The document discusses sodium chloride (common salt) and its replacement Saltex. It provides background on common salt, including its properties, roles in the body, absorption, and regulation. It notes that excess salt consumption is linked to several health conditions like hypertension. While salt is essential in small amounts, reducing sodium chloride levels in foods is challenging. The document then proposes ammonium chloride as a probable safe alternative to sodium chloride for its properties and physiological roles.
This document discusses salt intake in India, which is alarmingly high. The average daily salt intake in India ranges from 9-12 grams, which is far above the WHO recommended limit of 5 grams per day. High salt intake is associated with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Despite evidence of harmful effects, public health efforts to reduce salt consumption have been limited in India. Widespread education efforts are needed to increase awareness of risks from excessive salt intake and make modest population-wide reductions in dietary salt a public health priority.
1) Dietary salt intake is linked to higher blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk but has received less attention than other health issues. 2) Studies in the 1970s first showed the relationship between low salt intake and low blood pressure in an isolated Brazilian tribe. 3) The WHO raised concerns in 2003 about the global burden of chronic diseases related to diet and advocated for lower salt, saturated fat, and sugar intake. 4) The Dutch Health Council recommended a limit of 6 grams of salt per day in 2006, lower than the previous 9 gram limit, to reduce high national salt intake levels.
WHO guidelines on Sodium and Potassium intake (Adults & Children)meducationdotnet
The WHO guidelines recommend reducing sodium intake to less than 2g per day and increasing potassium intake to at least 90mmol per day for adults to reduce the risks of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. Low sodium and high potassium diets may lower blood pressure and risks of associated noncommunicable diseases. The recommendations aim to address global overconsumption of sodium and low potassium intake. Children's intake should be adjusted downward based on their energy needs compared to adults.
International Journal of Food Properties (Mr Gorbani)_2Rasoul Ghorbani
This study investigated the effect of ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration pretreatment on shrinkage of Mirabelle plums during hot air drying. Mirabelle plums were pretreated using combinations of ultrasonication times (10 and 30 minutes), osmotic solution concentrations (50% and 70% sucrose), and immersion times in the solution (60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes). The plums were then dried using hot air drying. Results showed that ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration pretreatment significantly decreased shrinkage of the plums during drying. Additionally, a linear relationship was observed between moisture loss and shrinkage, indicating that shrinkage can be estimated from changes in moisture content during drying
Modelling and Simulation of Osmotic Dehydration of Onionrileshmehta
This document is a certificate certifying that two students, Mohit Ulhaque and Rilesh Mehata, submitted a satisfactory project entitled "Modelling and Simulation of Osmotic Dehydration of Onion" for their Bachelor of Technology degree in chemical engineering. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking their guide Prof. S.K. Navhale for guidance. It also includes an abstract describing that India is a large producer of onions and osmotic dehydration can be used to study aspects of onion drying, compare drying processes, and develop a mathematical model to simulate and improve drying procedures.
The document discusses the importance of understanding blood lab values for paramedics. It provides information on normal ranges and significance of various blood tests, including electrolytes, kidney and liver enzymes, blood counts, pH and gases. Understanding lab values is important for the new Ohio paramedic refresher program and may help with use of future portable testing devices in the field.
The kidneys play an important role in regulating water and four key electrolytes: potassium, bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. Water makes up 75% of the human body and is essential for many processes, while sodium helps balance pH levels and nerve conduction. Potassium aids muscle contraction and energy production. Chloride works with sodium and potassium to control fluid flow and acidity. Bicarbonate acts as a buffer to keep blood pH in balance. Together these substances regulated by the kidneys are vital for homeostasis in the human body.
This document discusses salt intake in India, which is alarmingly high. The average daily salt intake in India ranges from 9-12 grams, which is far above the WHO recommended limit of 5 grams per day. High salt intake is associated with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Despite evidence of harmful effects, public health efforts to reduce salt consumption have been limited in India. Widespread education efforts are needed to increase awareness of risks from excessive salt intake and make modest population-wide reductions in dietary salt a public health priority.
1) Dietary salt intake is linked to higher blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk but has received less attention than other health issues. 2) Studies in the 1970s first showed the relationship between low salt intake and low blood pressure in an isolated Brazilian tribe. 3) The WHO raised concerns in 2003 about the global burden of chronic diseases related to diet and advocated for lower salt, saturated fat, and sugar intake. 4) The Dutch Health Council recommended a limit of 6 grams of salt per day in 2006, lower than the previous 9 gram limit, to reduce high national salt intake levels.
WHO guidelines on Sodium and Potassium intake (Adults & Children)meducationdotnet
The WHO guidelines recommend reducing sodium intake to less than 2g per day and increasing potassium intake to at least 90mmol per day for adults to reduce the risks of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. Low sodium and high potassium diets may lower blood pressure and risks of associated noncommunicable diseases. The recommendations aim to address global overconsumption of sodium and low potassium intake. Children's intake should be adjusted downward based on their energy needs compared to adults.
International Journal of Food Properties (Mr Gorbani)_2Rasoul Ghorbani
This study investigated the effect of ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration pretreatment on shrinkage of Mirabelle plums during hot air drying. Mirabelle plums were pretreated using combinations of ultrasonication times (10 and 30 minutes), osmotic solution concentrations (50% and 70% sucrose), and immersion times in the solution (60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes). The plums were then dried using hot air drying. Results showed that ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration pretreatment significantly decreased shrinkage of the plums during drying. Additionally, a linear relationship was observed between moisture loss and shrinkage, indicating that shrinkage can be estimated from changes in moisture content during drying
Modelling and Simulation of Osmotic Dehydration of Onionrileshmehta
This document is a certificate certifying that two students, Mohit Ulhaque and Rilesh Mehata, submitted a satisfactory project entitled "Modelling and Simulation of Osmotic Dehydration of Onion" for their Bachelor of Technology degree in chemical engineering. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking their guide Prof. S.K. Navhale for guidance. It also includes an abstract describing that India is a large producer of onions and osmotic dehydration can be used to study aspects of onion drying, compare drying processes, and develop a mathematical model to simulate and improve drying procedures.
The document discusses the importance of understanding blood lab values for paramedics. It provides information on normal ranges and significance of various blood tests, including electrolytes, kidney and liver enzymes, blood counts, pH and gases. Understanding lab values is important for the new Ohio paramedic refresher program and may help with use of future portable testing devices in the field.
The kidneys play an important role in regulating water and four key electrolytes: potassium, bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. Water makes up 75% of the human body and is essential for many processes, while sodium helps balance pH levels and nerve conduction. Potassium aids muscle contraction and energy production. Chloride works with sodium and potassium to control fluid flow and acidity. Bicarbonate acts as a buffer to keep blood pH in balance. Together these substances regulated by the kidneys are vital for homeostasis in the human body.
This document provides information on coronary artery disease (CAD) and strategies for prevention. It discusses that CAD is a leading cause of death and symptoms can include chest pain and shortness of breath. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise, and stress. Prevention strategies target population-level interventions as well as controlling risk factors for high-risk individuals and implementing secondary prevention measures. A healthy diet, physical activity, weight control, and stress management are emphasized.
The document discusses mineral metabolism and the metabolism of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. It notes that minerals can be grouped into macrominerals, which are required in excess of 100 mg/day, and microminerals or trace elements, which are required in amounts less than 100 mg/day. It provides details on the sources, functions, and clinical conditions related to abnormal levels of these specific minerals.
The human cannot live without water. At birth the cells are about 80-90% water content. With passage of time it diminishes, but still remains in the 60% range.
Water gives power, is power and is the life of planets, animals and all that lives.
Sharing a presentaton I did for my former asswociates at work; includes works of Emoto on the power of words, music to influence the structure, shape and colour of water. Think about this. If we are such a high proportion of water - must we not conclude that our words impace all living things, all people?
This document discusses water and its importance for human health. It notes that water makes up 50-70% of total body weight and is essential for all bodily functions and processes. Dehydration can occur quickly and cause health issues within a few days if water intake is insufficient. The document outlines where water is stored in the body and daily water needs. It also discusses electrolytes and their importance for fluid balance.
Salt is essential for life and health in many ways. It helps maintain electrolyte balance, aids hydration, and is important for proper functioning of organs, muscles, nerves and brain. While salt is necessary, the type of salt consumed is important. Refined salt lacks minerals and overconsumption can lead to health issues. Unrefined salt like sea salt and bamboo salt contain beneficial minerals and can help maintain alkaline pH levels in the body, which is important for overall health and disease prevention.
Here are some key points on using bamboo salt for healing:
- Add 1 sachet (5g) of bamboo salt to 1 liter of water and drink before exercise or breakfast. This helps detoxification.
- For tooth pain, ulcers, gastric pain - directly apply or drink bamboo salt water slowly to relieve symptoms.
- For food poisoning or hangovers - drink 1 liter of water with 2-3 sachets of bamboo salt.
- Colon cleansing can be done by drinking 1 liter of water with 2-3 sachets of bamboo salt in the morning.
- Those with medical conditions like pregnancy, high blood pressure, heart/kidney issues should take lower doses or consult a
Prevalence of Hypokalemia in Population Consuming Large Quantities of Salted ...ijsrd.com
This study examined the prevalence of hypokalemia in coastal populations that consume large amounts of salted fish in Nellore, India. The researchers collected blood samples from 100 people and found that 24% had hypokalemia while 10% had hyperkalemia. Hypokalemia was more common because coastal diets rely heavily on salted fish which is high in sodium and low in potassium. Seafood lacks potassium which can lead to hypokalemia if large amounts are regularly consumed without sufficient potassium from other foods. The sodium-potassium pump and nerve transmission rely on proper electrolyte balance of sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride which can be disrupted by diets high in salted fish and sodium.
Causes of high blood pressure and cholesterolbanditto
High blood pressure and high cholesterol can both increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. High blood pressure occurs when the force of blood pushing against vessel walls is too high. It has no symptoms but can be detected through a blood pressure reading. High cholesterol occurs when there are abnormal levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is carried in the blood by lipoproteins and too much LDL or low HDL can increase risk. Both conditions are diagnosed through blood tests and may be caused by factors like genetics, diet, weight, and lifestyle habits. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include medications to control levels.
6. nursing management patient with coronary artherosclerosisAkash Bhagwat
The document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD) in India. It notes that atherosclerosis, an abnormal accumulation of fatty substances in artery walls, is the most common heart disease. Studies show CAD increasing over the last 60 years in India. Risk factors include conditions like high cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and CAD involves injury to arteries leading to inflammation and plaque buildup over many years. Prevention focuses on controlling risk factors through diet, exercise, medication and surgery like angioplasty when needed.
Final Group assignment Electrolytes Tests.pptxKhadiraMohammed
This document provides information about electrolyte tests and their clinical significance. It discusses the objectives of understanding electrolyte components, their normal and abnormal ranges, and fluid prescription principles. The document defines electrolytes as dissolved ions that perform various body functions. It then examines specific electrolytes (sodium, calcium, chloride), their normal ranges, causes of abnormal levels, related signs and symptoms, and diagnostic tests. The document aims to enhance understanding of electrolyte tests and their importance in clinical practice.
Sodium is a mineral that has a bad reputation because it is found in large quantities in the processed food that is a staple of the standard North American diet. It is in high amounts in foods like luncheon meats, hotdogs, cured meats (like ham, bacon and corned beef), condiments (like ketchup, soy sauce and mustard), as well as cheese and milk.
Sodium is a mineral that has a bad reputation because it is found in large quantities in the processed food that is a staple of the standard North American diet. It is in high amounts in foods like luncheon meats, hotdogs, cured meats (like ham, bacon and corned beef), condiments (like ketchup, soy sauce and mustard), as well as cheese and milk.
The document discusses cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes heart disease and stroke. CVD is the UK's number one killer. It occurs when fatty deposits build up in the arteries, restricting blood flow and oxygen to the heart and brain. A plant-based diet can help prevent and treat CVD in several ways. It is lower in saturated fat and cholesterol than the standard Western diet, and higher in nutrients that support heart health. Factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, obesity, and smoking increase CVD risk, but following a plant-based diet can help regulate these risk factors.
Non Communicable Diseases Introduction 2022.pptxCillaLee1
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases. It provides an overview of NCDs, their risk factors, and levels of prevention. The main points are: NCDs such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes and lung disease account for over 80% of all premature deaths globally. The largest risk factors are tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and harmful alcohol use. Behavioral risk factors can lead to metabolic risk factors like obesity, high blood pressure, high blood glucose, and high cholesterol. Prevention strategies target these modifiable risk factors at the primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
Sodium is a mineral that helps regulate blood pressure and volume. It is found naturally in many foods but is often added during food processing and preparation. While sodium is essential for nerve and muscle function, too much can lead to high blood pressure. Processed foods are a major source of dietary sodium. Reducing sodium intake is recommended for overall health.
Water and electrolytes especially sodium are closely associated in their regulation in the body. Both are tightly regulated as a tilt of one may result in serious consequences to an individual.
In our modern world, cholesterol has become almost a swear word. Thanks to the promoters of the diet-heart hypothesis, everybody “knows” that cholesterol is “evil” and has to be fought at every turn. If you believe the popular media, you would think that there is simply no level of cholesterol low enough. If you are over a certain age, you are likely to be tested for how much cholesterol you have in your blood. If it is higher than about 200 mg/100ml (5.1 mol/l), you may be prescribed a “cholesterol pill.” Millions of people around the world take these pills, thinking that this way they are taking good care of their health. What these people don’t realize is just how far from the truth they are. The truth is that we humans cannot live without cholesterol. Let us see why.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, claiming an estimated 17.9 million lives each year. Nutraceuticals have shown promising results in preventing and managing cardiovascular disease and its risk factors like dyslipidemia and high LDL cholesterol. Fish protein hydrolysates and compounds from the ocean like EPA, DHA, and bioactive peptides have demonstrated beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. Sterols/stanols from plant foods are associated with lower LDL cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease when consumed.
The document discusses solid waste management and composting. It explains that composting is a process where organic waste materials are broken down by microorganisms into a stable humus-like material called compost. Composting reduces the volume of waste and provides nutrients for plant growth. It can be done aerobically, using oxygen, or anaerobically, without oxygen. During aerobic composting, microbes break down organic compounds into carbon dioxide, nitrites, and nitrates.
RELATION BETWEEN EARTH, MOON, MARS AND A GIANT IMPACT DVS BioLife Ltd
It is believed that there was a Giant Impact causing formation of Pacific ocean and an astral body. General belief is Mars collided and Moon formed.
In this document, it is proposed that Moon has collided and Mars formed.
It is for the scientific community to credit or discredit this theory
This document provides information on coronary artery disease (CAD) and strategies for prevention. It discusses that CAD is a leading cause of death and symptoms can include chest pain and shortness of breath. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise, and stress. Prevention strategies target population-level interventions as well as controlling risk factors for high-risk individuals and implementing secondary prevention measures. A healthy diet, physical activity, weight control, and stress management are emphasized.
The document discusses mineral metabolism and the metabolism of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. It notes that minerals can be grouped into macrominerals, which are required in excess of 100 mg/day, and microminerals or trace elements, which are required in amounts less than 100 mg/day. It provides details on the sources, functions, and clinical conditions related to abnormal levels of these specific minerals.
The human cannot live without water. At birth the cells are about 80-90% water content. With passage of time it diminishes, but still remains in the 60% range.
Water gives power, is power and is the life of planets, animals and all that lives.
Sharing a presentaton I did for my former asswociates at work; includes works of Emoto on the power of words, music to influence the structure, shape and colour of water. Think about this. If we are such a high proportion of water - must we not conclude that our words impace all living things, all people?
This document discusses water and its importance for human health. It notes that water makes up 50-70% of total body weight and is essential for all bodily functions and processes. Dehydration can occur quickly and cause health issues within a few days if water intake is insufficient. The document outlines where water is stored in the body and daily water needs. It also discusses electrolytes and their importance for fluid balance.
Salt is essential for life and health in many ways. It helps maintain electrolyte balance, aids hydration, and is important for proper functioning of organs, muscles, nerves and brain. While salt is necessary, the type of salt consumed is important. Refined salt lacks minerals and overconsumption can lead to health issues. Unrefined salt like sea salt and bamboo salt contain beneficial minerals and can help maintain alkaline pH levels in the body, which is important for overall health and disease prevention.
Here are some key points on using bamboo salt for healing:
- Add 1 sachet (5g) of bamboo salt to 1 liter of water and drink before exercise or breakfast. This helps detoxification.
- For tooth pain, ulcers, gastric pain - directly apply or drink bamboo salt water slowly to relieve symptoms.
- For food poisoning or hangovers - drink 1 liter of water with 2-3 sachets of bamboo salt.
- Colon cleansing can be done by drinking 1 liter of water with 2-3 sachets of bamboo salt in the morning.
- Those with medical conditions like pregnancy, high blood pressure, heart/kidney issues should take lower doses or consult a
Prevalence of Hypokalemia in Population Consuming Large Quantities of Salted ...ijsrd.com
This study examined the prevalence of hypokalemia in coastal populations that consume large amounts of salted fish in Nellore, India. The researchers collected blood samples from 100 people and found that 24% had hypokalemia while 10% had hyperkalemia. Hypokalemia was more common because coastal diets rely heavily on salted fish which is high in sodium and low in potassium. Seafood lacks potassium which can lead to hypokalemia if large amounts are regularly consumed without sufficient potassium from other foods. The sodium-potassium pump and nerve transmission rely on proper electrolyte balance of sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride which can be disrupted by diets high in salted fish and sodium.
Causes of high blood pressure and cholesterolbanditto
High blood pressure and high cholesterol can both increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. High blood pressure occurs when the force of blood pushing against vessel walls is too high. It has no symptoms but can be detected through a blood pressure reading. High cholesterol occurs when there are abnormal levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is carried in the blood by lipoproteins and too much LDL or low HDL can increase risk. Both conditions are diagnosed through blood tests and may be caused by factors like genetics, diet, weight, and lifestyle habits. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include medications to control levels.
6. nursing management patient with coronary artherosclerosisAkash Bhagwat
The document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD) in India. It notes that atherosclerosis, an abnormal accumulation of fatty substances in artery walls, is the most common heart disease. Studies show CAD increasing over the last 60 years in India. Risk factors include conditions like high cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and CAD involves injury to arteries leading to inflammation and plaque buildup over many years. Prevention focuses on controlling risk factors through diet, exercise, medication and surgery like angioplasty when needed.
Final Group assignment Electrolytes Tests.pptxKhadiraMohammed
This document provides information about electrolyte tests and their clinical significance. It discusses the objectives of understanding electrolyte components, their normal and abnormal ranges, and fluid prescription principles. The document defines electrolytes as dissolved ions that perform various body functions. It then examines specific electrolytes (sodium, calcium, chloride), their normal ranges, causes of abnormal levels, related signs and symptoms, and diagnostic tests. The document aims to enhance understanding of electrolyte tests and their importance in clinical practice.
Sodium is a mineral that has a bad reputation because it is found in large quantities in the processed food that is a staple of the standard North American diet. It is in high amounts in foods like luncheon meats, hotdogs, cured meats (like ham, bacon and corned beef), condiments (like ketchup, soy sauce and mustard), as well as cheese and milk.
Sodium is a mineral that has a bad reputation because it is found in large quantities in the processed food that is a staple of the standard North American diet. It is in high amounts in foods like luncheon meats, hotdogs, cured meats (like ham, bacon and corned beef), condiments (like ketchup, soy sauce and mustard), as well as cheese and milk.
The document discusses cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes heart disease and stroke. CVD is the UK's number one killer. It occurs when fatty deposits build up in the arteries, restricting blood flow and oxygen to the heart and brain. A plant-based diet can help prevent and treat CVD in several ways. It is lower in saturated fat and cholesterol than the standard Western diet, and higher in nutrients that support heart health. Factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, obesity, and smoking increase CVD risk, but following a plant-based diet can help regulate these risk factors.
Non Communicable Diseases Introduction 2022.pptxCillaLee1
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases. It provides an overview of NCDs, their risk factors, and levels of prevention. The main points are: NCDs such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes and lung disease account for over 80% of all premature deaths globally. The largest risk factors are tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and harmful alcohol use. Behavioral risk factors can lead to metabolic risk factors like obesity, high blood pressure, high blood glucose, and high cholesterol. Prevention strategies target these modifiable risk factors at the primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
Sodium is a mineral that helps regulate blood pressure and volume. It is found naturally in many foods but is often added during food processing and preparation. While sodium is essential for nerve and muscle function, too much can lead to high blood pressure. Processed foods are a major source of dietary sodium. Reducing sodium intake is recommended for overall health.
Water and electrolytes especially sodium are closely associated in their regulation in the body. Both are tightly regulated as a tilt of one may result in serious consequences to an individual.
In our modern world, cholesterol has become almost a swear word. Thanks to the promoters of the diet-heart hypothesis, everybody “knows” that cholesterol is “evil” and has to be fought at every turn. If you believe the popular media, you would think that there is simply no level of cholesterol low enough. If you are over a certain age, you are likely to be tested for how much cholesterol you have in your blood. If it is higher than about 200 mg/100ml (5.1 mol/l), you may be prescribed a “cholesterol pill.” Millions of people around the world take these pills, thinking that this way they are taking good care of their health. What these people don’t realize is just how far from the truth they are. The truth is that we humans cannot live without cholesterol. Let us see why.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, claiming an estimated 17.9 million lives each year. Nutraceuticals have shown promising results in preventing and managing cardiovascular disease and its risk factors like dyslipidemia and high LDL cholesterol. Fish protein hydrolysates and compounds from the ocean like EPA, DHA, and bioactive peptides have demonstrated beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. Sterols/stanols from plant foods are associated with lower LDL cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease when consumed.
The document discusses solid waste management and composting. It explains that composting is a process where organic waste materials are broken down by microorganisms into a stable humus-like material called compost. Composting reduces the volume of waste and provides nutrients for plant growth. It can be done aerobically, using oxygen, or anaerobically, without oxygen. During aerobic composting, microbes break down organic compounds into carbon dioxide, nitrites, and nitrates.
RELATION BETWEEN EARTH, MOON, MARS AND A GIANT IMPACT DVS BioLife Ltd
It is believed that there was a Giant Impact causing formation of Pacific ocean and an astral body. General belief is Mars collided and Moon formed.
In this document, it is proposed that Moon has collided and Mars formed.
It is for the scientific community to credit or discredit this theory
This document discusses the importance of providing minerals to animals in organic forms like chelates and proteinates. It notes that inorganic minerals are not well absorbed and can be toxic. Organic mineral forms bind with amino acids or proteins, forming complexes that are more bioavailable and do not compete with each other for absorption. The document recommends using proteinated minerals in animal feed to improve health, immunity, nutrient absorption and production while reducing environmental pollution from mineral excretion.
Probiotics are live microorganisms that are similar to beneficial microorganisms found in humans. They are generally recognized as safe and help balance intestinal microbiota, enhancing health and boosting the immune system. The gut contains trillions of microorganisms, especially in the large intestine. Probiotics were first introduced in the early 20th century and are thought to benefit the host by improving microbial balance and inhibiting pathogens. Modern research investigates specific health effects of probiotics such as treating diarrhea and inflammatory diseases.
Somalatha and its most probable candidates_ a Review by Vijayaraghavan Gonuguntla in his book "Comprehensive Indian Medicinal Plants Vol i pages 207 to 225 published by Studium Press, Houston
Meat preservation without using chemical preservatives, which are generally carcinogenic or possess health risk factors in a natural way employing GRAS, non GM and Naturally occuring Microbes
The document discusses using algae for wastewater treatment. It notes that algae can efficiently treat wastewater by removing nutrients, heavy metals, and pathogens. This allows the treated water to be safely used for irrigation, reducing freshwater usage and pollution of waterways. Algae treatment in oxidation ponds also produces algal biomass that can be converted to biofuels or other products. The document provides examples of how different algae species effectively remove various wastewater contaminants like nitrogen, phosphorus, and COD. Algae wastewater treatment is seen as a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods.
IMPROVING BUFFALO MILK FOR FEEDING NEONATALS AS A REPLACEMENT OF MOTHER'S MILKDVS BioLife Ltd
The document discusses developing a breast milk substitute called MIMIC-BM made from buffalo milk. It aims to resemble human breast milk by making buffalo milk more compatible and functional. The need arises when mothers cannot breastfeed for medical reasons, poor lactation, or lack of availability. The document provides nutritional analyses of human milk, animal milks like cow and buffalo milk, and reviews the establishment of infant gut microbiota from breastfeeding versus formula feeding. It also discusses digestion in neonates and their nutritional requirements.
This document discusses proteases and their role in digestion in poultry. It begins by explaining that animals must obtain some amino acids from their diet as they lack the necessary enzymes to synthesize them. It then describes how ingested proteins are broken down through digestion involving acid and protease enzymes. The document provides classifications and examples of different types of proteases. It discusses how proteases break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates at different pH levels along the gastrointestinal tract. The document also notes some anti-nutritional factors found in various feed ingredients and how proteases can help degrade them to improve digestibility.
This document discusses enzymes and their role in digestion. It provides information on different types of enzymes including cellulase, protease, lipase, and others. It describes what substrates each enzyme acts on and the end products produced. It also discusses various feed ingredients and their anti-nutritional factors, as well as the regions of the GI tract and enzymes involved in digestion.
This document discusses the use of poultry litter as a feed ingredient for livestock. It provides a history of regulations around using poultry litter in animal feed in the US, beginning with an FDA ban in 1967 over safety concerns, which was later reversed. In the mid-2000s, the FDA again considered banning litter use due to mad cow disease risks but ultimately decided a ban was unnecessary. The document also provides several citations and studies on using litter in poultry and cattle feed and the effects on animal growth and performance.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of hen age on fertility. The study found that older hens had decreased sperm penetration and fertility compared to younger hens, even when inseminated with similar numbers of sperm. There are a few potential reasons for this: 1) older hens may release sperm from storage more readily or in larger numbers; 2) older hens have smaller sperm storage areas due to increased weight; 3) sperm may remain viable for less time when stored in older hens; 4) older hens may produce fewer sperm receptor sites on eggs. The results indicate that reduced fertility in older flocks is partly due to physical and physiological changes in hens with age.
This document provides information about alternatives to chemotherapy for cancer treatment. It discusses chemotherapy drugs and their mechanisms of action. Additionally, it explores the potential role of unusual plant derivatives and microbes in cancer diagnosis, treatment and minimizing recurrence. The document contains a lengthy list of over 350 common cancer drugs used in chemotherapy.
TREATING Cattle dung for use as manure or poultry feeding stuffDVS BioLife Ltd
This document discusses methods for processing cattle dung. It begins by providing background on changes in livestock practices, including the rise of confined animal feeding operations that produce large volumes of manure slurry. Key issues with slurry include ammonia emissions, odors, and pathogens. The document then evaluates methods for processing cattle dung, including composting and converting it into a livestock feed ingredient to recycle nutrients. It provides details on the chemical composition and energy content of cattle manure and analyzes factors that influence emissions and degradation.
MastitisCare is a formulation used to control subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. It can also be used as an adjunct to conventional mastitis therapy involving antibiotics. Mastitis is caused by bacteria and impacts animal welfare and milk quality. MastitisCare contains minerals, probiotics, organic acids, and vitamins that can help prevent and treat mastitis as an alternative to antibiotics. It is applied topically to the udder and surrounding areas to control mastitis without the need for withdrawal times.
This document discusses methods for protecting orchards and vineyards from frost damage. It begins by describing how cold temperatures can damage crops in winter months. It then discusses various frost protection methods including shelter belts, covers, and heating systems. Specific systems mentioned include overtree and undertree sprinklers, heaters, wind machines, and evaporative cooling. Key considerations for selecting a protection system include the crop, location, costs, and weather conditions. Maintaining adequate water supplies and distribution is also important for methods using water like sprinklers. The document provides details on estimating heat outputs and water needs for different systems. Overall it aims to help farmers choose effective and economical frost protection.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Profiles saltex revised
1. SALTEX
COMMONSALT REPLACEMENT
ABOUT COMMON SALT
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by circulatingblood upon the walls of blood
vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs. During each heartbeat, BP varies
between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure. The mean BP, due
to pumping by the heart and resistance to flow in blood vessels, decreases as the
circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries. Blood pressure drops
most rapidly along the small arteries and arterioles, and continues to decrease as the
blood moves through the capillaries and back to the heart through veins. Gravity, valves
in veins, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles, are some other influences
on BP at various places in the body.
The term blood pressure usually refers to the pressure measured at a person's upper
arm. It is measured on the inside of an elbow at the brachial artery, which is the upper
arm's major blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. A person's BP is
usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure (mmHg), for
example 120/80.
Hypertension has emerged as a major public health problem in India and many
developing countries. There is sufficient clinical and epidemiological evidence that
2. hypertension is increasing in India. It has been reported that hypertension prevalence in
India quadrupled in urban as well as rural populations over a 50-year period from early
1950s to late 1990s. The prevalence of hypertension (blood pressure 160/ 95 mmHg)
in urban populations increased from 2–4% in mid-1950s to 10–15% at the end of 20th
century. In rural populations, the prevalence increased from 1–2% to 4–8%. The Global
Burden of Diseases study has reported that by the year 2025, cardiovascular diseases
would be the major cause of death all over the world including the developing countries.
In India, cardiovascular diseases would result in a loss of 18.4 million disability adjusted
life years (DALY's), which is comparable to established market economies (19.4), former
socialist economies (26.1), China (16.3), other Asian countries (15.6), Latin America
(13.2), and the middle eastern crescent (17.7). High blood pressure (BP) is directly
related to about 40% of this cardiovascular disease burden.
Increasing hypertension in India and other developing countries has been related to
sedentary lifestyle, excess dietary salt, calorie and alcohol intake, increasing generalized
and central obesity, and stress of migration and urbanization.
Ahlawat et al reported trends in hypertension in an urban north Indian population over a
30-year period. Prevalence of hypertension in 1968 was 19.9% in men and 24.8% in
women and increased to 43.7% in men and 45.8% in women in 1997. Changes in mean
BP levels were not reported. In Delhi, mean systolic BP increased in men aged 40–49
years from 123.4 11 mmHg in 1959 to 128.8 17 mmHg in 1995. This was associated
with increase in the prevalence of hypertension from 6.3 to 26.4%. Ezzati et al have
reported results of global disease burden in the year 2000 (GBD-2000). In the GBD-
2000 study, hypertension has been projected as the most important risk factor
accounting for 7.14 million deaths of a total of 55.8 million (12.8%) worldwide. This is
more than deaths caused by underweight (3.75 million), high cholesterol (4.42 million),
tobacco (4.91 million), unsafe sex (2.89 million) and other risk factors.
3. Salt is a mineral that is composed primarily of sodium chloride. It is essential for animal
life in small quantities, but is harmful to animals and plants in excess. Salt flavor is one
of the basic tastes, making salt one of the oldest, most ubiquitous food seasonings.
Salting is an important method of food preservation.
Salt for human consumption is produced in different forms: unrefined salt (such as sea
salt), refined salt (table salt), and iodized salt. It is a crystalline solid, white, pale pink or
light gray in color, normally obtained from sea water or rock deposits. Edible rock salts
may be slightly grayish in color because of mineral content.
Synonyms
Common salt, halite, table salt, rock salt, saline, hyposaline, sodium monochloride, sodium chloric, saltex
CAS number 7647-14-5 YesY
PubChem 5234
ChemSpider 5044
RTECS number VZ4725000
Properties
Molecular formula NaCl
Molar mass 58.443 g/mol
Appearance Colorless/white crystalline solid
Odor Odorless
Density 2.165 g/cm3
Melting point 801 °C, 1074 K, 1474 °F
Boiling point 1413 °C, 1686 K, 2575 °F
Solubility in water 356 g/L (0 °C) 359 g/L (25 °C) 391 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility soluble in glycerol, ethylene glycol, formic acid
insoluble in HCl
Solubility in methanol 14.9 g/L
Solubility in ammonia 21.5 g/L
Acidity (pKa) 6.7–7.3
Refractive index (nD) 1.5442 (589 nm)
Structure
Crystal structure Face-centered cubic
Space group Fm3m, No. 225
Lattice constant ` a = 564.02 pm
Coordination Octahedral (Na+)
Geometry Octahedral (Cl–)
Flash point Non-flammable
LD50 3000–8000 mg/kg (oral in rats, mice, rabbits)
4. ROLE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
SODIUM
Sodium is one of the primary electrolytes in the body.
Sodium is present as a constituent of various inorganic salts found in intestinal juices.
It is also present as sodium chloride in the body's red blood cells.
Sodium content of the body is about 1.4 g/Kg.
There are estimated to be approximately 120 grams of sodium in the adult human body.
About 33% of total body sodium is found in the skeletal structure
It is an essential nutrient, and we need a certain amount for normal body function.
It plays an important role in the absorption of other nutrients, such as glucose, amino
acids, and water.
CHLORIDE
Chloride helps keep the amount of fluid inside and outside of cells in balance.
It also helps maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure, and pH of body fluids.
Chloride is a component of hydrochloric acid, an important part of gastric juice (an acidic
liquid secreted by glands in the stomach lining) and aids in food digestion. It is also
needed to stimulate starch-digesting enzymes
Blood serum contains 100 to 110 mmol/L of chloride ions.
Chloride is the major extracellular anion and contributes to many body functions
including the maintenance of osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, muscular activity,
and the movement of water between fluid compartments.
It is associated with sodium in the blood and was the first electrolyte to be routinely
measured in the blood. The amount of chloride decreases when the amount of sodium in
the blood decreases, and vice versa. The level of chloride in the blood is also related to
the level of bicarbonate. When the amount of bicarbonate decreases, the amount of
chloride normally increases, and vice versa.
Chloride ions are secreted in the gastric juice as hydrochloric acid, which is essential for
the digestion of food.
SODIUM CHLORIDE
5. Chloride and sodium ions, the two major components of salt, are needed by all known
living creatures in small quantities.
Salt is involved in regulating the water content (fluid balance) of the body. Potassium
and sodium act as cofactors for certain enzymes.
Sodium rich foods:
Cheese, bacon, ham, sausages, tinned meat egg.corned beef, meat + fish paste
salted butter & margarine, tinned vegetables, tinned & packet soups salted nuts & crisps,
salty biscuits etc.
Other sources of sodium:
Effervescent pain-killers - may contain up to 20mmol sodium per tablet.
Antacids and some other medicines
More recently, it was demonstrated to attenuate nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide (NO)
contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and
growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium.
The use of sodium salt, has long been suspected as a cause of health problems,
particularly hypertension. Although a cause-effect relationship between excessive
sodium ingestion and hypertension has apparently not been established, it is known that
a reduction of sodium intake alone will accomplish a reduction in the hypertensive state.
Too much or too little salt in the diet can lead to muscle cramps,dizziness, or electrolyte
disturbance, which can cause neurological problems, or death. Drinking too much water,
with insufficient salt intake, puts a person at risk of water intoxication (hyponatremia).
Salt is sometimes used as a health aid, such as in treatment of dysautonomia.
Excess salt consumption is linked with a number of conditions including:
• Duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers
• Edema (oedema)
• Gastric cancer (stomach cancer)
• Heartburn.
• Hyper natremia.
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Left ventricular hypertrophy (cardiac enlargement):
• Osteoporosis
• Renal disease.
• Stroke and cardiovascular disease.
6. With growing consumer awareness and a more active presence by the FDA in the
labelling requirements for the use of sodium salts, private industry is now concerned with
the amount of sodium chloride they are adding to their food products. Presently many
food product manufacturers are adding sodium chloride directly to their food system. In
addition, a large percentage of the purchased ingredients used in formulating food
products also contains sodium chloride. In some instances, the sodium chloride content
can be as high as 50% by weight on a dry solids basis of the food ingredient.
(Hereinafter all references to weight, percent by weight or parts by weight will be on a
dry solids basis unless otherwise indicated.)
To some degree the problem of high sodium levels in foods can be reduced by simply
lowering the level of sodium chloride added to the food product formulations. But
unfortunately the level of sodium chloride in most cases cannot be lowered due to
preservation requirements and the necessity of from 0.5% to 2.5% by weight of sodium
chloride in the food product for flavor requirements.
The steady-state concentrations of sodium and chloride in mammalian skeletal muscle
are 12 mmol perlitre and 3.8 mmol per litre in the intracellular fluid respectively and 145
mmol per litre and 120 mmol per litre in the extra cellular fluid respectively. In nerves,
depolarisation is a manifestation of Na+ influx. Serum sodium levels are well maintained
at approximately 140 mmol per litre even in studies involvinghigh or low salt diets and
elderly subjects
Under normal conditions, gastrointestinal and respiratory excretion of sodium is
negligible and sodium is excreted primarily by the kidneys. Chloride excretion is by
passive diffusion, but it also leaves the tubular lumen by active transport.
High sodium chloride intakes increase calcium excretion and may increase the risk of
kidney stoneformation. However, there is no substantial evidence to suggest a
relationship between excess sodiumchloride intake and reduced bone mineral density.
A safe intake is considered to be between 0.9 and 2.3 grams of sodium per day,
although in special circumstances, such as excessive sweating and diarrhoea, higher
levels may be needed.
"Normal" salt diet ... ... 1100 - 3300 mg/day
"High" salt diet ... ... 4000 - 6000 mg/day
"Low" salt diet ... ... 400 - 1000 mg/day
7. ABSORPTION OF SODIUM
Sodium absorption is rapid. It starts in 3-4 minutes after intake and completed well within
3 hours.
Sodium is absorbed passively from the lumen of the entire length of the intestine. Ionic
sodium can also be absorbed actively from the lumen of the small intestine and colon.
Once in the intestinal epithelium it is actively transported to the interstitial fluid.
Chloride is also absorbed passively, but with decreasing efficiency along the length of
the intestine and is not absorbed at all in the colon
The sodium concentration outside of the body's cells is balanced by the concentration of
potassium within the cell.
CITATION:
The major regulator of blood pressure homeostasis is the renin-angiotensis system.
Angiotensinogen is digested by renin to produce angiotensin I (AGT I). AGT I is an
inactive 10 amino-acid peptide that is further degraded to produce angiotensin II by the
agiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensis II is the master regulator of blood
pressure increase acting on the heart, kidneys and blood vessels. Angiotensin II causes
direct constriction of the resistance vessels and stimulation of the adrenal cortex to
increase blood volume and sodium absorption. In 2000, Tipnis et al., discovered ACE 2
a second carboxypeptidase that digests angiotensin. ACE is a di-peptidase, cleaving off
2 peptides from the c-terminal end of angiotensin. ACE 2 only cleaves 1 amino acid to
8. produce angiotensin 1-9 (AGT 1-9) which has no identified function at this time. AGT 1-9
is not converted to angiotensin II but further degraded by ACE to AGT 1-7, a vasodilator.
It would appear that ACE 2 inhibits the formation of angiotensin and reduces blood
pressure increases. Crackower et al determined that ace2 -/- mice suffered significant
heart defects at 6 months. Further deletion of ACE resulted in restored cardiac functions.
(Kosi Gramatikoff, Ph.D; http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/h_ace2Pathway.asp)
Sodium is absorbed readily in the intestine. Excretion is primarily via urine and is
regulated by the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone is released in response to the liver-
produced enzymes angiotensin 1 and 2. These enzymes are in turn secreted upon
stimulation of the liver by the enzyme renin, which is produced by the renal cortex upon
a decrease in sodium levels within the body. Aldosterone promotes the action of the
"sodium pump" in actively pumping sodium from excretory fluids back into the
bloodstream.
SECRETIN
It is produced by cells of the duodenum. It stimulates the pancreas to produce sodium
bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidic chime. It also stimulates the liver to secrete the
bile.
Sodium bicarbonate acts within the blood to buffer high acid concentrations. Sodium is
an important constituent of other buffering compounds, which act to maintain the
acid/base balance of the blood plasma and body fluids. In the kidney, sodium from the
urine is exchanged for acidic hydrogen ions formed by the epithelial cells. The sodium
binds with bicarbonate ions and hence restores the buffering bicarbonate ion to the
blood.
9. BILE SALTS:
Bile salts depending on pH concentration and type, induce a luminally directed
movement of sodium and water. Failure to absorb sodium due to bile salts has been
attributed to secretion mediated by cyclic AMP. An alternate explanation for net flux
movement of sodium into the colon has been direct mucosal damage by detergent
action of bile. Flux movement of sodium into the colon due to cell damage has been
labeled a permeability effect and is associated with measurable losses of DNA from
mucosal cells.
PROBABLE SAFE ALTERNATE CANDIDATES
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
CAS number 12125-02-9
ChemSpider 23807
EC number 235-186-4
RTECS number BP4550000
Properties
Molecular formula NH4Cl
Molar mass 53.491 g/mol
Appearance White solid hygroscopic
Odor odorless
Density 1.5274 g/cm3
10. Melting point 338 °C (decomposes)
Solubility in water 29.7 g/100 mL (0 °C) 37.2 g/100 mL (20 °C) 77.3 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility in alcohol 0.6 g/100 mL (19 °C)
Acidity (pKa) 9.245
Refractive index (nD) 1.642
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of formation ΔfHo298 −314.55 kJ/mo
Standard molar entropy So298 94.85 J K−1 mol−1
Flash point Non-flammable
LD50 1650 mg/kg, oral (rat)
In several countries ammonium chloride is known as sal ammoniac and used as food
additive. The E number for ammonium chloride used as a food additive is E510.
Sal ammoniac is used to spice up dark sweets called salty liquorice and in the flavouring
Salmiakki Koskenkorva for vodkas.
Sal ammoniac is also used in baking to give cookies a very crisp texture.
CITATION:
It has been demonstrated by a number of investigators that temporary pharmacological denervation
of the autonomic nervous system may be produced through the use of the tetraethyl ammonium
ion by means of its action at the autonomic ganglia (1 to 5). In the course of experiments
utilizing the tetraethyl ammonium ion in the study of neurogenic mechanisms in essential
hypertension, variation in blood pressure response to this drug both in a given individual and in
different individuals suggested the necessity of determining whether increasing tolerance may
develop during the test period and whether the basic tone (due to humoral and other intrinsic
factors) of the denervated arterial vascular tree is constant or varying. The results of numerous
serial intravenous injections of tetraethyl ammonium chloride in 6 hypertensive patients are presented
as a preliminary answer to these questions.
After entering the laboratory, these patients rested 30 minutes or more in the horizontal position
before 5 baseline blood pressure readings were made at minute intervals. Four cubic centimeters (400
mgm.) of tetraethyl ammonium -chloride 2 were then injected into an arm vein and blood pressure
readings made at 30-second intervals for 5 minutes and thereafter at minute intervals for an additional
5 minutes. The mean of the pressure readings made before the injection was taken as the baseline,
the lowest systolic-diastolic reading made after the injection was taken as the endpoint (tetraethyl
ammonium chloride floor). This procedure was repeated serially with each patient at intervals of
approximately 24 hours for 7 to 15 days.
Three hospital patients and 3 ambulatory patients were studied. Two of the patients were in-
No tendency to develop a resistance to the depressor action of the drug was noted in any of the
patients during the period of testing. There was, however, considerable day to day variation in both
the magnitude of the depressor response and of the blood pressure "floor" reached. The minimum
variation of the depressor response (80/44 to 45/
11. Light vertical lines connect control systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Heavy vertical lines connect
systolic and diastolic pressures at height of TEAC effect (TEAC floor). The 2 horizontal broken lines
represent the mean systolic and diastolic endpoints (TEAC floor) of all determinations. Note the day to day
variation in the TEAC floor and the lack of any evidence of increasing tolerance to the drug.
30 mm. Hg) occurred in patient E. H. (Figure 2), the maximum (82/71 to 18/1 mm. Hg) in patient
12. V. F. (Figure 2). The fluctuations in the blood pressure floor varied from 170/114 to 144/96 mm.
Hg in patient F. I. (Figure 3) to 176/135 to 114/ 84 mm. Hg in patient V. F. (Figure 2). No correlation
could be demonstrated between variations in the initial height of blood pressure and the floor
levels reached after tetraethyl ammonium chloride.
SUMMARY
Serial intravenous injections of tetraethyl ammonium chloride in 6 hypertensive patients revealed
in all cases considerable daily fluctuation in both the magnitude of depressor response and the
blood pressure floor. There was no evidence of the development of increasing tolerance to the depressor
effect of the drug on repeated administration.
For this reason, the data suggest that fluctuating humoral and neurogenic mechanisms interact
as factors in clinical hypertension.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Acheson, G. H., and Pereira, S., The blocking effect of tetraethyl ammonium ion on the superior cervical
ganglion of the cat. J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap., 1946, 87, 273.
2. Lyons, R. H., Moe, G. K., Campbell, K. N., Hoobler, S. W., Neligh, R. B., Berry, R. L., and Rennich, B.,
The effects of blockade of the autonomic ganglia in man. Preliminary observations on the use of
tetraethyl ammonium bromide. Univ. Hosp. Bull., Ann Arbor, 1946, 12, 33.
3. Lyons, R. H., Moe, G. K., Neligh, R. B., Hoobler, S. W., Campbell, K. N., Berry, R. L., and Rennich,
B. R., The effects of blockade of the autonomic ganglia in man with tetraethyl ammonium.
Preliminary observations on its clinical application. Amer. J. M. Sc., 1947, 213, 315.
4. Acheson, G. H., and Moe, G. K., Some effects of tetraethyl ammonium on the mammalian heart. J.
Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap., 1945, 84, 189.
5. Acheson, G. H., and Moe, G. K., The action of tetraethyl ammonium ion on the mammalian circulation.
J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap., 1946, 87, 220.
BILE ACIDS
LD 50 Values:
CHOLIC ACID
Rabbit i.v. 50 mg/Kg Body weight (Na salt) Gillert, 1926
DESOXYCHOLIC ACID
Rabbit i.v. 15 mg/Kg body weight (Na salt) Gillert, 1926
CITATION:
Effects of the synthetic bile acids on blood pressure were examined in spontaneously
hypertensive rats. Continuous intravenous administration of the bile acids at the rate of 1
mg/min for 20 min significantly lowered the blood pressure by 12 mmHg. In order to
examine its blood pressure lowering mechanism, the isolated mesenteric arterial
perfusion system was employed. Bile acids in the perfusate inhibited vascular reactivity
to norepinephrine and KCl in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory action
13. diminished as the concentration of potassium in the perfusate decreased. When the
perfusate was free from potassium, its inhibitory action completely disappeared. These
results in vivo and in vitro studies strongly suggest that bile acids act directly on the
vascular beds and attenuate vascular response to norepinephrine.
(Takehiko Tominaga, Hiromichi Suzuki, Yasuhide Ogata, Toshio Imafuku and Takao
Saruta; Bile acids are able to reduce blood pressure by attenuating the vascular
reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats; Life Sciences; Volume 42, Issue 19, 1988,
Pages 1861-1868)
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Synonyms:
Calcium(II) chloride,
Calcium dichloride,
CAS number 10043-52-4, 22691-02-7 (monohydrate),
10035-04-8 (dihydrate) 25094-02-4 (tetrahydrate)
7774-34-7 (hexahydrate)
PubChem 24854
EC number 233-140-8
RTECS number EV9800000
Molecular formula CaCl2
Molar mass 110.98 g/mol (anhydrous), 128.999 g/mol (monohydrate)
147.014 g/mol (dihydrate), 183.045 g/mol (tetrahydrate)
219.08 g/mol (hexahydrate)
Appearance white solid
Density 2.15 g/cm3 (anhydrous), 1.835 g/cm3 (dihydrate)
1.83 g/cm3 (tetrahydrate, 1.71 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)
14. Melting point 772 °C (anhydrous), 260 °C (monohydrate)
176 °C (dihydrate) 45.5 °C (tetrahydrate)
30 °C (hexahydrate)
Boiling point 1935 °C (anhydrous)
Solubility in water 74.5 g/100mL (20 °C) 59.5 g/100 mL (0 °C)
Solubility in alcohol soluble
Acidity (pKa) 8-9 (anhydrous) 6.5-8.0 (hexahydrate)
Structure Crystal structure Orthorhombic (deformed rutile) octahedral, 6-
coordinate
EU Index 017-013-00-2
LD50 1000mg/Kg
Calcium chloride in water dissociates to provide calcium (Ca++) and chloride (Cl-) ions.
Both are normal constituents of the body fluids and are dependent on various
physiological mechanisms for maintenance of balance between intake and output.
It is generally prescribed in the cases of low blood plasma calcium levels, for the
treatment of magnesium intoxification, due to overdosage of magnesium sulfate, and to
combat the deleterious effects of too much potassium in the body.
It is used in cardiac resuscitation when weak or inadequate contractions return following
defibrillation or when epinephrine injection has failed to strengthen myocardial (heart)
contractions.
Calcium is present in small quantities in the extracellular fluid and to a minor extent in
the structure of cytoplasm of cells of soft tissue. To fulfill its vital function, ionized calcium
must be available to the appropriate tissues in the proper concentrations. An endocrine
control system ordinarily keeps the plasma concentrations of ionized calcium within
narrow limits. Intracellular concentrations of ionized calcium are also strictly regulated by
control of the exchange of ions between the cell and its environment and between
intracellular compartments. The principal endocrine factors that control calcium
metabolism are parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D. Derangements in
calcium metabolism may occasionally require the rapid restoration of calcium
concentrations in body fluids by the infusion of i.v. calcium salts.
High calcium levels, on the other hand, constrict the heart arteries and increase the risk
of heart attacks. Calcium deposits in the walls of the arteries contribute to the
development of arteriosclerosis. The arteries become hard and rigid, thereby restricting
the blood flow and causing high blood pressure. In addition, such inelastic blood vessels
may easily rupture and cause strokes. Countries with the highest calcium to magnesium
ratios (high calcium and low magnesium levels) in soil and water have the highest
incidence of cardiovascular disease. At the top of the list is Australia.
Contra-Indications:
Cardiac resuscitation in the presence of ventricular fibrillation; digitalized patients;
hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria (e.g., in hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D overdosage,
decalcifying tumors such as plasmocytoma, bone metastases); severe renal disease;
calcium loss due to immobilization. tag_WarningWarnings
COLCHICINE
15. LD 50 Values:
IPR-RAT LD50 6.1 mg kg-1. IVN-MUS LD50 1.6 mg kg-1. SCU-MUS LD50 1.2 mg kg-1.
Colchicine tends to impair sodium absorption.
Hempedu Bumi or Bile of Earth
This seasonal herbaceous plant can grow until 70-90 cm heights..
Hempedu Bumi leaf can used as the remedy to lower the high blood pressure
pressure, besides to cure diabetes, antiinflammation, antibacterial, antivirus, relieve
fever and as the phlegm liquefier. It is also used to improve defecation, destroy the
worms in digestive system and fasten the blood clotting.
Hempedu Bumi is more popular in treating high blood pressure and fever. It possesses
liver protective and bile promoting properties. The active constituents, the
andrographolides act as strong antioxidants, protecting the liver and digestive system.
Laboratory and clinical trials have demonstrated its effectiveness in cases of toxic liver
damage, poor liver function and hepatitis.
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
16. Synonyms:
Magnesium dichloride
CAS number 7786-30-3, 7791-18-6 (hexahydrate)
PubChem 24584
RTECS number OM2975000
Molecular formula MgCl2
Molar mass 95.211 g/mol (anhydrous), 203.31 g/mol (hexahydrate) Appearance
white or colourless crystalline solid
Density 2.32 g/cm3 (anhydrous), 1.569 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)
Melting point 714 °C (987 K) (on rapid heating: slow heating leads to
decomposition from 300 °C)
Boiling point 1412 °C (1685 K)
Solubility in water anhydrous
54.3 g/100 ml (20 °C) 72.6 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Hexahydrate
157 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Solubility in ethanol 7.4 g/100 mL (30 °C)
Refractive index (nD) 1.675 (anhydrous) 1.569 (hexahydrate)
Structure Crystal structure CdCl2
Coordination geometry (octahedral, 6-coordinate)
Flash point Non-flammable
Magnesium chloride is easily assimilated and metabolized in the human body.
Research suggests a preventive role for magnesium in hypertension and cardiovascular
disease, as well as a beneficial effect in the treatment of diabetes, osteoporosis, and
migraine headaches.
For purposes of cellular detoxification and tissue purification, the most effective form of
magnesium is magnesium chloride, which has a strong excretory effect on toxins and
stagnant energies stuck in the tissues of the body, drawing them out through the pores
of the skin.
Concentration of Magnesium in the body is 250 mg/Kg. Daily requirement is 300-400
mg. Normal daily diet contains about 300-500 mg.
The first prominent researcher to investigate and promote the antibiotic effects of
magnesium was a French surgeon, Prof. Pierre Delbet. In 1915 he was looking for a
safe solution to cleanse wounds of soldiers, because he had found that traditionally used
antiseptics actually damaged tissues and encouraged infections instead of preventing
them. In all of his tests, magnesium chloride solution proved by far the best answer. Not
17. only was it harmless for tissues, but it also greatly increased leucocyte activity and
phagocytosis (the destruction of microbes).
After World War I, Prof. Delbet performed experiments with internal applications of
magnesium chloride, and found it to be a powerful immune stimulant. In his experiments,
phagocytosis increased by up to 333%. This means that, after magnesium chloride
intake, the same number of white blood cells destroyed up to three times more microbes
than beforehand.
Over the years, Prof. Delbet found magnesium chloride to be beneficial in a wide range
of diseases. These included diseases of the digestive tract such as colitis and gall
bladder problems, Parkinson's disease, tremors and muscle cramps; acne, eczema,
psoriasis, warts and itching skin; impotence, prostatic hypertrophy, cerebral and
circulatory problems; asthma, hay fever, urticaria and anaphylactic reactions. Hair and
nails became stronger and healthier, and patients also had more energy.
Prof. Delbet also found an excellent preventative effect on cancer, and he cured
precancerous conditions such as leukoplasia, hyperkeratosis and chronic mastitis.
(Epidemiological studies have since confirmed that regions with magnesium-rich soil
have a lower cancer rate than those deficient in magnesium.)
Another French doctor, A. Neveu, cured several diphtheria patients with magnesium
chloride in just two days. He also published 15 cases of poliomyelitis that were cured
within days if treatment was started immediately, or within months if paralysis had
already progressed. Neveu also found magnesium chloride effective with asthma,
bronchitis, pneumonia and emphysema; pharyngitis, tonsillitis, hoarseness, common
cold, influenza, whooping cough, measles, rubella, mumps, scarlet fever; poisoning,
gastroenteritis, boils, abscesses, infected wounds and osteomyelitis.
In more recent years Dr Raul Vergini and others have confirmed these earlier results
and have added more diseases to the list of successful uses: acute asthma attacks,
shock, tetanus, herpes zoster, acute and chronic conjunctivitis, optic neuritis, rheumatic
diseases, many allergic diseases, chronic fatigue syndrome and cancer. In all of these
cases magnesium chloride gave much better results than other magnesium compounds.
Adequate levels of magnesium are essential for the heart muscle. Those who die from
heart attacks have very low magnesium, but high calcium levels in their heart muscles.
Patients with coronary heart disease who have been treated with large amounts of
magnesium survived better than those with drug treatment. Magnesium dilates the
arteries of the heart and lowers cholesterol and fat levels.
Worldwide the intake of magnesium has been lowered and that of calcium increased
because of the heavy use of fertilisers high in calcium and low in magnesium. With this,
the intake of magnesium from our food has steadily decreased in the last fifty years,
while the use of calcium-rich fertilisers and cardiovascular disease have greatly
increased at the same time.
Diabetics are prone to atherosclerosis, fatty degeneration of the liver and heart disease.
Diabetics have low magnesium tissue levels. They often develop eye problems such as
retinopathy. Diabetics with the lowest magnesium levels had the most severe
retinopathy. The lower the magnesium content of their water, the higher is the death rate
18. of diabetics from cardiovascular disease. In an American study the death rate due to
diabetes was four times higher in areas with low magnesium water levels.
Magnesium chloride contains about 120 mg of magnesium per gram or 600 mg per
rounded teaspoon. It has a mild laxative effect. As a good maintenance intake to remain
healthy you may take a teaspoon daily in divided doses with meals. With raised blood
pressure and symptoms of magnesium deficiency you may temporarily increase this to 2
teaspoons daily in divided doses. This may already cause `loose stools' in some but that
is generally beneficial.
Individuals with very sensitive taste buds may start using it in tiny amounts mixed with
strongly flavoured food and increase doses very gradually. Alternatively, drink it in one
gulp dissolved in water while pinching your nose and quickly drink something pleasant
afterwards.With acute infections dissolve 40g or 8 slightly rounded teaspoons in 1 litre of
water.
With children commonly a small glassful or 125 mL has been used every 6 hours. Adults
may double this dose by drinking this amount every 3 hours or even more until diarrhoea
develops and then cut back to a maintenance intake just below the level of diarrhoea
until the infection has cleared.
For daily use it may be more convenient as well to dissolve the magnesium chloride in
water. (What some call "Magnesium Oil" is simply magnesium chloride dissolved in
water.) You may dissolve half of a lightly rounded teaspoon of the crystals in a medium
size glass of water or, more accurately, 2.5g in 150 mL of water. Mix one teaspoon of
this solution three times daily with food or drink for a daily intake of about 600mg of
magnesium. This or a more concentrated solution may also be used as a pack over
tumours and infected, inflamed, painful, stiff or calcified joints, muscles, adhesions or
scar tissue. It is also excellent as a back rub and to relax tense muscles anywhere and
even to rejuvenate aging skin. For sensitive skin use it in a very diluted form. On wounds
it was commonly used in a 4% solution that is 4g or a level teaspoon in 100 mL or a
small glass of water.
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE
Synonyms:
Epsom salt, Bitter salts
CAS number 7487-88-9, 14168-73-1 (monohydrate)
24378-31-2 (tetrahydrate), 15553-21-6 (pentahydrate)
13778-97-7 (hexahydrate), 10034-99-8 (heptahydrate)
PubChem 24083
ChemSpider 22515
RTECS number OM4500000
Molecular formula MgSO4
Molar mass 120.366 g/mol (anhydrous), 246.47 g/mol (heptahydrate)
Appearance white crystalline solid
19. Density 2.66 g/cm3 (anhydrous), 2.445 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
1.68 g/cm3 (heptahydrate)
Melting point 1124 °C (anhydrous, decomp), 200 °C (monohydrate, decomp)
150 °C (heptahydrate, decomp)
Solubility in water anhydrous 269 g/L (0 °C) 255 g/L (20 °C)
Heptahydrate 710 g/L (20 °C)
Solubility 0.116 g/L (18 °C, ether)
slightly soluble in alcohol, glycerol
insoluble in acetone
Refractive index (nD) 1.523 (monohydrate), 1.433 (heptahydrate)
Structure Crystal structure monoclinic (hydrate)
LD50 1200 mg/Kg
Epsom salts is rapidly excreted through the kidneys and therefore difficult to assimilate.
Magnesium sulphate may cause a reduction in blood pressure when taken together with
calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine. There may be an increase in the effects of
neuromuscular blocking agents when given together with magnesium sulphate. When
magnesium sulphate is given together with the following medicines there may be a risk
of respiratory depression: high dose barbiturates, opioids, sleeping medicines,
aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Magnesium sulphate should be administered with caution to patients receiving digoxin.
Some muscle relaxants may have their effect increased when used at the same time as
magnesium.
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
Synonyms:
Muriate of potash
CAS number 7447-40-7
PubChem 4873
ChemSpider 4707
RTECS number TS8050000
Molecular formula KCl
Molar mass 74.551 g/mol
Appearance white crystalline solid
Odor odorless
Density 1.984 g/cm3
Melting point 770 °C
20. Boiling point 1420 °C (sublimes)
Solubility in water 281 g/L (0 °C), 344 g/L (20 °C), 567 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility soluble in ether, glycerol, alkalies
slightly soluble in alcohol
Acidity (pKa) ~7
Refractive index (nD) 1.33743
Structure Crystal structure face centered cubic
ICSC 1450
NFPA 704
Flash point Non-flammable
LD50 2600 mg/kg (oral/rat), 142 mg/kg (intravenous/rat)
Potassium is always found in association with protein and therefore all the protein-rich
foods, especially milk, contribute significantly to the daily intake of potassium
Other rich sources of potassium are: Potatoes - especially baked, chips & crisps (boiling
leaches out a lot of potassium); bananas, grapes, rhubarb, fresh grapefruit, fresh
pineapple, Kiwi fruit,dried fruit eg currants, sultanas, dates, pure fruit juice including
apple juice (even though fresh apples are low in potassium) tomatoes, butter beans,
sweetcorn, mushrooms, beetroot, sprouts, leeks chocolate (plain contains less than milk)
liquorice, fruit gums, coffee.
Potassium contains a percentage of the radioactive isotope K-40. Thus potassium and
its compounds are radioactive. The human body contains a significant amount of K-40
and with the proper instruments, is easily detected from the radiation it emits.
Interestingly enough, vegetarians are significantly hotter than meat-eaters because
veggie oriented diets contain more potassium than a meat oriented diet.
Concentration of Potassium in the body is 2 g/Kg. At a concentration of 140 mmol/l, it is
the most common cation in the intracellular fluid.. Potassium is localized mostly within
the cells. Daily intake of Potassium is estimated to be 2-5.9 g/ day in normal diet.
To effect a reduction in sodium chloride or the sodium ion, many food processors have
employed potassium chloride as a sodium chloride substitute. However, potassium
chloride is easily discernable from sodium chloride, or table salt, by most humans. In
some societies the flavor of potassium chloride is readily accepted, but in the United
States, Europe, and Asia the flavor is unacceptable. Although potassium chloride is
perceived as being salty, the potassium ion imparts an "off" flavor most often described
as bitter. The reason for bitterness perception with potassium salt and not with sodium
salt is not generally understood, but the perceptor sites located on the tongue where
saltiness is perceived can readily distinguish potassium from sodium and this difference
is physiologically perceived as a difference in bitterness intensity. Because of the
difference in flavor between potassium chloride and sodium chloride, it is necessary to
employ additives in sodium chloride substitutes to minimize this flavor difference.
Excess potassium intake can cause hyperkalemia.
Various diseases and medications may decrease the body's excretion of potassium,
thereby increasing the risk of hyperkalemia.
21. SALABMISRI
SEA WEED EXTRACT
One promising compound comes from seaweed, though in some recipes it produces a
fishy taste.
LD50 92.6 mg/Kg
TARTARIC ACID
IUPAC name: 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
Synonyms: 2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid, threaric acid, racemic acid, uvic acid
paratartaric acid
CAS number 526-83-0
PubChem 875
ChemSpider 852
MeSH tartaric+acid
Molecular formula C4H6O6 (Basic formula),
HO2CCH(OH)CH(OH)CO2H (Structural formula)
22. Molar mass 150.087 g/mol
Appearance white powder
Density 1.79 g/mL (H2O)
pK1 2.98
pK2 4.34
Melting point 171–174 °C (L-tartaric), 206 °C (DL, racemic)
146–148 °C (meso) [2]
Solubility in water 133 g/100ml (20°C)
EU classification Irritant(Xi)
R-phrases R36
LD50 Rat LDLo Oral; dose: 7500 mg/kg; Rabbit LDLo Oral; dose:
5000mg/kg. Dog LDLo Oral; dose: 5000 mg/kg.
Forms of Tartaric Acid
Common name tartaric acid levotartaric acid dextrotartaric acid mesotartaric acid racemic acid
Synonyms D-(S,S)-(−)-tartaric acid L-(R,R)-(+)-tartaric acid (2R,3S)-tartaric acid DL-(S,S/R,R)-(±)-tartaric acid
unnatural isomer natural isomer
PubChem CID 875 CID 439655 CID 444305 CID 78956 CID 5851
EINECS number 205-695-6 201-766-0 205-696-1 205-105-7
CAS number 526-83-0 147-71-7 87-69-4 147-73-9 133-37-9
THIOUREA
Synonyms:
Thiocarbamide
CAS number 62-56-6
PubChem 2723790
UN number 2811
RTECS number YU2800000
Molecular formula CH4N2S
Molar mass 76.12 g/mol
Appearance white solid
Density 1.405 g/ml
Melting point 182 °C, 455 K, 360 °F
Solubility in water moderately soluble
EU Index 612-082-00-0
EU classification Carc. Cat. 3 Repr. Cat. 3 Harmful (Xn)
Dangerous for the environment
LD50 1g/kg for rats (oral).
A goitrogenic effect (enlargement of the thyroid gland) has been reported for chronic
exposure, reflecting the ability of thiourea to interfere with iodide uptake.
23. Enzyme sodium-potassium-ATPase and it’s Inhibitors
WHAT IS SALTEX?
• SALTEX IS NOT A MEDICINE
• SALTEX IS NOT A DRUG
• SALTEX DOES NOT CLAIM BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING
PROPERTIES.
• SALTEX CONTAINS NATURALLY OCCURING COMPOUNDS ONLY.
• SALTEX IS CONCEIVED ONLY TO REPLACE COMMON SALT IN THE MOST
ACCOMMODATIVE WAY.
• SALTEX IS DESIGNED TO LOWER SODIUM LEVELS ARISED OUT OF
USAGE OF COMMON SALT NORMALLY
• SALTEX IS DESIGNED TO RESTRICT THE ABSORPTION OF SODIUM AND
POTASSIUM.
• SALTEX IS DESIGNED TO BIND AND EXCRETE THE SODIM AND
POTASSIUM THAT ARE TAKEN IN.
SALTEX CONTAINS:
1. Ammonium Chloride
2. Bile Acids
3. Colchicine
4. Magnesium Sulphate
5. Potassium Chloride
6. Salabmisri
7. Sea Weed Extract
8. Sodium chloride
9. Tartaric Acid
10. Thiourea
24. All in well balanced safe proportions keeping in view of the toxicities .
MODE OF ACTION OF SALTEX
Ammonium Chloride present in saltex is to effect a reduction in sodium chloride
or the sodium ion and kept at the lowest possible level.
Bile Acids inhibit vascular reactivity to norepinephrine and KCl in a dose-
dependent manner
Colchicine tends to impair sodium absorption.
Potassium Chloride present in Saltex reduces the intake of Sodium and kept at the
lowest possible levels.
Salabmisri is a herb known to be used by Tribals in coastal areas to make salt
water potable and used to coagulate the sodium chloride obstructing it’s
absorption.
Sea Weed Extract is also employed to minimize the absorption of Common Salt.
Sodium chloride present in Saltex helps in maintaining the taste and flavour so as
the finished food is acceptable and palatable to the consumer but kept at the
lowest possible level.
Tartaric Acid is used to improve the taste and flavour.
Thiourea is also aimed to reduce the absorbed sodium levels.
CONTRA INDICATIONS
Patients having kidney problems are to avoid this.
Heart patients are to avoid this.
Diabetes patients may avoid this.
SUGGESTED DOSAGE:
WEB REFERENCES:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5064663.html
http://www.ehow.com/facts_5571433_dangers-salt-
substitute.html#ixzz2jPy4mBbk
http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/Met-Obe/Minerals.html#ixzz0vog9l8dM
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?
q=cache:4c2x_5l1XQwJ:www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/evm_sodiumchloride.pdf+B
lood+Pressure+Calcium+Chloride+Vs+Sodium+Chloride&hl=en&gl=in
25. REFERENCES:
Fregly, M.J. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Fifth Edition. Nutrition Foundation:
Washington, D.C., 1984, pp. 439-458.