This document provides an overview of composting municipal solid waste. It defines municipal solid waste and its composition in Ireland. The key methods of composting municipal waste are turned windrow systems and in-vessel systems like rotating drums. Environmental factors like temperature, pH, aeration, and moisture content affect the composting process. Problems with composting municipal waste include leachate, odors, dust, vermin, and health risks that must be managed properly.
Municipal solid waste in Kurdistan is classified and characterized. Solid waste is generated from various domestic, commercial, and industrial sources. The average waste generation in Erbil, Kurdistan is 0.42 kg per person per day. Over 46% of the waste stream is food and garden waste. Integrated solid waste management includes reducing, reusing, recycling, composting, incineration, and landfilling. Landfill gas can be captured from decomposing waste and used as an energy source through combustion or energy production. Proper landfill design and operation is needed to collect gas and prevent environmental and health impacts.
Integrated green technologies for msw (mam ver.)mamdouh sabour
SA is facing a great challenges for waste management due to the fast demographic and industrial growth, which left the country with accumulative amount of generated waste that needs to be managed in the most cost-effective, sustainable and green.
CONTACT: 09152873093; 09995207474; 09334067948
EMAIL: mlgmultisrvcs@gmail.com
RAPID COMPOSTING SYSTEM (RCS)
With Manual and Mechanical Separator System
(For Biodegradable or Nabubulok waste)
The system is composed of two units : Rapid Composting Unit (RCS) and the Manual and Mechanical Segregator both supported by conveyors and sub-conveyors.
This equipment basically converts biodegradable waste into powdered raw organic Fertilizer in five (5) minutes and into a complete high quality organic fertilizer in only 5 days after putting them into polytwine bags and storing them in the bodega for 5 days composting period instead of the usual 45 days.
The quality of organic fertilizer that is produced is very high quality, since the compost is well grounded and treated by bio-6 enzyme (lactobacilli), carbon activator, cocopeat and natural fresh water origin zeolyte.
The Fertilizer is also free from toxic elements since before processing the plastic, metals, bottles and other big materials in the biodegradable to the plant are removed by the Manual and Mechanical Segregator System.
The system other than achieving it’s major objective of eliminating Pollution and Dumpsite also will help the Government in terms of food production, health and economy.
Read more: http://www.sulit.com.ph/index.php/view+classifieds/id/4608558/MAXISAVER+FERTILIZER+MACHINE+AND+SYSTEM
Swru022008 John Clay2 Re Jeremy Jacobs The Composting Associationnationalrural
The Composting Association is the leading non-profit organization in the UK that promotes the use of biological treatment and sustainable management of biodegradable resources. It provides information and certification for composting processes, conferences and publications. Composting processes involve sorting, shredding, active composting, screening, curing and maturation of organic materials into compost. The UK composting industry processes around 3.4 million tonnes of organic waste annually, mainly green waste and food waste, and supplies over 1 million tonnes of compost to agriculture. Regulations and industry standards like the BSI PAS 100 help ensure good operational practices and minimum product quality.
The document provides an overview of biowaste management and composting in the UK. It discusses:
1) The Composting Association, which promotes sustainable biowaste treatment and the composting industry in the UK.
2) Common processes for composting organic wastes which involve sorting, shredding, active composting, screening, and curing to produce compost.
3) Regulations and industry standards for composting facilities in the UK, including the BSI PAS 100 quality standard.
THE ROLE OF SPCB IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TREATMENT- INDIAN CONTEXTManoj Chaurasia
This document provides an overview of municipal solid waste collection and disposal in India. It discusses the key governing bodies like the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Pollution Control Boards. Typical municipal solid waste composition in India is described. The need for scientific disposal is outlined due to issues with open dumping. Available municipal solid waste treatment technologies are then summarized, including composting, landfilling, and recycling. Key aspects of operating a municipal solid waste treatment facility are also covered.
The document discusses integrated green technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. It describes an automated waste collection system and various MSW thermo-chemical conversion technologies, including recycling, combustion, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and advanced thermal gasification. Incineration can generate energy from MSW but requires effective pollution controls. Emerging technologies like gasification and pyrolysis produce syngas and oils while advanced thermal gasification vitrifies waste into inert materials. Overall, thermal conversion technologies allow for more sustainable MSW management compared to landfilling but require further commercialization and environmental assessment.
Municipal solid waste in Kurdistan is classified and characterized. Solid waste is generated from various domestic, commercial, and industrial sources. The average waste generation in Erbil, Kurdistan is 0.42 kg per person per day. Over 46% of the waste stream is food and garden waste. Integrated solid waste management includes reducing, reusing, recycling, composting, incineration, and landfilling. Landfill gas can be captured from decomposing waste and used as an energy source through combustion or energy production. Proper landfill design and operation is needed to collect gas and prevent environmental and health impacts.
Integrated green technologies for msw (mam ver.)mamdouh sabour
SA is facing a great challenges for waste management due to the fast demographic and industrial growth, which left the country with accumulative amount of generated waste that needs to be managed in the most cost-effective, sustainable and green.
CONTACT: 09152873093; 09995207474; 09334067948
EMAIL: mlgmultisrvcs@gmail.com
RAPID COMPOSTING SYSTEM (RCS)
With Manual and Mechanical Separator System
(For Biodegradable or Nabubulok waste)
The system is composed of two units : Rapid Composting Unit (RCS) and the Manual and Mechanical Segregator both supported by conveyors and sub-conveyors.
This equipment basically converts biodegradable waste into powdered raw organic Fertilizer in five (5) minutes and into a complete high quality organic fertilizer in only 5 days after putting them into polytwine bags and storing them in the bodega for 5 days composting period instead of the usual 45 days.
The quality of organic fertilizer that is produced is very high quality, since the compost is well grounded and treated by bio-6 enzyme (lactobacilli), carbon activator, cocopeat and natural fresh water origin zeolyte.
The Fertilizer is also free from toxic elements since before processing the plastic, metals, bottles and other big materials in the biodegradable to the plant are removed by the Manual and Mechanical Segregator System.
The system other than achieving it’s major objective of eliminating Pollution and Dumpsite also will help the Government in terms of food production, health and economy.
Read more: http://www.sulit.com.ph/index.php/view+classifieds/id/4608558/MAXISAVER+FERTILIZER+MACHINE+AND+SYSTEM
Swru022008 John Clay2 Re Jeremy Jacobs The Composting Associationnationalrural
The Composting Association is the leading non-profit organization in the UK that promotes the use of biological treatment and sustainable management of biodegradable resources. It provides information and certification for composting processes, conferences and publications. Composting processes involve sorting, shredding, active composting, screening, curing and maturation of organic materials into compost. The UK composting industry processes around 3.4 million tonnes of organic waste annually, mainly green waste and food waste, and supplies over 1 million tonnes of compost to agriculture. Regulations and industry standards like the BSI PAS 100 help ensure good operational practices and minimum product quality.
The document provides an overview of biowaste management and composting in the UK. It discusses:
1) The Composting Association, which promotes sustainable biowaste treatment and the composting industry in the UK.
2) Common processes for composting organic wastes which involve sorting, shredding, active composting, screening, and curing to produce compost.
3) Regulations and industry standards for composting facilities in the UK, including the BSI PAS 100 quality standard.
THE ROLE OF SPCB IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TREATMENT- INDIAN CONTEXTManoj Chaurasia
This document provides an overview of municipal solid waste collection and disposal in India. It discusses the key governing bodies like the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Pollution Control Boards. Typical municipal solid waste composition in India is described. The need for scientific disposal is outlined due to issues with open dumping. Available municipal solid waste treatment technologies are then summarized, including composting, landfilling, and recycling. Key aspects of operating a municipal solid waste treatment facility are also covered.
The document discusses integrated green technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. It describes an automated waste collection system and various MSW thermo-chemical conversion technologies, including recycling, combustion, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and advanced thermal gasification. Incineration can generate energy from MSW but requires effective pollution controls. Emerging technologies like gasification and pyrolysis produce syngas and oils while advanced thermal gasification vitrifies waste into inert materials. Overall, thermal conversion technologies allow for more sustainable MSW management compared to landfilling but require further commercialization and environmental assessment.
This document discusses solid waste management issues in India. It notes that rapid urbanization, neglect by authorities, and public apathy have led to a garbage crisis. To address this, authorities must implement proper waste management systems as per regulations by treating waste via composting, anaerobic digestion, or other technologies. The document outlines several waste treatment options and recommends that vermicomposting is suitable for individual homes, composting is best for medium capacities, and anaerobic digestion is appropriate for large volumes of waste. Effective waste management requires proper collection, transportation, treatment, disposal and public awareness.
This document presents waste minimization techniques. It discusses the different types of waste, waste management methods like the 5 R's, and waste treatment and disposal methods such as composting, incineration, landfilling, pyrolysis and recycling. It then describes waste minimization and waste reduction techniques including inventory management, production process modification, volume reduction and recovery. The conclusion states that as population rises, more waste is generated which needs proper management to prevent health hazards.
The CARACOL Waste to Energy System provides an efficient and sustainable solution for waste treatment through gasification technology. It can process a wide range of waste streams into synthetic gas and then into thermal and electrical energy with minimal emissions and residual ash. The system is available in both mobile and fixed configurations to meet various waste processing needs.
This document summarizes research investigating the continuous biological treatment of anaerobically pre-
treated membrane concentrates from thermal mechanical pulping wastewater streams. The study found that
continuous biological treatment using an activated sludge system achieved maximum elimination rates of 52-
58% for COD, CODmf, and suspended solids. Previous studies using sequential batch reactors yielded lower
elimination results. The research concluded that combining continuous biological treatment with membrane
technology and activated sludge processing is an effective secondary treatment for purifying contaminated
industrial wastewater from pulp and paper industries.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Feniks Waste Management LTD provides thermal waste treatment technologies and has experience designing waste-to-energy plants. Their mission is to contribute to a sustainable environment through advanced technology solutions for waste management. They offer integrated solutions for municipal solid waste treatment including sorting, composting, anaerobic digestion, gasification, and flue gas cleaning.
This document discusses the composting process and management. It describes composting as a controlled, aerobic, biological process for biodegrading organic matter. The document outlines different composting systems including open-air piles and windrows, boxes or trenches, and bioreactors. It also discusses composting as a microbiological, chemical, and physical process, describing the succession of microbial populations involved and optimal temperature ranges for degradation. Proper management is important to maximize degradation while avoiding odor issues or contamination.
This document provides information about the course code BETCK105F/205F, which covers topics related to solid waste management. The course outcomes include applying concepts of solid waste management, understanding waste assessment and characteristics, applying waste processing and disposal technologies, designing waste to energy models, and managing hazardous waste. The document further provides details on solid waste classification, management systems, factors impacting management, and statistics on waste generation in India. It discusses key concepts like environmentally sound management, appropriate technologies, and the composition of solid waste in India.
The document discusses waste management and the circular economy in Dorset, England. It analyzes the current waste streams in the region, including over 400,000 tons per year of biogenic waste. It identifies opportunities to increase the value of waste processing through more advanced analysis and new technologies, such as intercepting waste at source, segregation, conversion to industrial feedstocks, and maximizing benefits from anaerobic digestion. The document also discusses a potential furniture refurbishment program for the 90,000 tons per year of furniture and manufacturing waste in Dorset to provide affordable options. It notes that adding value to waste is hindered by a lack of data, clear business models, and need to synchronize infrastructure and markets.
The document discusses various methods for composting organic waste materials, including windrow composting, aerated static pile composting, box composting, pit composting, and vermicomposting. Windrow composting is one of the most commonly used methods as it is inexpensive, uses local equipment, and can be operated outdoors. The process involves layering green and brown organic materials in long piles called windrows and turning the piles regularly to introduce oxygen. Other methods like aerated static pile and box composting control environmental factors better but require more resources. Pit composting is suitable for institutions and breaks down waste anaerobically over 6-10 months. Vermicomposting
This document provides an overview of municipal solid waste (MSW) in India. It discusses the sources and types of solid waste, characteristics of MSW including physical and chemical properties, degradation times of materials, and generation rates in various Indian cities. It also describes the processes of storage, collection, transportation, and treatment of MSW including methods like composting, landfilling, recycling, and thermal treatments like incineration. The regulatory framework around MSW management in India involving rules issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests is also briefly outlined.
Sanitary landfills are a technology for converting municipal solid waste to energy through controlled waste disposal that allows for faster waste decomposition and methane gas collection. Methane gas is collected from the landfill and can be used to generate electricity by powering internal combustion engines or gas turbines. While ordinary landfilling pollutes groundwater and air, sanitary landfills utilize liners and controls to prevent pollution and allow methane to be captured and utilized as an energy source.
This document discusses several sustainable methods for refuse and waste disposal at the local level, including landfills, on-site burial, composting, biogas plants, incineration, and manure pits. It provides details on each method, such as how composting and biogas plants work, types of incinerators, and manure handling systems. The document also discusses sources of waste, types of waste, and land disposal methods as well as their environmental impacts.
The Keppel Seghers Dano Drum is a waste pretreatment technology that can be used for bulk reduction, materials recovery, and producing feedstock for waste-to-energy installations. It uses a large, rotating steel drum to shred, mix, and separate waste into components. The drum conditioning prepares waste for further processing like composting, recycling, or energy recovery. The Dano Drum system provides flexible and reliable waste preprocessing with many application options.
This document discusses solid waste management. It covers topics like waste stream assessment, waste generation and composition, waste characteristics, and the health and environmental effects of improper waste management. Waste stream assessment involves determining waste quantities, composition, and sources through methods like waste sorting, vehicle weighing, and field visits. Waste generation and composition are important for planning waste management systems. The physical and chemical characteristics of waste, like density, moisture content, and heating values, influence management approaches. Poor management can spread diseases, pollute water and air, and endanger worker health.
This document provides information about biological treatment of waste through composting and anaerobic digestion. It discusses various composting technologies like in-vessel, aerated static pile, and windrow composting. The composting process and two case studies on composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Temesi, Bali are summarized. Key aspects of anaerobic digestion like the process, technologies, uses of products, and calculating reactor size are covered. Other biological waste treatment methods like vermicomposting, biodegradable waste, and aerobic/anaerobic fermentation are also briefly discussed.
This document provides information about biological treatment of waste through composting and anaerobic digestion. It discusses various composting technologies like in-vessel, aerated static pile, and windrow composting. Case studies on composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Temesi, Bali, Indonesia are presented. The basics of anaerobic digestion including technologies, operation, and uses of products are explained. Vermicomposting and calculations for sizing anaerobic reactors are also summarized. Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation processes are differentiated.
International waste management strategiesAhmed Ali
The document discusses various aspects of municipal solid waste management (MSW), including the increasing quantities of waste generated worldwide. It outlines several aims and methods of MSW management, such as landfilling, recycling, composting, anaerobic digestion, thermal treatment, and use of compost reactors. Specific techniques within these methods like aerobic composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, and gasification are also described. The environmental impacts of improper waste management, composting processes, and compost use are discussed. Sustainable waste management requires improved collection/recycling systems and producer responsibility.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
This document discusses solid waste management issues in India. It notes that rapid urbanization, neglect by authorities, and public apathy have led to a garbage crisis. To address this, authorities must implement proper waste management systems as per regulations by treating waste via composting, anaerobic digestion, or other technologies. The document outlines several waste treatment options and recommends that vermicomposting is suitable for individual homes, composting is best for medium capacities, and anaerobic digestion is appropriate for large volumes of waste. Effective waste management requires proper collection, transportation, treatment, disposal and public awareness.
This document presents waste minimization techniques. It discusses the different types of waste, waste management methods like the 5 R's, and waste treatment and disposal methods such as composting, incineration, landfilling, pyrolysis and recycling. It then describes waste minimization and waste reduction techniques including inventory management, production process modification, volume reduction and recovery. The conclusion states that as population rises, more waste is generated which needs proper management to prevent health hazards.
The CARACOL Waste to Energy System provides an efficient and sustainable solution for waste treatment through gasification technology. It can process a wide range of waste streams into synthetic gas and then into thermal and electrical energy with minimal emissions and residual ash. The system is available in both mobile and fixed configurations to meet various waste processing needs.
This document summarizes research investigating the continuous biological treatment of anaerobically pre-
treated membrane concentrates from thermal mechanical pulping wastewater streams. The study found that
continuous biological treatment using an activated sludge system achieved maximum elimination rates of 52-
58% for COD, CODmf, and suspended solids. Previous studies using sequential batch reactors yielded lower
elimination results. The research concluded that combining continuous biological treatment with membrane
technology and activated sludge processing is an effective secondary treatment for purifying contaminated
industrial wastewater from pulp and paper industries.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Feniks Waste Management LTD provides thermal waste treatment technologies and has experience designing waste-to-energy plants. Their mission is to contribute to a sustainable environment through advanced technology solutions for waste management. They offer integrated solutions for municipal solid waste treatment including sorting, composting, anaerobic digestion, gasification, and flue gas cleaning.
This document discusses the composting process and management. It describes composting as a controlled, aerobic, biological process for biodegrading organic matter. The document outlines different composting systems including open-air piles and windrows, boxes or trenches, and bioreactors. It also discusses composting as a microbiological, chemical, and physical process, describing the succession of microbial populations involved and optimal temperature ranges for degradation. Proper management is important to maximize degradation while avoiding odor issues or contamination.
This document provides information about the course code BETCK105F/205F, which covers topics related to solid waste management. The course outcomes include applying concepts of solid waste management, understanding waste assessment and characteristics, applying waste processing and disposal technologies, designing waste to energy models, and managing hazardous waste. The document further provides details on solid waste classification, management systems, factors impacting management, and statistics on waste generation in India. It discusses key concepts like environmentally sound management, appropriate technologies, and the composition of solid waste in India.
The document discusses waste management and the circular economy in Dorset, England. It analyzes the current waste streams in the region, including over 400,000 tons per year of biogenic waste. It identifies opportunities to increase the value of waste processing through more advanced analysis and new technologies, such as intercepting waste at source, segregation, conversion to industrial feedstocks, and maximizing benefits from anaerobic digestion. The document also discusses a potential furniture refurbishment program for the 90,000 tons per year of furniture and manufacturing waste in Dorset to provide affordable options. It notes that adding value to waste is hindered by a lack of data, clear business models, and need to synchronize infrastructure and markets.
The document discusses various methods for composting organic waste materials, including windrow composting, aerated static pile composting, box composting, pit composting, and vermicomposting. Windrow composting is one of the most commonly used methods as it is inexpensive, uses local equipment, and can be operated outdoors. The process involves layering green and brown organic materials in long piles called windrows and turning the piles regularly to introduce oxygen. Other methods like aerated static pile and box composting control environmental factors better but require more resources. Pit composting is suitable for institutions and breaks down waste anaerobically over 6-10 months. Vermicomposting
This document provides an overview of municipal solid waste (MSW) in India. It discusses the sources and types of solid waste, characteristics of MSW including physical and chemical properties, degradation times of materials, and generation rates in various Indian cities. It also describes the processes of storage, collection, transportation, and treatment of MSW including methods like composting, landfilling, recycling, and thermal treatments like incineration. The regulatory framework around MSW management in India involving rules issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests is also briefly outlined.
Sanitary landfills are a technology for converting municipal solid waste to energy through controlled waste disposal that allows for faster waste decomposition and methane gas collection. Methane gas is collected from the landfill and can be used to generate electricity by powering internal combustion engines or gas turbines. While ordinary landfilling pollutes groundwater and air, sanitary landfills utilize liners and controls to prevent pollution and allow methane to be captured and utilized as an energy source.
This document discusses several sustainable methods for refuse and waste disposal at the local level, including landfills, on-site burial, composting, biogas plants, incineration, and manure pits. It provides details on each method, such as how composting and biogas plants work, types of incinerators, and manure handling systems. The document also discusses sources of waste, types of waste, and land disposal methods as well as their environmental impacts.
The Keppel Seghers Dano Drum is a waste pretreatment technology that can be used for bulk reduction, materials recovery, and producing feedstock for waste-to-energy installations. It uses a large, rotating steel drum to shred, mix, and separate waste into components. The drum conditioning prepares waste for further processing like composting, recycling, or energy recovery. The Dano Drum system provides flexible and reliable waste preprocessing with many application options.
This document discusses solid waste management. It covers topics like waste stream assessment, waste generation and composition, waste characteristics, and the health and environmental effects of improper waste management. Waste stream assessment involves determining waste quantities, composition, and sources through methods like waste sorting, vehicle weighing, and field visits. Waste generation and composition are important for planning waste management systems. The physical and chemical characteristics of waste, like density, moisture content, and heating values, influence management approaches. Poor management can spread diseases, pollute water and air, and endanger worker health.
This document provides information about biological treatment of waste through composting and anaerobic digestion. It discusses various composting technologies like in-vessel, aerated static pile, and windrow composting. The composting process and two case studies on composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Temesi, Bali are summarized. Key aspects of anaerobic digestion like the process, technologies, uses of products, and calculating reactor size are covered. Other biological waste treatment methods like vermicomposting, biodegradable waste, and aerobic/anaerobic fermentation are also briefly discussed.
This document provides information about biological treatment of waste through composting and anaerobic digestion. It discusses various composting technologies like in-vessel, aerated static pile, and windrow composting. Case studies on composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Temesi, Bali, Indonesia are presented. The basics of anaerobic digestion including technologies, operation, and uses of products are explained. Vermicomposting and calculations for sizing anaerobic reactors are also summarized. Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation processes are differentiated.
International waste management strategiesAhmed Ali
The document discusses various aspects of municipal solid waste management (MSW), including the increasing quantities of waste generated worldwide. It outlines several aims and methods of MSW management, such as landfilling, recycling, composting, anaerobic digestion, thermal treatment, and use of compost reactors. Specific techniques within these methods like aerobic composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, and gasification are also described. The environmental impacts of improper waste management, composting processes, and compost use are discussed. Sustainable waste management requires improved collection/recycling systems and producer responsibility.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
2. Overview
INTRODUCTION - CAITRIONA GAFFNEY
Definition, Sources, Characterisation, End Products
INTERMEDIATE - TERESA CONWAY
Waste Hierarchy, Legislation, Microbiology, Site Selection,
Types of Systems
CONCLUSIONS - DEIRDRE MULCHRONE
Environmental Factors, Problems, Economics
3. Introduction – Caitriona Gaffney
Definition of MSW & Irish Facts
Sources
Composting & Classification
Compost Grades
End Uses
Who Benefits
4. What is Municipal Solid Waste?
Mixed waste from Residential, Commercial & Industrial
sources
Compostable potential of 60-90%
Composition includes: paper, glass, wood, plastics, soils,
chemicals, food waste, plant debris, metals, textiles, street
cleaning & OM
Organic material makes up 50-70% of MSW
The fewer the non-compostable materials in feedstock the
better the finished compost material.
7. Irish Facts 1998-2005
1998 The national recovery rate of MSW was 9% with
91% going to landfill
“Waste Management: Changing our Ways” published
targets to be achieved over 15 year period;
a diversion of 50% of household waste from landfill,
recycling of 35% of MW
rationalisation of municipal waste landfills – 20 state of
the art facilities incorporating energy recovery & enviro
protection
reduce methane emission from landfill by 80%.
9. Irish Facts 1998-2005
2001 - 2,704,035 tonnes MW produced, 4% of the total waste generated
- 86.7% landfilled & 13.3% recycled
2002 - 2,723,739 tonnes MW produced
- Landfill of MW decreased by 5%
2003 - 3,001,016 tonnes MW produced
- EPA carried out survey on waste generation & management.
- Recycling increased by 46%
- 69% of the recyclable waste was recycled abroad
- Export of hazardous waste increased by 56%
2004 - 72% of municipal waste was consigned to landfill
- Landfill capacity will still be used up within the next 10 years
11. Composting & Classification
Definition:- “Composting is the biological decomposition of the
organic constituents of wastes under controlled conditions to a
state sufficiently stable for nuisance-free storage and utilization.”
Performed either by households or in large centralised units
Compost systems can be classified on three general bases:
1. Oxygen usage (aerobic & anaerobic)
2. Temperature (Mesophilic 15-40OC & Thermophilic 45-65 OC)
3. Technological approach (static pile or windrow, and mechanical
or "enclosed" composting)
12. Grades of Compost
Premium Grade
- agricultural and horticultural use
- home use, turf, pot plants
- can be freely traded
- regulations may control the application of nitrogen to land
Regulated Grade
- remediation, restoration, agriculture, forestry and non food crops
- specialist expertise necessary in trading and its use
- regulation of the application
- biological, chemical or physical hazards remain a concern
Engineering Grade
- access to composts is strictly limited
- other risk management measures in place
for e.g. uses such as daily cover, or as engineering fill material - in bunds
and sound barriers, or as pollution control measures such as biofilters.
13. End Uses of Compost
Soil Improvement
- soil structure, condition and fertility
Growing media
- component of mixes used to grow crops in containers
Mulches
- suppress weed growth, conserves water and also to maintain soil
temperatures. Mulching also protects plants from frost.
Restoration
- used for soil “forming” and soil improvement
Landfill Applications
- improvement of landfill covers – soil formation
15. Overview – Teresa Conway
Waste Hierarchy
Process Options for Organic Waste
Why Biologically Treat Waste
Legislation & Targets
Physical Processing of MSW
Biological Process of Composting
Biology
Site Selection
Types of Systems
16. Waste Hierarchy
Composting can be considered a component of
Integrated Waste Management (IWM)
Options near top
are more desirable than
those at the bottom
17. Process Options for Organic Waste
Process Options
Landfill Incineration Biological Processing Direct Land Disposal
Anaerobic Digestion Specialised Methods
Composting
Marketable Products
18. Why Biologically Treat MSW?
Reduces waste going to landfill
Estimated to be 10 years’ remaining landfill
capacity available for municipal waste
(Nationally in 2004)
Could be the first step in Ireland meeting its
waste challenge
19. % MSW that is biodegradable
25%
35%
60%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Paper &
Cardboard
Food & Garden
Waste
Total
Biodegradable
MSW
(EEA,2003 )
20. Number of authorised Landfills
remaining in Ireland
126
92
34
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1998 2001 2002
No. of Landfills
21. Taking the Landfill Directive as a framework the
following National Landfill Diversion targets were
outlined in 1998 in the Policy statement
“Changing Our Ways”.
-The statement includes a number of targets to be
achieved over a 15 year time period. Some of these
include:
Legislation & Targets
22. a diversion of 50% of household waste from
landfill by 2013
a minimum 65% reduction in biodegradable
waste consigned to landfill
the development of waste recovery facilities,
including the development of composting
and other feasible biological treatment facilities
capable of treating up to 300,000 tonnes/year
Legislation & Targets
23. The primary statute law on waste management is
contained in –
Waste Management Act, 1996 & 2001 and
Regulations made under the Act
EPAAct 1992 and Regulations under the Act
Regulations made under the European Communities
Act, 1972 in relation to waste management
Landfill Directive 99/31/EC
Legislation & Targets
24. Biological Process of Composting
Microorganisms + OM -------> H2O + CO2 + Heat + Humus
3 phases under optimal conditions
(1) Mesophilic - lasts couple of days (~40oC)
(2) Thermophilic can last a few dys to several mts ( 55oC–65oC)
(3) Several-month cooling and maturation phase
25. Abundance and variety of microbes indigenous to
wastes are sufficient to compost the wastes
Microbes active in the compost process are:
Bacteria (mesophyllic and thermophyllic)
Actinomycetes
Fungi
Protoza
Rotifers
Biological Process of Composting
26. Food Web of a Compost pile
Organic Residue
Primary Consumers
bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes
Secondary Consumers
nematodes, protozoa, rotifera,
Tertiary Consumers
centipedes, mites, beetles
27. Site Selection for MW Processing
Large enough to receive projected waste volumes
& for technology used
Adequate buffer zone from neighbours with a
prevailing wind that blows away from neighbours
A nearly level surface, 2-3% grade
A high soil percolation rate to avoid standing water
but an impermeable surface as a base
28. A low water table to prevent site flooding
A central accessible location with good traffic flow
A water source for wetting compost piles & fire
protection
Arrangements for leachate to be collected and
treated
Windrows need shelter in regions of moderate to
heavy rainfall
Site Selection for MW Processing
29. Quantity and characteristics of the feedstock is collected and
determined – MSW differs from other feedstocks
Nonbiodegradable and biodegradable separated through:
Separation (Recovery)
Manual Separation
Mechanical Separation
• Size Reduction
• Air Classification
• Screening
• Trommel
• Magnetic Separation
Drying and Densification
Physical Processing
30. 1) Turned Windrow
2) Static Aerated Pile
3) In-Vessel
-Horizontal Units
-Vertical Units
-Rotating Drums
NOTE:
Design and management of technical options must
be based on the needs of microorganisms
Biological Processing Options
33. Most preferred method used in Ireland
Commonly used for rapid composting of yard wastes
Windrows are aerated regularly by turning
Constructed to be 6 to 10 ft high, 10 to 20 ft wide
The center of the pile insulated so that composting can
continue when outdoor temperatures are below freezing
Finished compost can be made between 3 mts - 2 yrs
Rate of composting is generally directly proportional to
frequency of turning
Turned Windrow Systems
34. Typical 18 month schedule using Turned Windrow system
Summer
Windrows turned
monthly
Autumn
Windrows dismantled
Room made for new
incoming material
Autumn
Windrows formed
Using a front end
loader
Spring
Windrows turned
monthly
Winter
Windrows turned
monthly
Next 6 Months
Compost screened
Moved to curing pile
Stabilised & yields N
March/April
Finished Compost
Peak Demand
35. Static Aerated Pile
Does not employ turning – ‘static’
Air is drawn or blown through a network of perforated
plastic pipes under the windrows
Faster than windrow systems
Used where aeration and temperature control are
crucial, (i.e. sludge or food processing wastes)
Works best with a material that is relatively uniform in
particle size ( not > 1.5 to 2 in. in any dimension)
39. In-Vessel Systems
Also referred to as
-Contained systems
-Reactor
-Bioreactor
Computer provides greater control of composting
process
Raw waste is placed in a large container, with built-
in aeration and mechanical mixing equipment
40. In-Vessel Systems
Protected from severe weather and odour
containment
Low retention time (RT) (often <14 days)
Requires further compost processing - low RT is
insufficient for thermophilic composting stage
Expensive to build and operate
41. Types of In-Vessel Systems
Horizontal Units
Vertical Units
Rotating Drums
42. Horizontal Units
Material contained and aerated in a long, horizontal
reactor, usually build of concrete
Material may be moved in and out by:
A front end loader or conveyor system
Plug flow system – hydraulic ram
Moving floor system
44. Vertical Units
Small land area
Enclosed and aerated in a vertical
reactor known as “silos” or “towers”.
Compaction of material at the base reactor -
impedes aeration - anaerobic regions developing
Good for Sludge composting industry but not MSW
46. Rotating Drums
Most common in-vessel composting approach
Combined with aeration in static piles or turned
windrow
Feedstock introduced into one end of slowly rotating
drum, inclined at about 5 degrees from horizontal
RT varies from 4-6 hours to 2-3 days
Drum allows homogenisation and screening of
materials
48. Facility Capacity Feedstock Technology
Tralee Composting site 3,000 Household Organics Windrow
Limerick Composting Site 2,000 Household Organics In-Vessel and Windrow
Galway Corporation Depot 5,000 Household Organics Aerated Pile (VAR System)
Lucan Green Waste Composting 5,000 Green Waste Windrow
Aran Island Recycling Scheme 500 Household Organics In-Vessel (Biosal Unit)
Ballinasloe Composting Site 4,000 Household Organics
In-Vessel and Aerated Pile (Celtic
Composting)
Silliot Hill, Kildare 5,200 Commercial and Green Waste VCU In-Vessel
Kildare Sludge Plant 5,200 Municipal Sludge TEG In-Vessel
CTO Middleton 3,000 Commercial Organics Windrow
Kinsale Road Facility 2,000 Green Waste Windrow
Keady Composting Facility (Armagh) 65,000 Organic and Green Waste Enclosed Aerated and Windrows
McGill Facility (Cork) 10,000 Commercial Sludges Enclosed Aerated
Enviro Grind Ltd. 3,000 Green Waste Windrow
Shannon Vermicomposting 1,000
Household Organics/ Municipal
Sludge Windrow
Robert Delaney 10,000 Green Waste Windrow
Down District Council Composting
Site 1,800 Household Organics Windrow
SimproIreland Ltd. 4,000 Green Waste Windrow
Organic Gold 3,000 Municipal Sludge, Cattle Manure Windrow
Some Biological Treatment Locations in Ireland
49. Problems associated with Composting of
Municipal Waste
1. Leachate
Odours
Vector for organisms
supports the proliferation of insects
2. Odour & VOC’s
Feedstock
Enhanced under anaerobic conditions
3. Dust
Agitation of composting materials
Bioaerosols
50. Problems associated with Composting of
Municipal Waste
4. Vermin, Birds & Insects
-Nuisance Problems
-Pathogens in Final Product
5. Bioaerosols and other Health Risks
Hazard – pathogenic organisms in feedstock.
Pathway – ingestion of materials (for example from unwashed hands).
Receptor – compost site workers.
6. Fire
-Stored in bulk
51. 1. Temperature
Thermophilic (45 –650C) and Mesophillic (15-400C).
Above this temperature spores produced (Resting Stage).
Microorganisms inactivated or die off.
Affected by its climatic surroundings and method of aeration.
In a windrow highest temperature reached in centre, lower at
edges.
Environmental Factors Affecting
Composting
52. 2. pH
Anaerobic digestion the pH level covers a narrow range (pH 6.5 to 7.5)
Aerobic- pH so broad difficulties rarely encountered with too high or too low pH
in composting.
During the early stages the pH usually drops (down to about pH 5.0) because
of organic acid formation.
An exception which can reduce the pH is fruit wastes which can reduce the
pH to 4.5.
calcium hydroxide (lime) can be used as a buffer but it also lead to a loss in
ammonium nitrogen.
Environmental Factors Affecting
Composting
53. 3. Aeration (Anaerobic & Aerobic)
Anaerobic:
Advantages
a) minimisation of the loss of nitrogen
b) less costly
Disadvantages include:
a) Slowness of decomposition
b) Absence of high temperatures
c) The presence of un-decomposed intermediates
d) The un-pre-processed appearance of the product
Environmental Factors Affecting
Composting
54. Aerobic
Aerobic composting benefits from:
a) A rapid rate of degradation
b) Elevated temperature levels
c) Absence of putrefactive
Oxygen uptake reflects intensity of microbial activity. Theoretically
the amount of oxygen required is determined by the amount of
carbon to be oxidised (Chrometzka, 1968).
Environmental Factors Affecting
Composting
55. 4. Moisture Content
Moisture content and oxygen availability are closely related
If the moisture content of the mass is so high as to displace the
air from the interstices (voids between particles) anaerobic
conditions will develop within the mass .
The maximum permissible moisture content is a function of the
structural strength of the particles of the material to be
composted i.e. the degree of resistance of individual particles to
compression.
Woodchips, straw and hay can be as high as 75 to 80% whereas
paper (upon becoming wet, collapses and forms mats) has a
permissible moisture content of 55 to 60%.
Environmental Factors Affecting
Composting
56. Factors affecting Composting
5. Substrate
The waste (referred to as the substrate) should contain all
necessary nutrients.
Macronutrients Micronutrients
Carbon (C) Cobalt (Co)
Nitrogen (N) Manganese (Mn)
Phosphorous (P) Manganese (Mg)
Potassium (K) Copper (Cu)
57. Factors affecting Composting
Substrate (cont.)
only available if they are in a form that can be assimilated by the
microbes.
Certain groups of microbes have an enzymatic complex that
permits them to attack, degrade and utilise the organic matter
found in freshly generated waste.
Others can only utilize decomposition products (intermediates)
as a source of nutrients.
58. Factors affecting Composting
Carbon: Nitrogen Ratio (C: N)
The C: N ratio of the waste to be composted is the most important
factor that requires attention.
A large percentage of the carbon is oxidised to carbon dioxide by the
microbes in their metabolic activities .
The major consumption of nitrogen is in the synthesis of protoplasm
consequently much more carbon is required.
The C: N of the substrate should fall within the range of 20-25:1.
Mmicroorganisms such as bacteria and fungi grow best with the
proper level of Carbon and Nitrogen.
59. C: N (continued) (CAST STUDIES)
Galway City Council
At the Galway City Council composting site
-no clear cut method of establishing a
C: N ratio for the material.
-done by visual assessment and the
experience of the operative
-Food waste is estimated at a C: N ratio of
15:1.
-Woodchip is added at the assessment of
the operative
- Less woodchip is required if there is
adequate shrub prunings in the incoming
waste.
-More woodchip is added if there is a lot of
grass in the incoming material as there is
in summer
Celtic Composting
-The C: N of source separated bio-
waste is typically measured using the
total nitrogen and volatile solids content
of a sample screened to <10mm.
-Inclusion of large amounts of
unavailable carbon from woody bulking
materials will give a false high carbon
reading.
- Normally bio-waste with high green
waste content is fine.
-However, winter deliveries with little
green waste needs nitrogen
supplementation.
-In the UK, it is typical to include a lot of
paper and cardboard in the bio-bins
and this needs nitrogen additions also.
Similarly mixed waste composting often
suffers from low nitrogen”
60. The costs of a composting facility include land, labour and
equipment.
It will divert waste that would otherwise need costly disposal. If
the compost site is closer than the other disposal site, there will
be savings in transport costs.
The finished compost can be used as a substitute for purchased
mulch or topsoil in municipal landscaping.
If sold commercially, compost can generate revenues, which help
defray processing costs.
Economic Factors
61. Conclusion
From an environmental perspective, composting
not only reduces the problems associated with
landfills and incinerators, but the finished
compost adds beneficial humus and nutrients to
soil. Composting is a waste management
solution, which can benefit municipalities and
benefit the environment at the same time.