This document discusses proteases and their role in digestion in poultry. It begins by explaining that animals must obtain some amino acids from their diet as they lack the necessary enzymes to synthesize them. It then describes how ingested proteins are broken down through digestion involving acid and protease enzymes. The document provides classifications and examples of different types of proteases. It discusses how proteases break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates at different pH levels along the gastrointestinal tract. The document also notes some anti-nutritional factors found in various feed ingredients and how proteases can help degrade them to improve digestibility.
Some enzymes work against anti-nutritional factors (ANF), which are produced by plants, in order to obtain more nutrients from plants for increased animal nutrition.
The correct enzyme (or combination of enzymes) need to be used for the specific target. This depends on the plant cell wall structure. For example, the cell walls of the endosperm of corn is comprised mainly of insloluble arabinoxylans, which means that only xylanases are able to degrade this wall to increase the energy value of corn based diets.
Read the presentation to find out more about the activity of different types of enzymes working alone or together.
Some enzymes work against anti-nutritional factors (ANF), which are produced by plants, in order to obtain more nutrients from plants for increased animal nutrition.
The correct enzyme (or combination of enzymes) need to be used for the specific target. This depends on the plant cell wall structure. For example, the cell walls of the endosperm of corn is comprised mainly of insloluble arabinoxylans, which means that only xylanases are able to degrade this wall to increase the energy value of corn based diets.
Read the presentation to find out more about the activity of different types of enzymes working alone or together.
Phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry dietsDeepak Nelagonda
Use of antibiotics as growth promoters is an age old process but due to many factors thrust for the search of alternative to antibiotics is growing, 'phytogenic feed additives' are one of the possible domains which could address the issue if they could be properly explored.
Organic, functional, designer & SPF feed production
The market for organic poultry products is strong
and growing. Integrating either small-scale or
large-scale production into your farm system can
be both enjoyable and lucrative.
The objective of a defined feeding management program is to supply a range of balanced diets that satisfy the nutrient requirements at all stages of development & that optimize efficiency and profitability without compromising bird welfare or the environment.
Combating heat stress of poultry by dietary manipulationMusabbir Ahammed
Poultry heat stress problem occurs severe production fall. Heat stress may overcome by improved management, special care and also dietary manipulation. This slide is the good opportunity to obtain knowledge how to resolve heat stress problem of poultry especially chicken. I hope it would be helpful for both poultry producers and poultry researchers.
In the tropical climate like India, the high ambient temperature along with high humidity is the major stressor (abiotic), thus resulting in the HEAT STRESS a major concern of poultry production.
55°F – 75°F Thermoneutral zone
65°F – 75°F Ideal temperature zone
75°F – 85°F A slight reduction in feed consumption
85°F – 90°F Feed consumption falls further, cooling should be started before this temp is reached.
90°F - 95°F Feed consumption continues to drop, danger of heat prostration among layers, cooling .
95°F-100°F Heat prostration, water consumption is high.
>100°F Emergency measures must be taken, survival is concern at these temperatures.
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE HEAT STRESS
1. Environmental strategies
Intermittent Photoschedule(light).
2. Housing management
Sites election, design and construction, ventilation, internal and roof cooling, Density of birds.
3. Nutritional strategies
Increasing energy density
Dietary Protein level and Amino acid composition
Vitamins – A,C,E.
Minerals.
Non nutrient feed additives.
Water and electrolyte balance.
4. Feeding strategies
Early feeding
Intermittent feeding
Sex separate feeding
Fasting or feed with drawl.
5. Genetic strategies
Selection for heat tolerance.
Selection for disease resistance.
Use of major genes – Naked neck(Na), Frizzle(F), Dwarf(dw), Silky (h), Slow feathering (K).
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGIES:
A). Intermittent Photo schedule
An intermittent light regime can improve the feed efficiency and thus the broiler production efficiency, by decreasing the fat deposition associated with increased incidence of leg abnormalities, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, ascites.
The favourable effect is related to the lower heat production during both light and dark period, although fluctuations in heat production are following closely the light-dark alternation.
This photo schedule contains more than one scotophase and one darkphase which recur at 24 hr intervals.
This regime increases the feed consumption during cooler part of the day.
Symmetric - when scotophase and dark phase are of equal length.
Asymmetric - when they are not in equal length.
3weeks age of broiler raised under 2L:4D intermittent light regime were significantly lighter than broilers raised in continuous light schedule but at 7 weeks it is reverse.(Proudfoot, 1975).
The initial reduction in body weight gain of birds under intermittent schedule is followed by compensatory growth, but the compensatory growth depends on genotype and sex.
Boschouwers and Nicaise (1992) observed that physical activity in broilers were lowest under 100Hz fluoroscent light and highest under incandescent.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
Orientation : east west to reduce direct solar radiation
Shade of trees and green crops around the houses will prevent direct heating, .vegetation should be mowed frequently so that it doesnot obstruct air flow
Houses should be oriented perpendicular to wind direction for max
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry dietsDeepak Nelagonda
Use of antibiotics as growth promoters is an age old process but due to many factors thrust for the search of alternative to antibiotics is growing, 'phytogenic feed additives' are one of the possible domains which could address the issue if they could be properly explored.
Organic, functional, designer & SPF feed production
The market for organic poultry products is strong
and growing. Integrating either small-scale or
large-scale production into your farm system can
be both enjoyable and lucrative.
The objective of a defined feeding management program is to supply a range of balanced diets that satisfy the nutrient requirements at all stages of development & that optimize efficiency and profitability without compromising bird welfare or the environment.
Combating heat stress of poultry by dietary manipulationMusabbir Ahammed
Poultry heat stress problem occurs severe production fall. Heat stress may overcome by improved management, special care and also dietary manipulation. This slide is the good opportunity to obtain knowledge how to resolve heat stress problem of poultry especially chicken. I hope it would be helpful for both poultry producers and poultry researchers.
In the tropical climate like India, the high ambient temperature along with high humidity is the major stressor (abiotic), thus resulting in the HEAT STRESS a major concern of poultry production.
55°F – 75°F Thermoneutral zone
65°F – 75°F Ideal temperature zone
75°F – 85°F A slight reduction in feed consumption
85°F – 90°F Feed consumption falls further, cooling should be started before this temp is reached.
90°F - 95°F Feed consumption continues to drop, danger of heat prostration among layers, cooling .
95°F-100°F Heat prostration, water consumption is high.
>100°F Emergency measures must be taken, survival is concern at these temperatures.
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE HEAT STRESS
1. Environmental strategies
Intermittent Photoschedule(light).
2. Housing management
Sites election, design and construction, ventilation, internal and roof cooling, Density of birds.
3. Nutritional strategies
Increasing energy density
Dietary Protein level and Amino acid composition
Vitamins – A,C,E.
Minerals.
Non nutrient feed additives.
Water and electrolyte balance.
4. Feeding strategies
Early feeding
Intermittent feeding
Sex separate feeding
Fasting or feed with drawl.
5. Genetic strategies
Selection for heat tolerance.
Selection for disease resistance.
Use of major genes – Naked neck(Na), Frizzle(F), Dwarf(dw), Silky (h), Slow feathering (K).
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGIES:
A). Intermittent Photo schedule
An intermittent light regime can improve the feed efficiency and thus the broiler production efficiency, by decreasing the fat deposition associated with increased incidence of leg abnormalities, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, ascites.
The favourable effect is related to the lower heat production during both light and dark period, although fluctuations in heat production are following closely the light-dark alternation.
This photo schedule contains more than one scotophase and one darkphase which recur at 24 hr intervals.
This regime increases the feed consumption during cooler part of the day.
Symmetric - when scotophase and dark phase are of equal length.
Asymmetric - when they are not in equal length.
3weeks age of broiler raised under 2L:4D intermittent light regime were significantly lighter than broilers raised in continuous light schedule but at 7 weeks it is reverse.(Proudfoot, 1975).
The initial reduction in body weight gain of birds under intermittent schedule is followed by compensatory growth, but the compensatory growth depends on genotype and sex.
Boschouwers and Nicaise (1992) observed that physical activity in broilers were lowest under 100Hz fluoroscent light and highest under incandescent.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
Orientation : east west to reduce direct solar radiation
Shade of trees and green crops around the houses will prevent direct heating, .vegetation should be mowed frequently so that it doesnot obstruct air flow
Houses should be oriented perpendicular to wind direction for max
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
This research evaluated the effect of a novel protease by DSM (RONOZYME® ProAct) on the performance, digestible energy and the ileal digestibility of crude protein, fat, gross energy and amino acids in broiler chickens. Read more to learn about the results.
Visit us at DSM Animal Nutrition and Health to learn more about our business: http://www.dsm.com/markets/anh/en_US/home.html
Macronutrients:-
Nutrients are substances needed for growth, metabolism, and for other body functions. Since “macro” means large, macronutrients are nutrients needed in large amounts.
The prefix makro is from the Greek and means big or large
Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories or energy.
Minerals and Vitamins are called micronutrients since they are needed in SMALL amounts.
Anti nutritional factors and toxins in food- krishnegowdakrishnegowda
food containing various toxins & anti-nutritional factor it causes various health damage & unavailbality of essential nutrients so thats way it have been removed from food by various methods & treatments
Overview Of Enzymes - Dr. Pedro Urriola, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
RELATION BETWEEN EARTH, MOON, MARS AND A GIANT IMPACT DVS BioLife Ltd
It is believed that there was a Giant Impact causing formation of Pacific ocean and an astral body. General belief is Mars collided and Moon formed.
In this document, it is proposed that Moon has collided and Mars formed.
It is for the scientific community to credit or discredit this theory
Somalatha and its most probable candidates_ a Review by Vijayaraghavan Gonuguntla in his book "Comprehensive Indian Medicinal Plants Vol i pages 207 to 225 published by Studium Press, Houston
Meat preservation without using chemical preservatives, which are generally carcinogenic or possess health risk factors in a natural way employing GRAS, non GM and Naturally occuring Microbes
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
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Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
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Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
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Protease for use in poultry
1. INTRODUCTION
Most microorganisms and plants can biosynthesize all 20 standard amino acids, while animals
(including humans), must obtain some of the amino acids from the diet. Key enzymes in the animals’
body amino acid biosynthetic for specific amino acids are not present at all or not present in enough
quantity in animals. The amino acids that an organism cannot synthesize, or synthesized at an
insufficient quantity, are referred to as essential amino acids. If amino acids are present in the
environment, microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their
surroundings and downregulating their biosynthetic pathways and thus they start requiring outside
sources of these amino acids.
In animals, amino acids are obtained through the consumption of foods containing protein. Ingested
proteins are broken down through digestion, which typically involves denaturation of the protein
through exposure to acid and hydrolysis by enzymes called proteases. Some ingested amino acids are
used for protein biosynthesis, while others are converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis, or fed
into the citric acid cycle. This use of protein as a fuel is particularly important under starvation
conditions since it allows body proteins - particularly those found in muscle - to be used to support life.
Amino acids are also important dietary sources of nitrogen.
(http://www.dsm.com/en_US/downloads/dnpna/Proteases_Potential_for_Use_in_Poultry_Nutrition.p
df)
Digestion is the process of breaking down large, complex molecules, as provided by the birds’ feed, into
smaller components that can be absorbed into the portal blood system. The process involves changes in
both physical and chemical structures of most dietary components. Poultry feeds consist of a complex
array of particles differing not only in chemical composition, but also in size, hardness, solubility and
ionic characteristics.
PROTEASE FOR USE IN POULTRY
PPPRRROOOTTTIIIGGGEEESSSTTT
2. Under ideal conditions, this array of particles and chemicals with different characteristics degrade
slowly in a step-wise manner as feed passes from the mouth to the large intestine. Particle breakdown
is a constant process, although the gizzard provides the major site of this activity.
In 1877, Moritz Traube proposed that (i) protein - like materials catalyzed fermentation and other
chemical reactions and (ii) they were not destroyed by doing such things. This was the beginning of the
recognition of what we call enzymes today.
Enzymes are largely responsible for molecular degradation, although their pH greatly influences their
efficacy.
When digestion is reduced, there will be reduced bird growth and/or increased feed intake. Indigestion
may also cause problems with manure/litter management, because non-digested residues in the large
intestine often adsorb more water or produce feces that are more viscous.
Animal feed contains Cereals and Cakes.
Cell walls of cereals are primarily composed of carbohydrate complexes referred to as Non Starch
Polysaccharides (NSP).
ANFs present in these NSP (like ß-glucansand arabinoxylans) are non digestible and form high-molecular-weight
viscous aggregates in the gastrointestinal tract.
They
Affect the digestive enzymes.
Cause endogenous losses
Reduce the rate of passage.
Stimulates pathogenic microbial proliferation.
Protease can degrade the proteins.
ANF
PALM
The anti-nutritional factors of the palm kernel cake as discussed by Aletor (1999) are those chemical compounds
synthesized inherently or naturally by one organism, acting as stimulators or inhibitors; the factors are phytic
acid, tannic acid, oxalate contents and phytin phosphorus.
Anti-nutritional factors of Palm Kernel Cake samples
Anti-nutrients E1 E2 Mean SD CV (%)
Tannic acid (%) 0.35 0.44 0.40 0.064 16.0
Phytin Phosphorus (mg/g) 6.50 6.73 6.62 0.163 2.46
Phytic acid (mg/g) 23.07 23.90 23.49 0.587 2.50
Oxalate (mg/g) 5.04 5. 22 5. 13 1.273 24.18
E1 and E2 are duplicate determinations.
SD = Standard Deviation; CV = Coefficient of variation at P < 0.05 significant level.
SOY
Soyabean seeds have certain anti-nutritional factors like trypsin inhibitors, protein inhibitors, protease
inhibitors, phytohemagglutinin, saponins, goitrogen and estrogenic factors that can affect the production
3. performance of chickens. But they are all thermo labile and can be destroyed by roasting, heating or
autoclaving.
Sesame/Til
Sesame (sesamum indicum) meal contains 40% protein and 8% crude protein fiber. The protein is rich in
arginine, leucine and methionine but low in lysine. Since the sesame meal is deficient in lysine its combination
with Soyabean meal appears to be useful. Sesame meal has high calcium and phosphorus content but their
availability is low because of higher phytate content in the hulls of the seed. The phytic acid reduces the
availability of calcium, zinc, magnesium, copper etc. from the diet. Nevertheless, the meal can be included in
poultry diets up to 15% in combination with other lysine rich oil cakes.
Sunflower
Sunflower meal is generally not recommended be yond 20% in the diets may be due to high crude fiber content
in the meal and also due to the presence of a polyphenolic compound called chlorogenic acid which inhibits the
activity hydrolytic enzymes. To overcome this problem, supplementation of additional methionine and choline
in the diet is suggested.
Cotton seed
Quality of cotton seed meal is poor due to the presence of gossypol, phenol like compounds that are present in
the pigment gland of cotton seed. Gossypol inhibits the activity of digestive enzymes and reduces the
palatability of diet. Mechanical pressing of seed followed by solvent extraction reduce the gossypol content to
0.02-0.5% level. Dietary levels of gossypol up to 0.015% levels are believed to be safer in poultry. Detoxification
cotton seed meal with solvent mixture containing hexane, acetone and water were found to be useful after
initial cooking of the meal. Addition of ferrous Sulphate at the rate of 4 parts to one part of gossypol prevented
yolk discoloration of the eggs due to gossypol. Cotton seed has a desirable profile of amino acids except lysine
and the digestibility of cotton seed meal is poor due to higher crude fiber.
Caster seed
The protein content of caster (Ricinus communis) seed meal varies from 21 to 48% depending upon the extent of
decertification and oil extraction. It has an ideal amino acid profile with moderately high cystine, methionine
and isoleucine. But its antinutritional substances called the ricin, ricinine and an allergen restricts its use in
poultry even at low levels of inclusion. Processing of caster meal by heating at 80 c temperature in the presence
of GN ammonia or an acid or alkali reduces the toxic content substantially. Detoxified meal needs to be
effectively corrected for lysine.
G.I Tract Region Enzyme (or
secretion)
Substrate End Product pH
Mouth Saliva Lubricates and softens food
Crop Mucus Lubricates and softens food 4.5
Stomach (Gizzard
and proventiculus)
HCI Lowers stomach pH 2.5
Pepsin Protein Polypeptides
4. Duodenum Trypsin,
Chymotrypsin and
Elastases
Proteins, Peptones
and Peptides
Peptones,
Peptides and
amino acids
Carboxy-petidases Peptides Peptides and
amino acids
6
Collagenase Collagen Peptides to
6.8
Jejunum Peptidases Peptides Dipeptides and
amino acids
5.8 to
6.6
Polynucleotidase Nucleic acids Mono-
nucleotides
Posttranslational glycosylation has been reported to protect enzymes from deactivation caused by high
temperatures and proteinases
(Olsen and Thomsen, 1991).
All enzyme feed additives are considered either food additives or GRAS substances
The activity of enzymes retains more than 95% when stored at the temperature of 25 Deg C upto 3 months
PROTEINS:
Protein and amino acid availability are of greatest concern in animal and vegetable protein ingredients. Protein
content and availability from cereals and their by-products seem to be more consistent and little affected by
processing conditions.
Feedstuff C. Protein (%) Digestibility (%)
C. Protein Lys Met Cys
Vegetable sources (cereals)
Yellow maize 8 82 - 86 81 91 85
Wheat 12 78 - 82 81 87 87
Barley 10 70 -82 78 79 81
Sorghum 10 67 - 72 78 89 83
Vegetable sources (oil seed meals)
6. Fat Type/Age 0-21d >21d 0-21d >21d
Tallow 80 86 7400 8000
Poultry Fat 88 97 8200 9000
Fish oil 92 97 8600 9000
Vegetable oil 95 99 8800 9200
Coconut oil 70 84 6500 7800
Palm oil 77 86 7200 8000
Vegetable
soapstock
84 87 7800 8100
Restaurant grease 87 96 8100 8900
Protease:
A protease (also termed peptidase or proteinase) is any enzyme that conducts proteolysis, that is, begins protein
catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain forming
the protein.
PROTEASES
Endopeptidases (proteinases) Exopeptidases(peptidases)
1. Serine proteases eg trypsin, chymotrypsin, subtilisin Aminopeptidases Carboxypeptidases
2.Cysteine proteaseseg papain, cathepsin B eg aminopeptidases I 1. Serine carboxypeptidases
3.Aspartic proteaseseg pepsin, chymosin Aminopeptidases II 2. Cysteine carboxypeptidases
4.Metalloproteases eg thermolysin, carboxypeptidase A 3. Aspartic carboxypeptidases
Classification of proteases (Source : Rao et al., 1998)
Proteases are currently classified into six broad groups:
1. Aspartate proteases
2. Cysteine proteases
3. Glutamic acid proteases
4. Metalloproteases
5. Serine proteases
6. Threonine proteases
The threonine and glutamic-acid proteases were not described until 1995 and 2004, respectively. The
mechanism used to cleave a peptide bond involves making an amino acid residue that has the cysteine and
threonine (proteases) or a water molecule (aspartic acid, metallo- and glutamic acid proteases) nucleophilic so
that it can attack the peptide carboxyl group. One way to make a nucleophile is by a catalytic triad, where a
histidine residue is used to activate serine, cysteine, or threonine as a nucleophile.
Within each of the broad groups proteases have been classified, by Rawlings and Barrett, into families of related
proteases. For example within the serine proteases families are labelled Sx where S denotes the serine catalytic
type and the x denotes the number of the family, for example S1 (chymotrypsins). An up to date classification of
proteases into families is found in the MEROPS database
7. Alternatively, proteases may be classified by the optimal pH in which they are active:
Acid proteases
Neutral proteases involved in type 1 hypersensitivity. Here, it is released by mast cells and causes
activation of complement and kinins.[3] This group includes the calpains.
Basic proteases (or alkaline proteases)
Proteases [serine protease (EC. 3.4.21), cysteine (thiol) protease (EC 3.4.22), aspartic proteases (EC 3.4.23) and
metallo-protease (EC 3.4.24)] constitute one of the most important groups of industrial enzymes, accounting for
about 60% of the total enzyme market.
Among the various proteases, bacterial proteases are the most significant, compared with animal and fungal
proteases and among bacteria, Bacillus sp are specific producers of extra-cellular proteases
Alkaline proteases
Strains of Bacillus, Steptomyces, Aspergillus are the major producers of alkaline proteases.
Neutral proteases
Neutral proteases are produced by bacteria (Clostridium histolyticum, Streptococcus spp., Bacillus subtilis, B.
cereus, B. megaterium, B. stearothermophilus, B. thuringiensis, B. pumilus, B. polymyxa, B. licheniformis, B.
amyloliquefaciens. B. stearothermophilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptomyces griseus) and fungi
(Aspergillus oryzae, A. sojae, Penicillium spp., Pericularia oryzae). These microbial neutral proteases are either
cysteine or metalloproteases.
Acid Proteases
Alcaligens, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Streptococcus, and Streptomyces
are the bacteria, and Aspergillus, Candida, Coriolus, Endothia, Endomophthora, Irpex, Mucor,
Penicillium¸Rhizopus, Sclerotium, and Torulopsis are the some of the fungi producing rennin like proteases which
find applications in cheese processing.
Adjuvant for Protease:
Protease activity was stimulated by Mn
2+
and Ca
+2
. Several results suggest that these metal ions apparently
protected the enzyme against thermal denaturation and played a vital role in maintaining the active
conformation of the enzyme at higher temperatures.
(Beg, Q.K.; Gupta, R. Purification and characterization of an oxidation-stable, thiol-dependent serine alkaline
protease from Bacillus mojavensis. Enz. and Microbial Techn., 32: 294-304, 2003.).
Similar effects of Mn
2+
on the activity of proteases were also observed by Rahman et al. , and by Manachini et al.
Protease Inhibitors
The activity of proteases is inhibited by protease inhibitors. One example of protease inhibitors is the serpin
super family, which includes alpha 1-antitrypsin, C1-inhibitor, antithrombin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin,
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and neuroserpin.
Natural protease inhibitors include the family of lipocalin proteins, which play a role in cell regulation and
differentiation. Lipophilic ligands, attached to lipocalin proteins, have been found to possess tumor protease
inhibiting properties. The natural protease inhibitors are not to be confused with the protease inhibitors used in
antiretroviral therapy. Some viruses, with HIV/AIDS among them, depend on proteases in their reproductive
cycle. Thus, protease inhibitors are developed as antiviral means.
Degradation of Protease
8. Proteases, being themselves proteins, are known to be cleaved by other protease molecules, sometimes of the
same variety. This may be an important method of regulation of protease activity.
Protease research
The field of protease research is enormous. Barrett and Rawlings estimated that approximately 8001 papers
related to this field are published each year.
Protease Bonds with alpha 2-macroglobulin to support immune function when taken on an empty stomach.
Protease is responsible for digesting proteins in food, which is probably one of the most difficult substances to
metabolize. Because of this, protease is considered to be one of the most important enzymes that we have. If
the digestive process is incomplete, undigested protein can wind up in the circulatory system, as well as in other
parts of the body.
When protease is present in higher quantities, it can help to clean up the body by removing the unwanted
protein from the circulatory system. This will help to clean up the blood stream, and restore the energy and
balance.
One of the tricks of an invading organism is to wrap itself in a large protein shell that the body would view as
being "normal". Large amounts of protease can help remove this protein shell, and allow the body`s defense
mechanisms to go into action. With the protective barrier down, the immune system can step in and destroy the
invading organism.
Protease refers to a group of enzymes whose catalytic function is to hydrolyze (breakdown) peptide bonds of
proteins. They are also called proteolytic enzymes or proteinases. Proteases differ in their ability to hydrolyze
various peptide bonds. Each type of protease has a specific kind of peptide bonds it breaks. Examples of
proteases include: fungal protease, pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, bromelain, and subtilisin.
Proteolytic enzymes are very important in digestion as they breakdown the protein foods to liberate the amino
acids needed by the body. Additionally, proteolytic enzymes have been used for a long time in various forms of
therapy. Their use in medicine is gaining more and more attention as several clinical studies are indicating their
benefits in oncology, inflammatory conditions and immune regulation.
Contrary to old beliefs, several studies have shown that orally ingested enzymes can bypass the conditions of
the GI tract and be absorbed into the blood stream while still maintaining their enzymatic activity.
Commercially, proteases are produced in highly controlled aseptic conditions for food supplementation and
systemic enzyme therapy. The organisms most often used are Aspergillus niger and oryzae.
Measured in HUT (Hemoglobin Units in a Tyrosine Base).
Gastrointestinal section pH Residence time/minutes
Crop 4,5-5,3 45
Proventriculus, gizzard 2,0-4,5 70
Ileum 5,6-7,9 160-200
Caecum 5,8-6,8 120
Colon, rectum 6,3-7,7 30-50
pH and residence time of feed in gastrointestinal tract
PROTEASES USED IN POULTRY
Following Data is available relating ProAct of DSM.
9. The protease (ProAct®, DSM) is an alkaline serine protease derived from Nocardiopsis prasina and the
production strain Bacillus licheniformis. Pepsin stability experiments find that 97% of this protease remains
intact and active after being exposed to pepsin for 1.5 hrs, pH 3 and at 40oC (Novozymes Internal Reports).
The protease was found to be effective across a wide range of peptide bonds and considered to be a non-
specific protease (Fischer et al., 2009. This protease is characterized by an optimal pH range that begins at pH of
5-6, and continues into the area of alkalinity. This range in operating pH complements existing endogenous
proteases such as pepsin and others that operate optimally in an acidic pH. Carvalho et al. (2009 a and b) and
Bertechini et al. (2009 a and b) presented ileal digestibility results with this protease.
This work confirms the ability of this protease to improve ingredient protein digestibility.
These researchers used the NFE diet or basal diet substitution methods to determine amino acid digestibility in
different ingredients. This method is patterned after the procedure developed by Matterson et al. (1965) in
which birds were fed a reference diet with significant portions being replaced by test ingredients. Across all
ingredients tested, corn, soybean meal, full fat soybean meal and meat and bone meal, the protease
improved amino acid digestibility. The improvement over the non-protease control
ranged from about 2% to 14%.
Apparent essential amino acid digestibility improvement in different diet with 200 ppm ProAct® protease.
Adapted from Favero et al., 2009, Maiorka et al., 2009 and Vila and Broz, 2008.
The digestibility improvement across essential amino acid was approximately 4% with the use
of 200 ppm ProAct® protease.
In a study done at the University of Maryland in 2009 (Angel, 2010) with Ross 708 straight run broilers were fed
corn soy diets with graded concentrations of this protease from 7 to 22 d of age in batteries. Six diets were fed.
A positive control (PC) that was formulated based on AgriStats (2008) met or exceeded all NRC (1994) nutrient
recommendations. The PC diet contained 22.5% crude protein. All other diets were negative control diets with
the protease (0, 100, 200, 400, 800 ppm). The negative control diet contained 20.5% crude protein and a 9%
reduction in the concentration of Lys, Met, TSAA and Thr was forced into the diet. All diets were isocaloric. The
content of the distal ileum was removed with water, freeze dried, and ground and analyzed for marker, nitrogen
and amino acids. Analysis of the diets confirmed levels close to formulated levels. There was no clear dose
response for any of the essential amino acids. Overall, the improvement in essential amino acid digestibility due
to the protease was 4.8% when 200 ppm was used with the greatest impact seen in threonine. The non essential
amino acids were improved by an average of 3.72% with Asp and Ser being the most positively affected Across
several studies, threonine digestibility is improved to the greatest extent with the ProAct® protease. This is true
for most individual ingredients, as well as corn/SBM diets fed for ileal amino acid digestibility determinations.
10. DATA ON PROTIGEST
1. Source of origin (wheather Fungal or Bacterial)
Fungal
2. Type of Fermentation used for harvesting
Solid state fermentation
3. Nature of the product (Acid or Alkaline)
Mix of Acid, Neutral and Alkali
4. Which nature Protease is suitable for mixing in poultry feeds.
Proteases perform a variety of roles in biology. These enzymes function in important physiological
processes, including homeostasis, apoptosis, signal transduction, reproduction and immunity (Hedstrom,
2002). In addition, proteases are involved in blood coagulation and wound healing. To accomplish a wide
range of tasks, over 500 proteases exist in humans; a similar number is present in other organisms.
From a nutritionist’s perspective, the hydrolysis of proteins to individual amino acids and peptides in the
intestinal tract is a key function for proteases. Several intestinal proteases exist, and comprise a “protease
system” in the intestinal tract for the utilization of various protein sources.
Hence a suitable mix of several Proteases is required.
5. If it is a combination, what is the RATIO of acid type to alkaline type.
57.5% Acidic Protease(pH 4.0), 37.5% Neutral Protease (pH 6.0) and 5% Alkaline (pH 8.0) Protease
combination is found to be the best option .
6. Degree/ Extent of IN-VITRO hydrolysis of feed proteins and the
probable time- period taken.
Depends on the source of protein, will hydrolyze up to 80% of soya protein
Passage of hydrochloric acid, produced in the proventriculus, and peptides through the proventriculus and
gizzard into the duodenum stimulates the release of the hormones secretin and pancreozymin from the mucosa
of the duodenum (Rothman and Wells, 1967). These hormones promote the secretion of pancreatic juice
containing a number of enzymes and bicarbonate ions. The production of an alkaline solution quickly neutralizes
the acid entering the duodenum (Barash et al., 1993). Small intestinal enzymes function best at pHs close to
neutral or slight below neutral and thus, insufficient alkaline bile, lowers enzyme activity in the intestine
(Zentler-Munro, 1985).
Pancreatic proteases are secreted from the pancreas only in the form of zymogens. All known cellular proteases
are synthesized as zymogens, or the inactive precursor, toprevent unwanted protein degradation at the point of
origin or thereabouts (Kahn andJames, 1998). The conversion of the zymogens to the active protease requires
low pH(autocatalysis) or limited proteolysis. Primary pancreatic zymogens are trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogens
A and B, proelastase, and procarboxypeptidases A and B. Trypsin is activated after being attacked by
enterokinase, found in the brush border membrane. The active trypsin then hydrolyses bonds in the other
zymogens, releasing the active enzymes.
11. From a practical nutritionist’s standpoint, the value of ingredients as a protein (amino acid) source generally
comes down to the total amino acids it contains, the ratio of amino acids and availability of the amino acids
(aside from cost, ingredient accessibility, etc.).
Numerous studies and tables on protein and amino acid availability (the digestibility, absorption and utilization
by the animal) have been published. The common thread that runs through such summaries is that ingredient
improvements can yet be made in digestibility of protein.
In one large scale study (Ravindran et al., 2005), apparent ileal digestibility was determined for various
ingredients for broilers. For cereals, the overall amino acid digestibility coefficient for eight samples of corn was
0.81 (range 0.77 to 0.85). For soybean meal, the digestibility coefficient was 0.82 (range 0.81 to 0.83). In
particular, the groups of meat and bone meal (avg 0.62) and meat meal samples (avg digestibility coefficient
0.65) showed low amino acid digestibility values. This was accompanied by marked variation.
Similarly, University of Illinois work has reported a number of studies on amino acid digestibility of ingredients.
Low values and high variation for meat and bone meals is typical
(Parson et al., 1997; Parsons et al., 1998).
More recent collaborative work with The Ohio State University, Purdue University and University of Illinois
further verifies such data
(Adedokun et al., 2007).
(http://www.dsm.com/en_US/downloads/dnpna/Proteases_Potential_for_Use_in_Poultry_Nutrition.pdf)
7. Stability during storage and against PELLETIZATION.
Storage stability 1 year, tolerant to pellet temperature of 80oC for 1 min. and cooling time of 5 min
8. Maximum CONCENTRATION/ACTIVITY per GRAM
2,00,000 HUT/g
9. ANY OTHER SPECIFICATIONS?
Light brown colored powder
10. HOW IT DIFFERS WITH OTHER ENZYMES IN THE MARKET?
Thermo-stable and broad spectrum PROTIGEST aggressively works in the entire GI tract irrespective of pH
variations.
PROTIGEST complements poultry’s endogenous enzymes.
Handling and Safety
Enzymes are proteins, and as is the case with all proteins, people can have allergic reactions when exposed to
them. Most enzymes are in a dry form, so airborne contamination and exposure is possible. It is important that
workers be aware of proper handling techniques.
However, if exposure is a concern based upon the specific manufacturing environment, preparations are
available that are either in a liquid form, or specially processed to minimize the dust
SUGGESTED LEVEL AND METHOD OF USAGE:
50-100G PER MT FEED REGULARLY
Ref:
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