day the refuse is covered
with 20 to 30 cm of earth.
• When the level in the trench is 40 cm from ground
level, the trench is filled with earth and
compacted, and a new trench is dug out.

36. The ideal waste management system:
• Provide a customised and robust handling of
all waste with a minimum of effort for the
customer
• Result in the lowest possible load on the
environment
• Provide a maximum of resource recovery
from the waste while minimising use of
resource in the waste handling

37. Ideal WM contd..
• Provide only little impact on the city with
respect to traffic, vehicle exhaust, noise, traffic
accidents and spill of waste
• Include proper architectural considerations in
establishing waste collection and treatment
facilities.
• Economically acceptable!

38. PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Domestic waste thrown on
streets
• Trade waste on roads /
streets
• Construction debris left
unattended
• Bio-medical waste disposed
in municipal waste stream
• Industrial waste disposed
off in open areas.

39. PRESENT STATUS OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT
• Segregation and storage of waste at source is
lacking
• Segregation of recyclable waste at source not
done
• Design & location of municipal waste storage
depots inappropriate, resulting in littering of
garbage .

40. Contd..
• Street sweeping not done everyday
• Waste transportation done in open vehicles
• Final disposal done through crude dumping
• Rag pickers collect recyclables from municipal bins /
dumpsites and litter the waste causing insanitary
conditions

41. Integrated Solid Waste Management
(ISWM) :-
• Comprehensive waste prevention, recycling,
composting, and disposal program
• To minimize the initial generation of waste
materials through source reduction,
then through reusing and recycling to further
reduce the volume of the material being sent to
landfills or incineration compared to the
conventional approach of simply focusing on
disposal of solid waste.

42. Focus of the
ISWM program includes :
• Assessment of present condition and
organizational set up.
• Reduce, reuse and recycle solid waste to the
greatest extent possible.
• Co-operate to the extent practicable in
recycling programs conducted by the civilian
community

43. • Facilitating community participation in solid
waste management activities intellectual
input – research on design, materials,
concept.
• Financial support towards infrastructure and
maintenance.
• Privatize solid waste management facilities or
contract for waste disposal services, including
recycling.

44. • Complying with applicable
regulations regarding solid
waste management and
recycling.
• Overall monitoring and co-
ordination.

45. 3 approaches in ISWM
1. Life-cycle based
2. Generation based
3. Management based

46. 1. Lifecycle-based Integrated Solid
Waste Management
• Based on lifecycle assessment of a product
from its production and consumption point of
view.

47. 2 Generation-based Integrated Solid
Waste Management :-
• based on its generation from different sources
including domestic, commercial, industrial and
agriculture.

48. 3. Management-based
Integrated Solid Waste
Management :-
• Includes regulations and laws, institutions,
financial mechanisms, technology and
infrastructure, and role of various stakeholders.

50. Solid waste disposal
• On-site disposal
• Composting
• Incineration
• Open dumps
• Sanitary landfills

51. E waste
 E-waste comprises of waste electronics goods
which are not fit for their originally intended
use.
 Such electronics goods may be television,
telephones, radios, computers, printers, fax
machines, DVDs and CDs etc.

52. Sources of E-waste
 IT and Telecom Equipments
 Large and small Household Appliances
 Consumer & Lighting Equipments
 Electrical & Electronic Tools
 Toys, Leisure & Sports Equipment
 Medical Devices
 Monitoring & Control Instruments

53. Health effects
 Electronics products like computers and cell
phones contain a lot of different toxins.
 For example, Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs)
contain heavy metals such as Lead, Barium
and Cadmium, which can damage human
nervous and respiratory system if they enter
the water system.

54. Effects of E-waste
On Environment
 Pollution of Ground-
Water.
 Acidification of soil.
 Air Pollution.
 E-Waste accounts for 40
percent of the lead and 75
percent of the heavy
metals found in landfills.
On Human Health
 DNA damage.
 Lung Cancer.
 Damage to heart, liver
and spleen.
 Chronic damage to the
brain.
 Asthmatic bronchitis.
54

55. E-waste Management
The major components of E-waste Management are -
 E-waste collection, sorting and transportation.
 E-waste recycling.
In industries, management of E-waste is done by Waste
Minimization Techniques. It involves-
 Inventory management,
 Production-process modification,
 Volume reduction,
 Recovery and reuse.

57. 1. Treatment Options of E-Waste
 Land filling.
 Incineration.
Technology Currently Used
 Dismantling.
 Pulverization/ Hammering.
 Shredding.
 Density separation.

58. Hazardous waste
• Consist of toxic substances that are of
chemical nature
• highly dangerous to human, plants, animals
and the overall
environment

59. Criteria
• Ignitability - includes liquids with a flash point less
than 140°F, at standard temperature and pressure.
• Corrosivity - includes aqueous wastes with a pH at or
below 2.0 (acids) or at or above 12.5 (bases)
• Reactivity - includes unstable chemicals, violent
reactions with water, formation of explosive mixtures
when mixed with water, etc
• Toxicity - includes poisons and other toxic substances
that pose a threat to human health, domestic livestock,
pets, or wildlife through ingestion, inhalation, or
absorption

60. Hazardous waste Management
• Minimizing
• Collection and Packaging
• Labelling
• Storage
• Disposal

61. Minimize
• Reuse old chemical containers
• helps in resource conservation, economic
efficiency & environmental protection.
Collection and Packaging
• Never mix incompatible materials
• Sealed containers
• Liquid Waste containers should only be fill to 75%
of capacity to allow for expansion

62. Labeling
• Proper labeling
 Storage
• Waste should be segregated and stored
according to compatibility
• Make sure container are secure and check for
leaks in storage area

63. Treatment
• Physical - Screening, sedimentation,
centrifugation, floatation, adsorption
• Chemical -Neutralization, precipitation,
oxidation and reduction.
• Biological - Different types of microorganisms
Pseudomonas bacteria – benzene, phenol
,cresol.

64. Disposal
• Incineration - able to achieve 99.99%
destruction & removal efficiency of hazardous
components in waste.
• Land disposal, underground disposal & deep
well injection

65. Basal Convention
• An international treaty
• Reduce the movement of hazardous waste
between nations, and specifically to prevent
transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less
developed countries.
65
Developed Developing

67. Transmission of Faeco-oral Diseases

68. Sanitation Barrier

69. Methods of Disposal
• There are a number of methods of excreta disposal.
Some are applicable to un-sewered areas, and some
to sewered areas.
1) SERVICE TYPE LATRINES (CONSERVANCY SYSTEM)
2) NON_SERVICE TYPE (SANITARY LATRINES)
(a) Bore hole latrine (b) Dug well or pit latrine
(c) Water-seal type of latrines
(i) PR.A.l. type
(ii) R.C.A. type
(iii) Sulabh Shauchalaya
(d) Septic tank (e) Aqua privy
3. LATRINES SUITABLE FOR CAMPS AND TEMPORARY USE
(a) Shallow trench latrine (b) Deep trench latrine
(c) Pit latrine (d) Bore hole latrine

70. Sewered areas-:
1. WATER_CARRIAGE SYSTEM AND SEWAGE TREATMENT
(a) Primary Treatment
• Screening
• Removal of grit
• Plain Sedimentation
(b) Secondary Treatment
• Trickling filters
• Activated sludge process
(c) Other Methods:
• (i) Sea outfall
• (ii) River outfall
• (iii) Sewage farming
• (iv) Oxidation ponds.

71. Non service type
• Excreta does not contaminate the ground
water and soil
• Should not be assessible for flies, rodents,
animals
• Excreta should not create a nuisance due to
odour
71

72. Bore-well Latrine
30-40 cm circular hole in
diameter and depth 4 to 8 m

73. Dug Well/PIT Latrine
75 cm diameter and 3 to 3.5 m deep
Last for 5 years for 4-5 family

74. Water Seal Latrine
•Sanitary latrines for rural families
•Squatting plate is fitted with water seal
•Prevent assess to flies
•Prevent escape of odours

75. RCA Latrine(Reaserch com
Action projects)

76. Location
• safe distance from source of water suppy and
laterine.
• Not be located within 15 m from water
source.
• Not be located in flooding area

77. Squatting plate
• Made of impervious material (cement
concrete) for easy washing,clean and dry and
prevention of hookworm larvae.
• Circular squatting plate diameter of 3ft and 2
in thickness,
• Raised footrest forconveniance.

78. Pan
• Receives night soil

79. Trap
• Bent pipe that connects pan- holds water
provides water seal.
• Water seal prevents access of flies and foul
smell.

80. • Connecting pipe- (when pit is away from
squatting plate) connects pit to trap.
• Dug well- pit 75 cm diamtre, 3-3-5 m deep and
covered.
• When pit fills second pit is dug and direction
of connecting pipe is changed.

81. Septic Tank
Satisfactory means of disposing excreta from single dwelling
Double chamber /single chamber
Anaerobic digestion in septic tank
Aerobic digestion of effluent

82. Aqua Privy
Public use
Water tight chamber

83. Sulabh shauchalaya
• Community based
83

84. Liquid waste
• Sewage
• Sullage
• Industrial waste
• Runoff

85. Sewage
• Waste water from the community which
contains solid and liquid excreta.
• 99.9% - water
• 0.1% - solids

86. Sewage management
Basic requirements
• Surface water must not be contaminated.
• There should be no contamination of
groundwater that may, in turn, contaminate
springs or wells.
• Excreta should not be accessible to flies or
other animals.

87. • There should be no handling of excreta; where
this is unavoidable, it should be kept to a
minimum.
• There should be no odours or unsightly
conditions.
• The method used should be simple and
inexpensive in construction and operation.
• The method should last for at least five years
to be cost-effective.

88. Sewage treatment
Sewage treatment means removing impurities
so that the remaining waste water can be safely
return to the river or sea and become part of
the natural water cycle again.
88

89. S. treatment
• Sewage cannot be disposed untreated in water
body
• Microorganisms present in the sewage may use
the oxygen of water
• Depletion in the oxygen content- thus killing
aquatic organisms.
• Production of H2S foul smell
89

90. Thus the aim of sewage treatment is to
“stabilize” the organic matter of sewage and
convert the sewage water to an effluent of an
acceptable standard to be disposed off.
Indicators to measure the organic matter of
sewage is Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
Suspended Solid
90

91. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BOD
• measure of strength of sewage
• Amount of oxygen absorbed by a sample of sewage
during a specified period (5days) at temp 20 deg. C for
aerobic destruction or use of organic matter by living
organisms.
• Natural water 1mg/l
• Untreated domestic sewage contain > 300 mg/l BOD-
termed as strong sewage
• Less than 100 mg/l- weak
91

92. Suspended solids
• Another indicator of the strength of sewage
• Domestic sewage may contain 100-500 mg/l
• SS less than 100 mg/l is weak and more than
500mg/l is strong domestic sewage.
92

93. Sullage
• Waste water which does not contain human
excreta.
• Eg : waste water from kitchens and bathrooms

94. Waste water management
Three stages
• Physical
• Chemical
• Biological

95. Sewage treatment
Preliminary treatment:
 Screening is the first step
 Paper, plastic, woods, rags are removed
 Bigger solid matters are removed
 Removed waste taken for the safe disposal
 Amount of grit and sand also removed to
prevent the damage of the pump, device.
95

96. Primary treatment
• Remained solids are removed by sedimentation
passing throug large sedimentation tank
• About 70% of the solids settle out at this stage
• Settled waste referred as sludge.
• Sludge is further dehydrated and used as
manure
96

97. Secondary treatment
• This treatment is designed to substantially
degrade the biological content of the sewage.
• Sewage obtained from primary sedimentation
tank still contains organic matter in solution or
colloidal form
• This has high BOD thus cause water pollution or
soil pollution
97

98. Secondary treatment involves aerobic oxidation
as further treatment processes like:
a. Trickling filter
b. Activated sludge process
98

99. Trickling filter
99

100. Trickling filter
• Bed of crushed stones or PVC plastics
• 4-8 feet deep or more according to load
• Trickling filters offer simple, reliable treatment
for small areas.
• Bed of rocks, fist size (lots of air spaces)
100

101. Trickling filter
• Water from primary treatment trickles over
rocks
• Rocks coated with slime of aerobic bacteria
• Zoogleal layer (algae, fungi, protozoa,
bacteria)
• Bacteria aerobically digest organic solution
101

102. • Because of their high design flexibility, trickling
filters are able to handle a wide variability of
wastewater strengths.
• this generates sludge, which must be treated
and disposed of, and the treatment unit may
need to be covered in cold climates for effective
operation. Trickling filters also require regular
attention from an operator.
102

103. 103

104. 104

105. Activated sludge method
• Huge tank with propellers to move water
• Air pump to aerate water for 6 – 8 hours
• Sludge of aerobic organisms digest the organic
matter
105

106. Activated sludge method
• Sewage oxidized into CO2, Nitrates and water
by aerobic bacteria
• Coli form greatly reduced as well as typhoid
and cholera organisms.
106

107. 107

108. Secondary sedimentation
• Kept for 2-3 hours
• sludge thus obtained is a good manure after
dehydrated
• A portion of activated sludge is fed back to
aeration tank for activated S. Process.
108

109. Sludge disposal methods:
1. Digestion
• Sludge obtained is incubated for 3-4 weeks
• Under fav. Temp and PH in anaerobic digestion
chamber.
• Anaerobic bacteria break down the complex
solids into H20, CH4’ and NH3.
• Volume of the sludge also decreases.
• Methane as by-product is used as fuel lighting
and heating.
109

110. 2. Sea disposal:
• Sludge thus obtained can be disposed off into
the sea, thus dilution takes place.
3.Land disposal:
Sludge is disposed off in the land also by
composting, used as the manure too if
dehydrated.
110

111. Effluent Disposal
1. Disposal by dilution:
• Effluent is simply disposed off in the water
body
• Such disposal depends upon the nature of
water body
• Pretreatment (Cl2)of effluent may be needed.
• Permitted level of SS- 30 mg/l
• Permitted level of BOD5 –20 mg/l
111

112. Contd.
• Dilution ratio (H20 to effluent) should be 8:1
• Tertiary treatment is needed for removing more
chemical and biological parameters if present
112

113. General methods of sewage disposal
1. Sea outfall
2. River outfall
 raw sewage shouldn't be disposed in river.
 Purified sewage can be disposed depending on
the purifying capacity of water body
3. Land treatment (Sewage treatment)
 Ridges and furrows are made
 Crops on ridges and sewage on furrows
113

114. Contd.
4. Oxidation pond: Waste stabilization pond
• A large shallow pond (.5m -1.5m) depth
• O.P is old, cheap method
• Stabilization of organic matter in the waste
• Bacteria as pseudomonas, flavo-bacteria and flagellated
bacteria feed on decaying organic matters
• Alagae with the help of sunlight utilizes CO2, water, and
inorganic minerals
• Effluent may need disinfection
114

115. OXIDATION DITACHES/Aerated lagoons:
• is a complete and low-priced system to the
mechanic-biological purification of waste water
of small communities.
• They can be integrated very good into the
surrounding area
115

116. 116

118. Challenges
• Absence of segregation of waste at source
• Lack of technical expertise and appropriate
institutional arrangement
• Unwillingness of LSGI to introduce proper
collection, segregation, transportation and
treatment/ disposal systems
• Lack of Management Information Systems

119. • Lack of planning for waste management
while planning townships
• Indifferent attitude of citizens towards
waste management due to lack of
awareness
• Lack of awareness creation mechanism
• Lack of community participation
towards waste management and
hygienic conditions
• Lack of funds

120. • Thank you….

121. ANY
QUERY ???