This document provides background information on a thesis project that aims to characterize the breeding practices and productivity of Simien sheep in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. The study will collect data on the production systems, breeding objectives and strategies, linear body measurements, and on-farm growth performance of Simien sheep through surveys, interviews, discussions, observations and measurements with farmers. The results will provide information to support conservation and improvement of the Simien sheep breed.
1) There are various systems of breeding cattle to improve genetic merit such as inbreeding, outbreeding, crossbreeding, backcrossing, and grading up.
2) Common breeding methods in cattle include artificial insemination, natural mating, and multiple ovulation embryo transfer where embryos are collected and transferred to improve productivity.
3) Improving the genetic potential of cattle is important to increase milk production in India, which has the world's highest milk production but lower individual animal productivity.
Climate Smart Livestock Production, by Dr Adil Rasool ParayAdil Rasool Paray
Climate smart livestock production aims to sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, reduce greenhouse gases, and achieve food security. Livestock accounts for 40% of global agricultural GDP and emits about 12-18% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. As the world population grows, demand for livestock products is projected to more than double by 2050. Climate change negatively impacts livestock through increased heat stress, changing feed availability, and disease emergence. Impacts include reduced intake, reproduction and immunity, posing challenges to global food security. Adaptation strategies are needed to ensure sustainable livestock production.
Recurrent selection is a plant breeding technique that involves repeated cycles of selection and intermating to improve quantitative traits in a population. There are several types including simple recurrent selection, recurrent selection for general combining ability, and recurrent selection for specific combining ability. Recurrent selection for specific combining ability uses homozygous testers to select for specific combining ability through multiple generations of testing cross performances, selecting best performers, and intermating selections. This allows for systematic accumulation of favorable alleles while maintaining genetic variation to continue making progress from selection.
The document discusses the various types of equipment used in hatcheries, including different types of incubators for eggs (kerosene, hot water, forced draft in sizes from small to large), setters and hatchers, generators, air conditioners, egg candlers, trays, fumigation chambers, trolleys, sexing equipment, chick boxes, trucks, and controllers for climate and incubation temperature. Equipment is used at various stages of incubation and hatching for eggs to successfully incubate and hatch chicks.
Progeny testing is a technique used to estimate the breeding value of sires based on the average performance of their offspring. Each offspring receives half of its genes from its sire, so evaluating the performance of a large number of progeny provides a better indication of a sire's breeding value. Progeny testing is commonly done for males since they can produce more offspring than females. Primary selection is based on sibling averages, with bulls having the highest averages selected for official progeny testing where their daughters' performances are analyzed to estimate the bull's breeding value. Testing more progeny per sire increases the accuracy by reducing sampling errors.
Nature, scope and significance of Agricultural Production EconomicsRAVI SAHU
Agricultural production economics is concerned with the productivity and efficient use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It deals with factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationships. The scope of agricultural production economics includes the economics of agricultural production, problems in the agricultural sector and remedies, agricultural credit, marketing, demand and supply of farm goods, agricultural policies and programs, and taxes on farm productivity. Agricultural production economics is significant as it applies economic theories to address agricultural issues and provides insights into the relationships between crop and animal production systems.
Introduction to seed and seed technologyNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Introduction to seed and seed technology.
1) There are various systems of breeding cattle to improve genetic merit such as inbreeding, outbreeding, crossbreeding, backcrossing, and grading up.
2) Common breeding methods in cattle include artificial insemination, natural mating, and multiple ovulation embryo transfer where embryos are collected and transferred to improve productivity.
3) Improving the genetic potential of cattle is important to increase milk production in India, which has the world's highest milk production but lower individual animal productivity.
Climate Smart Livestock Production, by Dr Adil Rasool ParayAdil Rasool Paray
Climate smart livestock production aims to sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, reduce greenhouse gases, and achieve food security. Livestock accounts for 40% of global agricultural GDP and emits about 12-18% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. As the world population grows, demand for livestock products is projected to more than double by 2050. Climate change negatively impacts livestock through increased heat stress, changing feed availability, and disease emergence. Impacts include reduced intake, reproduction and immunity, posing challenges to global food security. Adaptation strategies are needed to ensure sustainable livestock production.
Recurrent selection is a plant breeding technique that involves repeated cycles of selection and intermating to improve quantitative traits in a population. There are several types including simple recurrent selection, recurrent selection for general combining ability, and recurrent selection for specific combining ability. Recurrent selection for specific combining ability uses homozygous testers to select for specific combining ability through multiple generations of testing cross performances, selecting best performers, and intermating selections. This allows for systematic accumulation of favorable alleles while maintaining genetic variation to continue making progress from selection.
The document discusses the various types of equipment used in hatcheries, including different types of incubators for eggs (kerosene, hot water, forced draft in sizes from small to large), setters and hatchers, generators, air conditioners, egg candlers, trays, fumigation chambers, trolleys, sexing equipment, chick boxes, trucks, and controllers for climate and incubation temperature. Equipment is used at various stages of incubation and hatching for eggs to successfully incubate and hatch chicks.
Progeny testing is a technique used to estimate the breeding value of sires based on the average performance of their offspring. Each offspring receives half of its genes from its sire, so evaluating the performance of a large number of progeny provides a better indication of a sire's breeding value. Progeny testing is commonly done for males since they can produce more offspring than females. Primary selection is based on sibling averages, with bulls having the highest averages selected for official progeny testing where their daughters' performances are analyzed to estimate the bull's breeding value. Testing more progeny per sire increases the accuracy by reducing sampling errors.
Nature, scope and significance of Agricultural Production EconomicsRAVI SAHU
Agricultural production economics is concerned with the productivity and efficient use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It deals with factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationships. The scope of agricultural production economics includes the economics of agricultural production, problems in the agricultural sector and remedies, agricultural credit, marketing, demand and supply of farm goods, agricultural policies and programs, and taxes on farm productivity. Agricultural production economics is significant as it applies economic theories to address agricultural issues and provides insights into the relationships between crop and animal production systems.
Introduction to seed and seed technologyNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Introduction to seed and seed technology.
- Farming systems integrate crop and livestock production to provide small farmers with year-round income, balanced nutrition, and sustainability.
- By combining crops, dairy, poultry, fisheries and more, farming systems can meet food and nutritional security needs while improving incomes and recycling resources efficiently.
- Higher productivity, profits and employment are generated through farming systems compared to traditional cropping alone. Integrating crops with livestock, fish, mushrooms and more provides synergies that boost yields and incomes.
The document outlines the economics of broiler farming with 1000 broilers per cycle over 6 cycles per year. It details the fixed capital costs including buildings at Rs. 200,000 and equipment at Rs. 45,000 for a total of Rs. 365,000. Operational costs are Rs. 752,000 per year including depreciation and recurring expenses. The annual income from selling 6000 broilers, byproducts, and manure is Rs. 854,400, yielding a net annual profit of Rs. 102,400.
This document discusses the development of inbred lines through repeated self-pollination and selection over multiple generations. It describes how inbred lines are developed from variable source populations in both self- and cross-pollinated crops using methods like pedigree selection. Inbred lines are homozygous genotypes that are then used to produce hybrid varieties which benefit from heterosis or hybrid vigor. The document outlines the procedures for inbred line development and some of the early hybrid varieties released for important crops in India.
Vaccination schedule of animals and poultryRameswar Panda
Vaccination is a preventive measure for controlling the disease outbreak. To be the vaccination a successful one, the components of vaccination program should be strictly followed. Vaccination aid is not available for all the diseases, rather for the disease which is contagious and causes a havoc
The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challengesFAO
Description: the presentation features main findings and highlights of the report “The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges”. The report sheds some light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century. It provides some insights as to what is at stake and what needs to be done.
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
This document classifies livestock feed and forages into several categories: cultivated fodder including green/succulent, dry, and supplements/additives; natural vegetation including grasslands, pasture, and trees; concentrates that are rich in carbohydrates, protein, or both moderate; and roughages versus concentrates based on their crude fiber and nutrient content. It further categorizes roughages into maintenance type for cereal fodder and hay, production type for leguminous fodder and hay, and sustenance type for straw and stovers based on their digestible crude protein percentage.
1) The document discusses the partitioning of feed energy as it moves through an animal's digestive system. Gross energy is reduced to digestible, metabolizable, and net energy values as energy is lost through feces, urine, methane, and heat production.
2) Key factors that affect energy values include the composition of the feed, processing methods, animal species, and feeding level. Roughages have lower energy values than concentrates due to greater losses.
3) Several systems are used to evaluate and express the energy value of feeds, including total digestible nutrients (TDN), starch equivalents, gross energy, and net energy. Each system accounts for energy losses in different ways.
Conservation of farm animal genetic resourcesIllaya Kumar
India is a vast country, rich in biodiversity. With its geographical area of 329 million hectares, India has almost all the climatic conditions and ecological zones found in different parts of the world, ranging from perpetual snow cover to equatorial and tropical conditions, from mangroves to humid tropics and hot and cold deserts as well as all the intermediate conditions. Before the advent of fossil fuel, animal energy was the only source of farm power and that also mainly from bullocks. In the recent past, a number of native breeds are facing fast genetic degradation and dilution because of intensive production system and unplanned introduction and use of exotic germplasm. This scenario, if continued, might result in depletion of the invaluable native germplasm having better potentiality for production, draught capacity, resistance to diseases and heat tolerance ability. In general, indigenous breeds provide the necessary genetic diversity needed by modern agriculture as a means to ensure stability and are vital building blocks for future livestock breeding programmes. Conservation of indigenous animal is needed for Genetic insurance, Scientific study, Economic potential, Environmental considerations, Cultural and ethical requirements, Energy source by In situ or Ex situ conservation techniques. There are some agencies like NBAGR involved in livestock conservation and the government also implemented projects for breeds conservation. There are many successful stories such as Sabarmathi Ashram goshala in the conservation of native breeds. Many foreign countries have realized the genetic potential of our indigenous breeds and using them for improvement of their germplasm. It is high time to proceed to conserve our germplasm.
This document summarizes a presentation on using genetics to prevent mastitis in dairy cows. It discusses:
- 20 years of genetic selection in France to improve udder health, including the inclusion of somatic cell count and clinical mastitis in breeding indexes.
- Evidence that somatic cell count and clinical mastitis estimated breeding values are effective, with cows having better values showing lower SCC and mastitis rates.
- The benefits of genomics, which allow more precise selection at a younger age.
- The estimated economic gains per cow from improved somatic cell count and clinical mastitis breeding values.
- The need for good herd management practices in addition to genetics to minimize mastitis.
Repeatability refers to the correlation between measurements of the same trait for an individual measured more than once. It ranges from 0 to 1. Repeatability is influenced by both permanent environmental effects, which consistently impact all measurements of an individual, as well as temporary environmental effects that vary between measurements. Heritability instead refers to the degree to which offspring inherit traits from their parents. While heritability estimates the genetic influence, repeatability captures both genetic and permanent environmental influences. Repeatability can be estimated using analysis of variance to partition phenotypic variance into within and between individual components. Higher repeatability means past performance is a better predictor of future performance.
Major economic traits of cattle and buffalopratee5
Selection and judging of the breeding stocks are the first and foremost steps to start with any breeding programme. For this, a no. of phenotypic and behavioral traits are taken into consideration. Breeding plans for cattle and buffalo should aim to meet the quantitative and qualitative demands of milk and meat in the country. From a practical standpoint, traits with a measurable or at least readily recognizable economic value are generally to be given the most emphasis.The economic traits are typically those that affect either the income obtained or the costs of production. So, a thorough understanding of economic traits of livestock is of utmost importance.
Agriculture production economics is a field that applies economic principles to optimize the use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It analyzes production relationships and rational decision making. The objectives are to provide guidance to farmers and facilitate the most efficient use of resources. Some key aspects covered include input-output relationships, returns to scale, and stages of production. Linear programming is a mathematical tool used to maximize an objective function subject to linear constraints and restrictions on resources.
This document summarizes the status of pulse crops in Nepal. It discusses the origin and diversity of major pulses grown in Nepal such as lentils, chickpeas, and mung beans. It then outlines the key breeding objectives for developing new pulse varieties for Nepal, such as tolerance to abiotic stresses and resistance to diseases and pests. Current recommended and promising varieties are listed for different pulse crops. The constraints facing pulse production and current research efforts are also summarized. Finally, future research prospects are outlined, including varietal development, improving crop management practices, and diversifying pulse-based cropping systems.
This document provides a classification of various buffalo breeds around the world based on their taxonomy, domestication, and locations. It discusses several Asian and African river and swamp buffalo breeds such as Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Jaffarabad, Surti, Mehsana, Bhadawari, Nagpuri, Pandaripuri, Egyptian, Jimes, Khoozestani, Kerabao, and Tedong. It provides information on their physical characteristics and production traits like milk yield, lactation length, age at first calving, and calving interval.
Lecture 12 economic principles applicable to farm managementB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
This document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS), which aim to deliver more sustainable agriculture through a whole farm management approach. IFS combine different agricultural activities like crops, livestock, fisheries, apiculture etc in a synergistic way. The key principles are utilizing synergies between activities, considering no waste as misplaced resources, and achieving ecological sustainability and economic viability. Some examples discussed are integrated fish-livestock, crop-livestock, duck-fish, layer chicken-fish, broiler-fish, goat-fish, rice-fish, horticulture-fish, and pig-duck-fish-vegetable systems. IFS provide benefits like increased and stable incomes, maintaining productivity and reducing environmental impacts. Ch
The document discusses the concept of livestock units, which provides a standardized way to calculate feed requirements for different types of animals on a farm. A livestock unit is based on the weight of a mature dairy or beef cow, with one dairy cow weighing 400-500kg equaling 1 livestock unit. The carrying capacity of land refers to the amount of forage dry matter it can support per area, while stocking rate is the number of animals on the land relative to its carrying capacity. Calculating livestock units allows farmers to determine the appropriate stocking rate for their land to avoid overgrazing.
This document provides information on grower and layer management. It discusses the growing period from brooding to sexual maturity (9-18 weeks) and the laying period from sexual maturity to the end of the laying cycle (18-72 weeks). Key points covered include proper housing, feeding, lighting, and vaccination recommendations for growers and layers. Optimal production is achieved through uniform growth, restricted feeding of growers, and providing the proper diet, housing, and lighting for layers to maximize egg production over their lifespan.
Animal breeding for reduced poverty and improved food security in developing ...ILRI
Presented by Karen Marshall at the John Vercoe Memorial Lecture on the Association for Animal Breeding and Genetics (AAABG) Conference, Australia, 28-30 September 2015
- Farming systems integrate crop and livestock production to provide small farmers with year-round income, balanced nutrition, and sustainability.
- By combining crops, dairy, poultry, fisheries and more, farming systems can meet food and nutritional security needs while improving incomes and recycling resources efficiently.
- Higher productivity, profits and employment are generated through farming systems compared to traditional cropping alone. Integrating crops with livestock, fish, mushrooms and more provides synergies that boost yields and incomes.
The document outlines the economics of broiler farming with 1000 broilers per cycle over 6 cycles per year. It details the fixed capital costs including buildings at Rs. 200,000 and equipment at Rs. 45,000 for a total of Rs. 365,000. Operational costs are Rs. 752,000 per year including depreciation and recurring expenses. The annual income from selling 6000 broilers, byproducts, and manure is Rs. 854,400, yielding a net annual profit of Rs. 102,400.
This document discusses the development of inbred lines through repeated self-pollination and selection over multiple generations. It describes how inbred lines are developed from variable source populations in both self- and cross-pollinated crops using methods like pedigree selection. Inbred lines are homozygous genotypes that are then used to produce hybrid varieties which benefit from heterosis or hybrid vigor. The document outlines the procedures for inbred line development and some of the early hybrid varieties released for important crops in India.
Vaccination schedule of animals and poultryRameswar Panda
Vaccination is a preventive measure for controlling the disease outbreak. To be the vaccination a successful one, the components of vaccination program should be strictly followed. Vaccination aid is not available for all the diseases, rather for the disease which is contagious and causes a havoc
The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challengesFAO
Description: the presentation features main findings and highlights of the report “The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges”. The report sheds some light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century. It provides some insights as to what is at stake and what needs to be done.
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
This document classifies livestock feed and forages into several categories: cultivated fodder including green/succulent, dry, and supplements/additives; natural vegetation including grasslands, pasture, and trees; concentrates that are rich in carbohydrates, protein, or both moderate; and roughages versus concentrates based on their crude fiber and nutrient content. It further categorizes roughages into maintenance type for cereal fodder and hay, production type for leguminous fodder and hay, and sustenance type for straw and stovers based on their digestible crude protein percentage.
1) The document discusses the partitioning of feed energy as it moves through an animal's digestive system. Gross energy is reduced to digestible, metabolizable, and net energy values as energy is lost through feces, urine, methane, and heat production.
2) Key factors that affect energy values include the composition of the feed, processing methods, animal species, and feeding level. Roughages have lower energy values than concentrates due to greater losses.
3) Several systems are used to evaluate and express the energy value of feeds, including total digestible nutrients (TDN), starch equivalents, gross energy, and net energy. Each system accounts for energy losses in different ways.
Conservation of farm animal genetic resourcesIllaya Kumar
India is a vast country, rich in biodiversity. With its geographical area of 329 million hectares, India has almost all the climatic conditions and ecological zones found in different parts of the world, ranging from perpetual snow cover to equatorial and tropical conditions, from mangroves to humid tropics and hot and cold deserts as well as all the intermediate conditions. Before the advent of fossil fuel, animal energy was the only source of farm power and that also mainly from bullocks. In the recent past, a number of native breeds are facing fast genetic degradation and dilution because of intensive production system and unplanned introduction and use of exotic germplasm. This scenario, if continued, might result in depletion of the invaluable native germplasm having better potentiality for production, draught capacity, resistance to diseases and heat tolerance ability. In general, indigenous breeds provide the necessary genetic diversity needed by modern agriculture as a means to ensure stability and are vital building blocks for future livestock breeding programmes. Conservation of indigenous animal is needed for Genetic insurance, Scientific study, Economic potential, Environmental considerations, Cultural and ethical requirements, Energy source by In situ or Ex situ conservation techniques. There are some agencies like NBAGR involved in livestock conservation and the government also implemented projects for breeds conservation. There are many successful stories such as Sabarmathi Ashram goshala in the conservation of native breeds. Many foreign countries have realized the genetic potential of our indigenous breeds and using them for improvement of their germplasm. It is high time to proceed to conserve our germplasm.
This document summarizes a presentation on using genetics to prevent mastitis in dairy cows. It discusses:
- 20 years of genetic selection in France to improve udder health, including the inclusion of somatic cell count and clinical mastitis in breeding indexes.
- Evidence that somatic cell count and clinical mastitis estimated breeding values are effective, with cows having better values showing lower SCC and mastitis rates.
- The benefits of genomics, which allow more precise selection at a younger age.
- The estimated economic gains per cow from improved somatic cell count and clinical mastitis breeding values.
- The need for good herd management practices in addition to genetics to minimize mastitis.
Repeatability refers to the correlation between measurements of the same trait for an individual measured more than once. It ranges from 0 to 1. Repeatability is influenced by both permanent environmental effects, which consistently impact all measurements of an individual, as well as temporary environmental effects that vary between measurements. Heritability instead refers to the degree to which offspring inherit traits from their parents. While heritability estimates the genetic influence, repeatability captures both genetic and permanent environmental influences. Repeatability can be estimated using analysis of variance to partition phenotypic variance into within and between individual components. Higher repeatability means past performance is a better predictor of future performance.
Major economic traits of cattle and buffalopratee5
Selection and judging of the breeding stocks are the first and foremost steps to start with any breeding programme. For this, a no. of phenotypic and behavioral traits are taken into consideration. Breeding plans for cattle and buffalo should aim to meet the quantitative and qualitative demands of milk and meat in the country. From a practical standpoint, traits with a measurable or at least readily recognizable economic value are generally to be given the most emphasis.The economic traits are typically those that affect either the income obtained or the costs of production. So, a thorough understanding of economic traits of livestock is of utmost importance.
Agriculture production economics is a field that applies economic principles to optimize the use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It analyzes production relationships and rational decision making. The objectives are to provide guidance to farmers and facilitate the most efficient use of resources. Some key aspects covered include input-output relationships, returns to scale, and stages of production. Linear programming is a mathematical tool used to maximize an objective function subject to linear constraints and restrictions on resources.
This document summarizes the status of pulse crops in Nepal. It discusses the origin and diversity of major pulses grown in Nepal such as lentils, chickpeas, and mung beans. It then outlines the key breeding objectives for developing new pulse varieties for Nepal, such as tolerance to abiotic stresses and resistance to diseases and pests. Current recommended and promising varieties are listed for different pulse crops. The constraints facing pulse production and current research efforts are also summarized. Finally, future research prospects are outlined, including varietal development, improving crop management practices, and diversifying pulse-based cropping systems.
This document provides a classification of various buffalo breeds around the world based on their taxonomy, domestication, and locations. It discusses several Asian and African river and swamp buffalo breeds such as Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Jaffarabad, Surti, Mehsana, Bhadawari, Nagpuri, Pandaripuri, Egyptian, Jimes, Khoozestani, Kerabao, and Tedong. It provides information on their physical characteristics and production traits like milk yield, lactation length, age at first calving, and calving interval.
Lecture 12 economic principles applicable to farm managementB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
This document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS), which aim to deliver more sustainable agriculture through a whole farm management approach. IFS combine different agricultural activities like crops, livestock, fisheries, apiculture etc in a synergistic way. The key principles are utilizing synergies between activities, considering no waste as misplaced resources, and achieving ecological sustainability and economic viability. Some examples discussed are integrated fish-livestock, crop-livestock, duck-fish, layer chicken-fish, broiler-fish, goat-fish, rice-fish, horticulture-fish, and pig-duck-fish-vegetable systems. IFS provide benefits like increased and stable incomes, maintaining productivity and reducing environmental impacts. Ch
The document discusses the concept of livestock units, which provides a standardized way to calculate feed requirements for different types of animals on a farm. A livestock unit is based on the weight of a mature dairy or beef cow, with one dairy cow weighing 400-500kg equaling 1 livestock unit. The carrying capacity of land refers to the amount of forage dry matter it can support per area, while stocking rate is the number of animals on the land relative to its carrying capacity. Calculating livestock units allows farmers to determine the appropriate stocking rate for their land to avoid overgrazing.
This document provides information on grower and layer management. It discusses the growing period from brooding to sexual maturity (9-18 weeks) and the laying period from sexual maturity to the end of the laying cycle (18-72 weeks). Key points covered include proper housing, feeding, lighting, and vaccination recommendations for growers and layers. Optimal production is achieved through uniform growth, restricted feeding of growers, and providing the proper diet, housing, and lighting for layers to maximize egg production over their lifespan.
Animal breeding for reduced poverty and improved food security in developing ...ILRI
Presented by Karen Marshall at the John Vercoe Memorial Lecture on the Association for Animal Breeding and Genetics (AAABG) Conference, Australia, 28-30 September 2015
Participatory evaluation of cattle fattening innovations of smallholder farm...ILRI
Poster prepared by Azage Tegegne, Yoseph Mekashaand Tesfaye Dubale for the Tropentag 2016 Conference on Solidarity in a Competing World—Fair Use of Resources, Vienna, Austria, 19–21 September 2016
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...PriyankaKilaniya
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Developing a Livestock Agri-Food Systems Research Program for the CGIAR: Back...ILRI
This document discusses developing a livestock research program for the CGIAR. It begins by highlighting the importance of livestock to livelihoods, nutrition and economies in developing countries. Smallholder farmers currently produce most livestock. Three scenarios for meeting growing demand for livestock products are presented: importing, industrializing production, or transforming smallholder systems. Transforming smallholder systems in a sustainable way is argued to be the most feasible option.
The document then discusses organizing research around trajectories of livestock sector growth and challenges. Priority research areas are identified as sustainable intensification, resilience, genetics, health, feeds, environment and agri-food systems. Key criteria for selecting priority locations include opportunities for intensification, resilience and inclusion. Partnerships with other
1. Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in Africa, with over 65 million cattle, 40 million sheep, 51 million goats, and 49 million chickens.
2. Livestock play a vital role in the Ethiopian economy by providing food, draft power for cultivation, manure for fertilizing farmland, transportation, and a means of storing wealth.
3. However, the livestock sector faces several challenges including limited availability of feed, disease, low genetic potential, lack of water, and lack of marketing infrastructure. Addressing these constraints is key to sustainably developing the livestock industry in Ethiopia.
Sheep and goat research and development of EthiopiaILRI
The document provides an outline for research on sheep and goat development in Ethiopia. It discusses the country's large livestock population and the importance of sheep and goats, providing nearly half of meat consumption. Research focuses on breed improvement, feeding, health, and market linkage. Community-based breeding programs have been established for several indigenous breeds, including Bonga sheep which has seen improvements in growth traits over generations of selection. The Menz sheep program demonstrates genetic gains from an elite flock and village breeding. Challenges include low productivity and future directions involve strengthening genetic selection and feed/health investments.
Progresses of designing community-based breeding strategies for indigenous sh...ILRI
Presented by Ashebir Kifle at the ICARDA-ILRI-BOKU project workshop on Designing community-based breeding strategies for indigenous sheep breeds of smallholders in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, October 29, 2010.
Better lives through livestock: ILRI in SADC Region ILRI
Presented by Amos Omore and Sikhalazo Dube at the Virtual Food Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) / International Cooperating Partner (ICP) Group Meeting on Agriculture and Food Security. Gaborone, Botswana, 7 October 2020.
Community Breeding Practice and the Challenges in Dairy Cattle Management in ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Dairy product is an important feed supplementation. However, rearing dairy cattle is became a challenge especially at smallholder level due to lack of indigenous dairy cattle breeds. As a result, the country has established cross breeding program since 1990`s. Nevertheless, it is not uniform and does not consider smallholder farmers. Therefore, this research initiated to identify the breeding practice and the main challenges of smallholder farmers in rearing dairy cattle. For this purpose, first systematic field survey was conducted to generate preliminary information and breed judgment. Then two study areas were selected purposively based on milk production potential and dairy breed characteristics. Two focus group discussions per study area were conducted. Then, randomly 200 respondents per study area were selected. Finally, individual interview and field observation were employed to generate the needed data. Even though there is no established breeding scheme, the smallholder farmers practiced breed improvement by either cross breeding or straight breeding. They implemented Cross breeding to improve milk productivity using 50-100% exotic blood sire/semen. Pure exotic semens were preferred for AI (Artificial insemination). The smallholder framers do not select indigenous caw for cross breeding practice. However, they selected indigenous caw/heifer for replacement based on pedigree history, body stature, and udder vein. Regarding mating system, more than 50% of the respondent exercise control-mating system in their herd. Mostly this was done by pertaining the sire and dam together for a single day. In addition to this partiality in preference of sire, less productive individual cattle culled from the herd by castration, sell and slaughtering. The management system, early castration and lack of accurate estrus detection were the major challenges in dairy cattle development. As the result of this survey in the two study areas, indiscriminate cross breeding without consideration of the production system, body size and blood levels were predominant. Therefore, successive training for smallholder farmers on breeding system is highly recommended.
Dairy Production System in Lowland Areas of Gambella, EthiopiaAI Publications
The objective of this study was to identify and assessing the different types of dairy cattle production systems, management practices, marketing and its constraints that exist in the Itang district. A total of 120 households were selected from four kebeles using simple random selection method after identifying the dairy owner from the community using purposive sampling method. Descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA, chi-square and ranking were analysed using SPSS statistical package. The majority of producers (63.3%) in the pastoral system produced milk for home consumption, while the majority of mixed crop–livestock producers (40.0%) produced milk for selling purpose. In the mixed crop–livestock system, mostly cereal crop based grazing is the major feed resource but these feed resources were managed in a traditional ways. Almost all respondents in the mixed crop-livestock system (96.5%) and pastoral system (100%) did not supplement their lactating cow with additional feeds. More than 400 cattle herds from 2-3 villages graze together between 10 am to 4 pm daily. The majority of households (68.3%) in the mixed crop–livestock system kept their cattle separately in barn, while other 8.3% of the households did the same in pastoral areas. Constraints for dairy development in the area are diseased condition, thieves, lack of veterinary services, lack of credit, feed and feeding and poor extension services. It can be concluded dairy cattle production in the mixed crop-livestock system was economical and based on mixed agriculture (crops plus livestock) with some fishing activity, mining and wild food collection.
Pathways for sustainable development of mixed crop-livestock systems in devel...ILRI
Presented by Shirley Tarawali, Mario Herrero, Katrien Descheemaeker, Elaine Grings and Michael Blümmel at the Workshop on the Assessment for sustainable development of animal production systems, 3 November 2011.
The future of sustainable livestock systems in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
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The document summarizes achievements in community-based breeding programs (CBBPs) for sheep in Ethiopia and identifies bottlenecks and opportunities for scaling out plans. It provides details on genetic improvement programs for the Menz and Bonga sheep breeds through open nucleus breeding and CBBPs. Measureable genetic gains have been achieved for growth traits in both breeds. However, CBBPs face challenges such as lack of long-term support, high staff turnover, and absence of farmer integration. Opportunities for scaling out include establishing national animal databases, artificial insemination, and using media to promote best practices. Overall, CBBPs show potential but need more consistent implementation and stakeholder engagement for sustained impact.
- Fast-rising demand for milk, meat, and eggs in Africa is driving changes in the continent's livestock sector. This growing demand will need to be met through increased production.
- There are three potential scenarios for meeting this demand: importing livestock products, importing industrial livestock production methods, or transforming smallholder livestock systems.
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— The low productivity of the Ethiopian diary sector has been explained by the genetic potentials and management practices. Milk production and consumption largely rely on the indigenous cows. To enhance the contribution of dairy to household food security, nutrition and income, adoption of improved dairy breeds together with the component practices is indispensable. To study the adoption of the dairy technologies and the factors stimulating the choices, a cross-sectional household survey was conducted in the central and eastern Ethiopia. Results declare that the rate of adoption of improved breeds, artificial insemination and improved forage remained to be limited. The uptake of concentrate feeding is found to be relatively better. As the joint multivariate probit estimation confirmed, there is complementarity and interdependence in the uptake of improved breeds, artificial insemination, concentrate feeds and improved forages. Utilization of forage lagged behind to complement adoption of improved cows. Tobit model determination confirmed that the same factors are affecting the adoption decisions. The factors responsible for the joint adoptions, the number of cows owned and intensity of adoption include education status, household wealth, access to markets and district centers, contacts with extension and gender roles. Both the joint and individual analyses highlighted the need for strategies that could overcome the constraints and ensure better uptake of the technologies.
Challenges and Opportunities of Small Ruminant Production Under Mixed Farming...Henok Mulatu
This document reviews the challenges and opportunities of small ruminant production under mixed farming systems in Ethiopia. It discusses how small ruminants like sheep and goats are an integral part of livestock keeping in Ethiopia and are mostly raised by smallholders. The document outlines the different mixed farming systems in Ethiopia and describes small ruminant production opportunities as having short generation intervals and adaptation to harsh environments. However, it also notes production constraints like seasonal feed shortages, health issues, lack of improved technologies, and marketing challenges. It concludes by recommending stronger extension services, training, genetic improvement, and cooperation to enhance small ruminant productivity in Ethiopia.
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The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
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4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
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MSC Thesis presentation
1. Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep.
MSC. THESIS
By:
TALEMAW MULAT
Gondar, Ethiopia
JUNE, 2022
1
ON-FARM CHARACTERIZATION OF BREEDING PRACTICES AND
PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE OF SIMIEN SHEEP IN BEYEDA
AND JANAMORA DISTRICTS OF AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA
2. Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
2
Presentation
outline
1. Introduction
• Background
• Statement of the problem and justification
• Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
Description of the study area
Study Approach
Sampling method
Data management and Analysis
3. Result and Discussion
4. Conclusion and Recommendations
3. More than 85% of Ethiopia's population is dependent on an Agriculture
based economy in which livestock and their products play a very significant
role (CSA, 2016).
Ethiopia has endowed with a large number of the domestic animal
population in the world.
It is believed to have the largest livestock population in Africa with an
estimated number of :-
65 million cattle
39 million sheep
50 million goat
7 million camels
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep. 3
1. Introduction
4. Background cont.…
48 million poultry
2 million horses
0.5 million mules
9 million donkeys (CSA, 2020).
Amhara National Regional State has:-
15.45 million cattle
9.80 million sheep
6.09 million goats
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep.4
5. Background cont.…
0.47 million horses
0.18 million mules
2.83 million donkeys
0.06 million camels
19.96 million poultry
1.33 million beehives (CSA, 2016).
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep.
5
6. Background cont.…
Livestock products and by-products in the form of:-
meat, milk, eggs, honey, butter, and cheese have great importance
It provide different nutrient that contributes to the improvement of
the nutritional status of the people (Habtamu, 2015 and Birara,
2016).
Sheep are economically important for the national economy
and the farm household.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep.
6
7. Background cont.…
Ethiopia has 14 traditional sheep populations which are classified:-
9 breeds
6 breed groups (Solomon, 2008)
The reports of CSA (2018) revealed that about
73% to 75% in the highland
25% to 27% of sheep are located lowland areas of the
country.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep.7
8. Background cont.…
Ethiopia is known for its huge sheep population, livestock production
systems:-
It is generally subsistence-oriented
productivity is very low (Belachew and Jemberu,
2003).
The present productivity of sheep has frequently been reported to be
low when compared to other countries in the world or Africa (ILRI,
2011 and Yohannes et al., 2018)..
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep. 8
9. Background cont.…
Getahun et al. (2014) revealed that the productivity of indigenous sheep
in terms of meat has been limited by poor genetic potential
Sheep production is also constrained by:-
feed shortages
diseases
poor infrastructure
lack of market information
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep.
9
10. Background cont.…
lack of market information
technical capacity
absence of planned breeding programs
breeding policies (Solomon et al., 2013)
Traditional livestock breeds in the developed world have largely been replaced by
improved commercial breeds key factors for this are:-
strong economic pressure on farmers
the focus on single traits, which made the traditional breeds
extinct in most cases.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
10
11. Background cont.…
On the other hand, livestock production in the developing world is
largely based on traditional breeds.
Among which Simien sheep is highly valued for:-
its delectable meat
adaptation to the harsh
low-input production environment.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
11
12. Background cont.…
Survival of traditional breeds is endangered as farmers are tempted to
replace them with exotic breeds perceived to be improved (Boettcher et
al., 2010; Taberlet et al., 2011; Adebabay et al., 2016).
The major factors contributing to the loss of such genetic diversity
are:-
intervention failures in livelihood and
market-oriented agricultural systems (Wollny, 2012).
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
12
13. Background cont.…
Simien sheep breeds and farming practices need to be conserved as
they harbor valuable genes lost from improved commercial breeds.
they could serve as a source of safe and tasty products.
Conservation of traditional breeds requires increasing their value to
the community.
Improved market access provides incentives to farmers and promotes
the conservation of traditional breeds
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
13
14. Background cont.…
Several research and development projects have been undertaken by
national
international agricultural research institutions
governmental
non-governmental development agencies (Kosgey et al., 2008).
An achievement on breed improvement which leads the production and productivity of indigenous breeds
of Ethiopia is still not significant.
Breed improvement challenges
impacts on sheep production
research gaps need to be periodically evaluated to direct the research and development
efforts to achieve the desired goals.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 14
15. 1.2. Statement of the problem and justification
Among the various factors:-
the absence of planned genetic improvement programs for local breeds is
one of the causes for losing their competitive advantage
Especially the production systems or external conditions are subject to
change (Solomon, 2008; Tesfaye, 2008; Zewudu, 2008; Surafel, 2012).
Therefore, improvement and conservation of Simien sheep genetic resources could be
imperative as it has been contributing to sheep genetic diversity in Ethiopia.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
15
16. Statement of the problem Conti…
There is a need to design and implement appropriate breeding
strategies:-
to improve the productivity of Simien sheep to utilize
increase its contribution to its keepers
enhance its conservation by the community
However, the lack of further detailed and area-specific characterization
about the production system.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
16
17. Statement of the problem Conti…
The existing breed management
traditional breeding practice
identification of important traits
on-farm growth performance, are perceived to be the most
important hindrance for genetic improvement and development of
conservation programs.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
17
18. Statement of the problem Conti…
Lack of such detailed and area-specific information is a serious constraint
to effective prioritization
planning of breed improvement
conservation measures including sustainable breeding strategies (Solomon et
al., 2013)
Thus, characterization of the production system, breeding practices, identification of
breeding objective traits, and assessing on-farm growth performance would help to
ensure sustainable use and development of sheep genetic resources.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
18
19. 1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General objective
The general objective of this study was to provide baseline information and
approaches for the improvement and conservation of Simien sheep to promote its
survival as an adapted indigenous genetic resource and its socio-economic contribution
to its keepers in Simien Mountain region of Amhara region
1.4.2 Specific objectives
To characterize the existing sheep production systems
To identify the breeding objective and breeding strategies
To assess body weight and other body linear measurements at farmers’ production condition
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
19
20. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Description of the study area
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
District Locations Altitude (m. a.s.l) T (oC) Rain fall
(mm)
Janamora 12º 59ˈˈN latitude and
38º 07ˈ
2900-3900 12.4 974
Beyeda 13º 30 ˈN and 38º
15ˈE
2900-3900 12.4 974
20
21. Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
21
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Description of the study area
22. Materials and methods cont.…
3.2. Study approach
Participatory rural appraisals were used to characterize breeding practices and define trait preferences.
Research approaches including:-
field survey
focus group discussion
direct ranking
observation
measurement were used for triangulation and validation of the expected outputs.
Both linear body measurement and recall interview of the owner of the animals were employed to collect
productivity performances of the Simien sheep (ILCA, 1990).
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
22
23. Materials and methods cont.…
3.2.Sampling method
A multistage sampling technique was employed to select districts, PAs, and households
The study was established purposively based on :-
the availability
distribution of Simien sheep after a discussion held with zonal and district
officers mainly livestock experts and development agents.
Based on this information, potential districts and peasant associations (PAs) were
selected.
The interviewed households were randomly selected among sheep owners in the study
area.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
23
24. Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
24
Materials and methods cont.…
25. Materials and methods cont.…
.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
𝐍𝒏 =
(
𝐙𝛂
𝟐
) 𝟐 𝐏 𝟏−𝐏
𝐝𝟐 =
(𝟏.𝟗𝟔) 𝟐 𝟎.𝟖𝟔 𝟏−𝟎.𝟖𝟔
(0.05)2 = 184 for sample size
determination
𝒁𝟐 = 𝒁𝟐𝐩𝐪𝒆𝟐=
(𝟏.𝟗𝟔) 𝟐 𝟎.𝟎𝟒 𝟎.𝟗𝟔
(𝟎.𝟎𝟓)𝟐 = =59 for linear body
measurement of each districts.
Where N = number of samples to be used, d = desired absolute
precision, Zα/2 = reliability coefficient and P = % of sheep owners
in each district
25
Sample size determination
26. Materials and methods cont.…
Data analysis and statistical models
The qualitative data from survey were analyzed by descriptive statistics using
SPSS Ver. 20.0 (2012)
The quantitative characteristics data of biological linear measurement were
analyzed by GLM procedure of SAS (2009)
Farmers preference rankings were summarized into the index as weighted
averages.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 26
27. Materials and methods cont.…
Data analysis and statistical models
Relationship of linear body measurements were assessed by Pearson
correlation. The statistical models used were: -
Yijkl= µ + Di + Sj+ Ak+ eijkl
Where Yijkl= the Linear body measurements
µ = overall mean
Di = fixed effect of district (i= Beyeda, Janamora);
Sj = fixed effect of sex (j = Female, Male),
Ak= fixed effect of age (k= 1 (one PPI), 2 (2 PPI) and 3 (≥3 PPI)
eijkl= the residual error
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 27
28. 4. Result & discussion
Description Beyeda (N = 92) Janamora (N=92) Overall(184)
N % N % N %
Sex of the respondents
Male 81 88.2 80 87.9 161 88
Female 11 11.8 12 12.1 23 12
Age categories of the respondents (years)
18-30 7 11.8 6 10.5 13 6.5
31-50 64 75.3 64 75.3 128 70.1
51-60 19 10.7 19 10.7 38 20.7
>61 2 2.2 3 3.5 5 2.7
Marital status of HH
Single 6 9.7 5 6.5 11 4.9
Married 81 83.8 80 85.3 161 87.5
Divorced 5 6.5 7 8.2 12 7.6
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
Table 5: socio-economic characteristics of Households
N = Number of participant
28
29. Result & discussion cont.…
General Household Characteristics cont.…
The majority of those interviewed (88%) were male-headed.
This revealed that men are the one who head the family and speak the most during the interview
This research finding consistent with the results of (Weldeyesus et al., 2016 and Kiflay et al., 2019) for
Atsbiwonberta and in Digelu-Tijo and Meiso districts respectively.
While only 12% of female-headed families had a husband who had either died or left the marriage
The majority of the interviewed household heads (70.1%) were between the ages of 31 and 50 in all of
the research districts, the majority of sheep owners possessed productive power. This conclusion is
consistent with those of Alubel (2015) in the Ziquala and Lay Armachiho districts.
A higher proportion of of farmers having illiterates so training livestock keepers to participate in genetic
improvement could boost the program's success in the field. Consistent with (Byaruhanga et al., 2015).
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 29
30. Result & discussion cont.…
N= number of respondents, SE = standard Error
Table 8: Livestock mix and holdings of respondents, and family size
30
Simien Sheep
Species Beyeda (N=92) Janamora(N=92) Overall mean
Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE
Cattle 2.39 0.25 3.31 0.28 2.84 0.2
Sheep 14.14 1.01 19.4 1.15 16.75 0.79
Goat 2.65 0.27 0.27 3.9 3.3 0.2
Chicken 5.62 0.46 5.7 0.52 5.7 0.35
Donkeys 1.00 0.08 1.30 0.96 1.15 0.06
Horse 1.91 0.15 1.45 0.11 1.68 0.1
Mules 0.99 0.09 1.05 0.06 1.02 0.05
Bee hives 2.33 0.30 1.86 0.32 2.1 0.22
Crop land(ha) 1.15±.0.86 1.53±.0.86 1.34±.0.60
Grazing land(ha) 0.06±.0.26 0.14±.0.46 0.1±.0.26
31. Result & discussion cont.…
Family size, land and livestock holding cont.…
The average family size obtained in the present study was comparable to the average
values of rural areas 4.9 persons at the national level (CSA, 2017)
The average holding of sheep at Janamora and Beyeda were 19.42±1.15 and,
14.14±1.01, respectively.
the average landholding per household in the current research was 1.34h lower than
what had been reported on a national scale (2. 5 ha, CSA, 2011)
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
31
32. Result & discussion cont.…
Major farming activities
Sources of home consumption
Districts Overall index
Beyeda (N= 92) Janamora (N= 92)
R1 R2 R3 Index R1 R2 R3 Index
crop production 25 29 35 0.30 29 31 18 0.31 0.31
Cattle 7 4 9 0.07 6 4 9 0.06 0.07
Sheep 29 27 19 0.28 24 27 34 0.29 0.28
Goat 8 7 14 0.09 8 6 15 0.09 0.09
Chicken 14 17 13 0.16 14 16 13 0.15 0.15
Food aid 9 8 2 0.08 11 8 3 0.09 0.09
Sources of income Sheep
Crop production
39
25
26
35
22
19
0.34
0.29
40
25
25
34
21
19
0.35
0.29
0.35
0.29
Index = [(3 × number of households ranking as first + 2 × number of households ranking as second + 1 × number of households
ranking as third) for each farming activities of each district]/ [(3 × number of households ranking as first + 2 × number of households ranking as second + 1 ×
number of households ranking as third) for all farming activities for each district].
Table 10 Farming activities used for home consumption, income generation.
32
33. Age Class Districts
Beyeda (N=92) Janamora (N=92)
Mean± SD % Mean +SD %
Lamb < sex month 2.54±1.95 17.3 2.85±1.59 17.82
Ram 6-12 month 1.04±0.83 6.98 2.09±1.47 12.74
Ewe 6-12 month 2.57±1.57 17.2 3.29±1.67 20.18
Breeding ewe > 1yr 7.67±5.17 51.3 6.80±4.42 42.1
Breeding ram>1yr 0.56±0.93 3.7 0.26±0.49 3.54
Castrated 0.53±0.74 3.54 0.91±0.77 5.56
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
Result & discussion cont.…
Table 11 : Mean flock size per household and flock structure of sheep
N= Number of respondents, SD= Standard deviation and %=percentage
33
34. Result & discussion cont.…
Mean flock size per household and flock structure of sheep
The study of flock characteristics helps in the design of breeding programs
the flock size of sheep was higher in Janamora than Beyeda district
This result was comparable to with that of Solomon et al. (2007), Yohannes et
al.(2017), and Desalegn (2019) for Gumuz and Simien sheep
The larger proportion of breeding ewe obtained was comparable with previous results
reported 46.80% for Menz sheep and 49.2% for Afar sheep (Tesfaye et al., 2010), and
38.9% for central Tigray sheep (Hagos et al., 2015).
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 34
35. Result & discussion cont.…
Mean flock size per household and flock structure of sheep
The proportion of higher breeding ewe in both districts would imply:
the production of a larger number of lambs (selection candidates) which in
turn might increase the intensity of selection
thus ensure the effectiveness of selective breeding
The low proportion of breeding rams in both study districts indicated :-
the tradition of marketing young ram lambs because of the greater
dependence on sheep production.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 35
37. Result & discussion cont.…
The reasons for keeping sheep are rational and related to the farmers
needs in the long or short term.
Results of earlier study showed that better understanding of the
purposes of keeping sheep is a prerequisite-site for defining breeding
goals (Yohannes et al., 2017)
The results of this study revealed that sheep play multi-functional
roles in both districts with similar production objectives whereby
their:-
o income
osaving
omeat function ranked as paramount importance.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 37
Sheep production objectives
38. Result & discussion cont.…
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
38
Similarly, multipurpose functions of sheep keeping were reported for sheep owners
(Mengistie et al., 2010, Tesfaye et al., 2010, Surafel, 2012, Yohannes et al., 2017,
Desalegn, 2019). in the central highlands and north western Ethiopia.
Successful breeding program could be mainly achieved through including:-
the cultural
social and
environmental benefits in the breeding objectives for sheep under smallholder
production systems in the tropics.
Therefore, considering the different socio-cultural perspective of the sheep owners is
important in the adoption of any breeding programme.
Knowledge about the mode of exit of sheep is important in assessing the breeding
practices of small ruminants.
Sheep production objectives
39. Result & discussion cont.…
Selling and seasons of sheep marketing
Most smallholder farmers were sold sheep to consumers, traders and sometimes to
producers for breeding purposes consistent with findings of (Estefanos et al., 2015) and
Matawork et al. (2018).
Farmers in both districts reported that most sheep are sold:-
to meet immediate farm
children education cash requirements, but there are market seasons following the
cultural holidays:
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
39
40. Result & discussion cont.…
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 40
In general, information on market price, supply, and demand are not available for
farmers throughout the year. consistent with the findings of (Estefanos et al., 2015;
Matawork et al., 2018; Desalegn, 2019)
This implies that:-
lack of market information
poor market chain
absence of transportation facilities were some of the problems associated with sheep
marketing reported in the study areas.
Selling reasons and seasons of sheep marketing
41. Result & discussion cont.…
Table 14: Major constraints of sheep production
Constraints Beyeda (N=92) Janamora(N=92) Over all
R1 R2 R3 Index R1 R2 R3 Index Index
Feed shortage 19 15 21 0.19 18 14 20 0.18 0.19
Water shortage 19 13 7 0.16 20 16 10 0.19 0.18
Disease 12 13 11 0.13 11 12 10 0.12 0.13
Poor genotype 6 5 7 0.06 5 4 7 0.05 0.06
Market 10 11 13 0.12 9 11 12 0.11 0.12
Capital 7 9 12 0.09 6 11 11 0.09 0.09
Predator 6 8 3 0.07 5 7 3 0.06 0.07
Labor 6 5 4 0.06 5 4 5 0.05 0.06
Drought 3 7 7 0.05 4 6 6 0.06 0.06
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 41
42. Result & discussion cont.…
Identifying the constraints of sheep production is a base to improve sheep
productivity (Bosenu et al., 2014).
The most production constraints faced smallholder farmers keeping sheep were:-
feed shortage
scarcity of water the two districts.
Diseases
market
Among these constraints feed shortage, scarcity of water and diseases were top
three constraints across the two districts
Similarly, finding for feed shortage is reported in different areas of the country (Tesfaye
et al., 2010; Zelalem et al., 2014 and Desalegn, 2019).
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 42
Table 14: Major constraints of sheep production
43. Result & discussion cont.…
Breed, Breeding Goal, Breeding Scheme, Economic Value, Gumuz, Sheep, Simien 43
The main causes of feed shortage in the study areas were:-
a shortage of grazing land
unsuitable stony areas for grazing
frequent occurrence of drought
Scarcity of grazing particularly during the dry season is the utmost constraint for
sheep production in the study areas
Sheep production constraints
44. Result & discussion cont.…
Inadequate nutrition extremely affects the growth rate and body energy reserve of animals
rendering to have a low quality meat (Sibut et al., 2008).
Therefore, proper feeding of animals for growth and meat quality should be practiced
carefully.
An animal health problem was ranked consistently as the third constraint that causes
severe:-
morbidity
mortality
inadequate veterinary services
misuse of drugs resulting significant lose of flocks in the study areas:-
Previous studies in central highlands also confirmed that low productivity of
sheep was caused by disease problems and lack of organized effort for genetic
improvement (Solomon et al., 2010).
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 44
Sheep production constraints
45. Result & discussion cont.…
The main feed resource for sheep is natural pasture during dry and wet seasons.
The current finding was in agreement with Amelmal (2011) in Dawuro Zone; Biruh
(2013) in South Omo Zone and Desalegn (2019) in Gondar zone.
The sources of supplement feed included
crop residues (23.7%)
stubble grazing (22.6%)
hay (8.6) during the dry season in Beyeda district.
in Janamora
stubble grazing (28.6%),
crop residues (20.9%)
hay (13.2%) comprised additional sources of feed for sheep during the dry
season
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
45
Feed resources and availability used for sheep
46. Result & discussion cont.…
Table 14:-Herd management
Herding practices Respondents (%)
Beyeda Janamora
N % N %
Sheep together with Cattle 24 26.9 23 23.1
Sheep together with goat 13 10.8 12 16.5
Sheep together with equine 9 9.7 12 14.3
All herded together 40 45.2 39 40.7
Sheep herded separately 6 7.5 6 5.5
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
46
Breeding managements
N= Number of respondent, %=percentage
47. Result & discussion cont.…
The FGD showed that almost all of farmers those practiced separation of new born
lambs at day time
Some farmers stated that if newborn lambs were separated from their dam at night:
they made bleating noise
disturb all other flock
even owners as reasonable number of animals confine in family houses.
The majority of smallholder farmers 45.2% of Beyeda
40.7% of Janamora were herder sheep with all other livestock
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
47
Breeding managements
48. Result & discussion cont.…
The shortage of labor in the study areas has forced them to keep sheep with other
livestock these might be due to:-
the migration of children and
youth to the zonal
regional cities for house servants and daily laborers. Similar
findingsYohannes et al. (2017), Kiflay et al. (2019) and Desalegn (2019)
also reported in the northern highlands of the Amhara region.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
48
Breeding managements
49. Result & discussion cont.…
75.3% of the Beyeda
75.8 % Janamora districts were herding their sheep with their neighbors’.
While the remaining of the farmers’ kept separately as a flock depending on the
availability of labor.
Similar findings with reported that the possibility of mixing with other
neighboring sheep flocks (Tesfaye et al., 2010) in the central highlands of Ethiopia
This flock mixing practice would be a good opportunity for:-
implementing the community-based breeding program
it facilitates ram exchange which is one of the major components of the
community-based breeding program.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
49
Breeding managements
50. Result & discussion cont.…
pure breeding of Simien sheep was practiced in the Simien Mountain region.
This implies the importance of pure breeding strategies for the conservation and
improvement of Simien sheep.
91.4% for the Beyeda farmers
84.6 % Janamora farmers confirmed that ram use and breeding are generally
natural and uncontrolled in the Simien mountain region consistent with Solomon
et al. (2011), Surafel et al. (2012), Halefom (2013), Yohannes, et al. (2017), and
Desalegn (2019).
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
50
Breeding managements
51. Result & discussion cont.…
The primary reason for uncontrolled mating was :-
the use of communal grazing areas, which is followed by:-
a lack of awareness
sailing of male lambs at an early age
This may be contributed to the:-
inbreeding
early breeding of females
decreased genetic diversity
low birth weight
low survival rates
the gene pool narrows
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
51
Breeding managements
52. Result & discussion cont.…
This has to be taken into consideration when implementing a breeding
program for Simien sheep.
The reason for controlled mating was primarily to get the best
animals for market.
Previous studies also indicated that controlled mating is:-
crucial for the successful implementation of genetic improvement
conservation programs (Solomon et al., 2010 and Yohannes et al.,
2018).
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 52
Breeding managements
53. Result & discussion cont.…
This study also confirmed that few proportions of rams are used for breeding
purposes.
When rams were not available in their flocks, owners got the service from
neighbors. These results are in line with the report of Edea et al. (2012), Tesfaye et
al. (2016), Yohannes et al.(2017), and Kiflay et al., (2019) elsewhere in Ethiopia.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 53
Breeding managements
55. Result & discussion cont.…
Within their herds, the majority of responders chose potential breeding rams and
ewes.
Selection practices, including selection criteria used in the Simien Mountain region,
but the selection of rams was more frequent than for ewes as has been recorded
previously in other districts of SNRS (Ferew,2008)
In Beyeda, males are selected at 6-7 months
while in Janamora they are 5-6 months .This figure is comparable to the report of
Tesfaye et al. (2010) but longer than Zewdu et al. (2012) who reported 4.39 ± 2.24
months for Horro rams.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 55
Table 19:-breeding objective traits for the Simien breeding ram
56. Result & discussion cont.…
The main breeding goal of farmers in the Simien Mountain region for
Simien sheep is:-
To improve their market value through increased meat production
Among the selection criteria considered, coat color was an important selection
criterion.
It is ranked first by sheep owners in Janamora and the second in Beyeda with an
index value of 0.32 and 0.22, respectively.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
56
Table 19:-breeding objective traits for the Simien breeding ram
57. Result & discussion cont.…
In Beyeda physical appearance and growth rate were ranked first and third with an
index of 0.28 and, 0.10 respectively.
Similarly, appearance, growth rate and, meat yield were ranked the second and, third
selection criteria in Janamora with an index value of 0.21, 0.09 and, 0.09 respectively
The appearance of rams which of the owners associated with :-
high carcass output
premium prices Across districts
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
57
Table 19:-breeding objective traits for the Simien breeding ram
58. Result & discussion cont.…
physically observable traits such as:-
coat color
appearance
growth rate
horn should be considered alongside production traits in decision making:-
to define breeding objectives of sheep owners in the sheep barley-dominated
production system
and to emphasize in selecting breeding rams
their index values differed among district.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
58
Table 19:-breeding objective traits for the Simien breeding ram
60. Result & discussion cont.…
appearance and coat color were two of the most important breeding ewe selection
criteria in both study districts.
In Beyeda, sheep owners have given attention primarily to appearance
(index=0.23)
while coat color and appearance were ranked as the first and second selection
criteria for breeding ewes in Janamora districts.
Similar selection criteria were reported by Tesfaye et al. (2010) and Helen et al.
(2013) in the Menz district and eastern Ethiopia respectively.
Twining ability was ranked as the third selection criteria for ewes in Beyeda and
Janamora with an index of 0.14 and 0.13 respectively.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
60
Table 20:-breeding objective traits for the Simien breeding ewe
61. Result & discussion cont.…
Diseases prevalence’s Beyeda Janamora Overall
R1 R2 R3 Index R1 R2 R3 Index Index
Fascioliasis 13 14 16 0.15 13 13 15 0.14 0.15
Peste des petits ruminants 16 25 22 0.21 16 24 22 0.22 0.22
Shoat pox Fentata 15 21 27 0.20 14 20 27 0.19 0.25
Orf 12 11 10 0.12 11 10 10 0.09 0.11
Pasteurellosis wozwuz 16 8 7 0.13 16 9 6 0.12 0.13
Dermatophilosis 10 8 4 0.09 10 8 4 0.09 0.09
Dermatophytosis 10 5 6 0.08 12 8 8 0.10 0.09
R =Rank, Index = [(3 × number of households ranking as first + 2 × number of households ranking as second + 1 ×
number of households ranking as third) for each selection criteria]/ [(3 × number of households ranking as first + 2
× number of households ranking as second + 1 × number of households ranking as third) Sheep Disease].
61
Rank indexes of Sheep Disease
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
62. Result & discussion cont.…
Fascioliasis
peste des petits ruminants
shoat pox
orf the major reported
pasteurellosis sheep diseases affecting productivity
dermatophilosis in the study areas.
dermatophytosis
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
62
Rank indexes of Sheep Disease
63. Result & discussion cont.…
The occurrence of sheep diseases varies along seasons where:-
fascioliasis and sheep pox were the highest incidences limiting sheep
production during the dry season with 89.2% and 85.7% in both study
districts.
While, Peste des petits ruminants, orf, pasteurellosis, dermatophilosis, and
dermatophytosis were the major reported sheep health problems limiting
sheep production in the study areas
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 63
Rank indexes of Sheep Disease
64. Result & discussion cont.…
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 64
Rank indexes of Sheep Disease
Livestock disease prevalence and their occurrences were higher in the wet season
than the dry season.
This result is consistent with previous studies in North Gondar (Desalegn, 2019),
who reported that disease was the most important cause of mortality in the wet
season.
In the Beyeda district, peste des petits ruminants, sheep pox, fascioliasis, and
pasteurellosis were major reported sheep diseases in that order.
This study revealed that disease is a significant problem of sheep production in
the study area.
65. Result & discussion cont.…
Traits Dentition
PPI 1 PPI 2 PPI 3 PPI 4
Overall Districts
Beyeda Janamora
Sex
Male Female
Body weight
(Kg)
22.48±0.68 27.13±0.53 34.03±0.50 45.9±0.75 31.18 31.89±0.68 32.93±0.48 34.03 ±0.61 30.79±0.36
Height at wither
(Cm)
53.98±2.57 56.57±1.56 71.83±1.46 103.8±2.2 67.8 71.43±1.35 71.67±1.43 74.37 ±1.86 68.72±1.06
Body length
(Cm)
56.82±1.94 61.08±1.21 60.44±1.13 74.37±1.70 61.07 62.56±1. 1 63.79±1.04 65.92 ±1.39 60.43±0.82
Heart girth (Cm) 53.98±2.51 56.57±1.56 71.83±1.46 103.8±2.2 67.8 71.67±1.43 71.43±1.30 74.37 ±1.8 68.72±1.0
Pelvic width
(Cm)
21.88±0.29 21.91±0.18 21.51±0.17 22.35±0.25 21.8 21.76±0.15 22.08±0.16 21.99±0.21 21.86±0.12
Scrotal
circumference
(Cm)
20.01±1.34 22.89±0.46 22.06±0.35 22.32±0.54 22.29 21.80±0.43 21.84±0.5 21.82 0.38 -
Body condition
score (Cm)
2.79±0.12 2.78±0.07 2.85±0.08 3±0.11 2.78 2.80±0.07 2.90±0.06 2.98±0.09 2.73±0.05
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 65
Table 21: Linear body measurements of Simien sheep by dentition, district, and sex.
66. Result & discussion cont.…
Linear body measurement was used to indicate the growth performance of targeted
sheep.
The present study included the major linear body measurement traits such as:-
body weight
wither height
body length
heart girth
pelvic width
scrotal circumstance
body condition score were respectively.
These all measurements were used to evaluate the growth performance of Simien
sheep at farmers’ production condition
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
66
Body weight and linear body measurements
67. Result & discussion cont.…
The fixed effects of the dentition, district, and sex were a significant (p<0.05)
source of variation for body weight and other body linear measurements.
The effect of the district maybe because of:-
the differences in the availability of grazing land
other management of sheep between the Districts
Male sheep were heavier in their mature body weight than female sheep.
Other researchers (Kasahun, 2000; Sisay 2002; Markos et al., 2004; Markos,
2006; Mengistie et al., 2010) have widely documented the same results
The differences in body weights observed between both sexes might be due to:-
testosterone secretion.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
67
Body weight and linear body measurements
68. Result & discussion cont.…
The age of sheep was estimated based on dentition classes.
Sheep with dentitions PPI 1 and PPI 2 were shorter (p<0.05) in body weight than
sheep with higher dentition groups.
Concerning the effect of age, sheep with dentition PPI 3 were superior in wither
height (p<0.05) over their dentition PPI1 and PPI 2 counterparts.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
68
Body weight and linear body measurements
70. Result & discussion cont.…
Body weight was generally moderate and very highly correlated with body
dimensional traits (0.27–0.83) except for pelvic width
The correlation between body weight and other body linear measurement in 1
Pair(s) of Permanent Incisors ewes was significant in:-
hearth girth
wither height
The correlation coefficient between body weight and wither height was the highest
and significant (r= 0.83) followed by heart girth (r=0.78).
A higher correlation between body weight and heart girth may be affected by
muscle and bones in heart girth areas.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
70
Table 22: Phenotypic correlation of body weight, other body measurements of ewes
71. Result & discussion cont.…
The result of this study is in agreement with previous reports pointing out that heart
girth is a strong correlation with live weight (Villiers et al., 2009 and Yakubu et al.,
2011).
Higher correlation between live weight and hearth girth has also reported by Solomon
et al. (2011) in Gumuz sheep and Surafel (2012) in Simien sheep.
Besides:-
body length
wither height had moderate and high correlation among each other
heart girth (Chest circumference)
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 71
Table 22: Phenotypic correlation of body weight, other physical body characteristics of ewes
72. Result & discussion cont.…
At 2 Pair(s) of Permanent Incisors, positive and highly significant (p<0.01) correlations of
body weight with heart girth was observed.
body length, withers height and pelvic width had a moderate and non-significant correlation
between each other’s
At 3 and 4 dentition classes, strongly positive and highly significant correlation was observed
regularly:-
between body weights
heart girth.
In all dentition classes, there is a highly significant and even non-significant correlation of :-
body weight with heart girth
wither height were observed.
The observed high correlations between weight and other body measurements were in
agreement with literatures (Mengistie et al., 2010, Solomon et al., 2011, Surafel, 2012 and
Desalegn, 2019).
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 72
Table 22: Phenotypic correlation of body weight, other physical body characteristics of ewes
74. Result & discussion cont.…
Body weight was positively and negatively correlated (P < 0.01) with other
physical body characteristics within age groups.
consistent with previous studies (Afolayan et al., 2006 and Tsegaye et al., 2013).
For rams, wither height and heart girth showed the highest correlation coefficients
more consistently with body weight at all dentition categories (0.48 to 0.94) than the
other measurements.
findings are consistent with previous studies (Solomon, 2008 and Sisay, 2009)
which confirmed that the positive moderate to high correlations coefficients
between relative traits are so important in selection program meaning that improve
one trait improve the others.
74
Table 23: Phenotypic correlation of body weight, other physical body characteristics of rams
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
75. Result & discussion cont.…
The positive significant and highest correlation coefficient value (r=0.87 and 0.94)
between body weight and heart girth of rams was observed at dentition class PPI 2
and PPI 3.
in agreement with other results of Mengistie et al. (2010), Solomon et al. (2011),
Surafel (2012) and Desalegn (2019).
This implies that:-
the heart girth is the best measurements among body traits for
predicting body weight in remote areas.
Likewise, pelvic width, scrotal circumference and wither height have the strong
positive and the most correlated measurements with body weight at dentition 3
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
75
Table 23: Phenotypic correlation of body weight, other physical body characteristics of rams
76. Result & discussion cont.…
Besides, a highly significant correlations of wither height of rams were also
observed at dentition class 1 with body condition score.
Generally, wither height, body length; pelvic width and scrotal circumference
have a strong positive and non-significant correlation among each other’s at
dentition 1 and 4.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
76
Table 23: Phenotypic correlation of body weight, other physical body characteristics of rams
77. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
It is important to document the status of the animal genetic resources concerning:-
the production environment
socio-economic aspects of breed utilization by keepers
performance characteristics
geographical distribution
the utility of the breed
The result of this study showed that the identified sheep barley-dominated
production system in the two districts comparable in a range of aspects including:-
relation to land
sheep production objective
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 77
78. CONCLUSION AND RECOMME…
flock size
breeding system
marketing strategies
The average sheep flock size reported for both study districts was relatively comparable
to other breeds that reported at different districts
its contribution to the family income generation is significant.
It can be concluded that sheep production is an important component of the farming
activity in the study areas:-
by providing multifunctional roles to the smallholder farmers
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 78
79. CONCLUSION AND RECOMME…
This study revealed that Simien sheep has multifaceted roles for the smallholder
farmers in the study areas
Participatory identification of breeding objective traits indicated a wide range of
traits that are preferred by the farmer.
Body conformation
coat colour were the top three important traits in
fast growth rate selecting breeding rams in both districts
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 79
80. CONCLUSION & RECOMME…
Body conformation
coat color are important traits for selecting breeding
ability to give multiple births ewes in the Beyeda district
While
coat color
body conformation
ability to give multiple births important traits in selecting breeding Ewes in
Janamora district
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 80
81. CONCLUSION & RECOMME…
This indicated that physically observable traits were preferred for selecting breeding rams and ewes
in both districts.
This might be due to:-
the lack of knowledge
awareness on ranking animals based on the whole life history of the animal
The main breeding goals for sheep production have been defined as:-
increasing meat production
marketed animals (Improve growth rate and conformation)
this is driven by market demands.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep 81
82. CONCLUSION & RECOMME
In addition, compared with other local sheep types, Simien were rated highly by
both producers and consumers in their tasty meat
These characteristics make the Simien sheep economically more important.
This implies that designing sheep improvement strategies in the area should
primarily target meat production traits.
Conservation of Simien sheep genetic resources could be imperative as these
have been contributing most to the sheep genetic diversity in Ethiopia.
besides its contribution to the overall genetic diversity, other features of a breed
should also be considered when designing a conservation program.
82
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
83. CONCLUSION & RECOMME
Like
its adaptation to specific environments
possession of unique traits
social and cultural value
contribution to environmental sustainability
Both center-based and village based-scheme will be simulated to improve the
productivity of Simien sheep to increase its contribution and thereby enhance its
conservation.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
83
84. CONCLUSION & RECOMME
Because of the above, the following recommendations were suggested;
A comprehensive farmer’s awareness program needs to be undertaken on the
disadvantages of increasing inbreeding, slaughter/marketing of young stock, adult
/ fertile stock
The same breeding program could be designed for Simien sheep that address both
district farmers since their breeding objectives are very similar.
Breeding programs need to consider body conformation, coat color, fast growth
rate, and reproductive traits.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
84
85. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
Selective breeding could be recommended since the results showed performance level of
Simien could be increased effectively if appropriate genetic improvement schemes are
designed.
Community(Village)-based breeding scheme(CBBP) could be a more appropriate scheme to
introduce selective breeding as it promotes the participation of farmers
A proper conservation-based breeding program should be an immediate task.
Generally, the future of sheep in Ethiopia should lie in the appropriate approaches for
conservation combining several integrally related resources at the national level.
Breeding objective, Breeding practices, Linear body measurement, Production system, Simien sheep
85