Agricultural production economics is concerned with the productivity and efficient use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It deals with factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationships. The scope of agricultural production economics includes the economics of agricultural production, problems in the agricultural sector and remedies, agricultural credit, marketing, demand and supply of farm goods, agricultural policies and programs, and taxes on farm productivity. Agricultural production economics is significant as it applies economic theories to address agricultural issues and provides insights into the relationships between crop and animal production systems.
NEW AGRICULTURAL POLICY OF INDIA 2000, POWER POINT PRESENTATIONDebanjanMondal10
This slide content new agricultural policies of india that was taken in the year of 2000, in the aim of gaining production of 4% in every year till 2020.The whole information has been given on that slide,helps one to get complete knowledge of new policies,and its applications.
NEW AGRICULTURAL POLICY OF INDIA 2000, POWER POINT PRESENTATIONDebanjanMondal10
This slide content new agricultural policies of india that was taken in the year of 2000, in the aim of gaining production of 4% in every year till 2020.The whole information has been given on that slide,helps one to get complete knowledge of new policies,and its applications.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Lecture 12 economic principles applicable to farm managementB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Lecture 01 Introduction to Production EconomicsB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
India has done well since independence in Agriculture. But the potential for further growth is immense . By adopting the strategies in the paper , the growth can be taken to 6% p.a.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Lecture 12 economic principles applicable to farm managementB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Lecture 01 Introduction to Production EconomicsB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
India has done well since independence in Agriculture. But the potential for further growth is immense . By adopting the strategies in the paper , the growth can be taken to 6% p.a.
Definition:
Production economics is the application of the principles of microeconomics in production. Based on the theory of firm, these principles explain various cost concepts, output response to inputs and the use of inputs/resources to maximize profits and/ or minimize costs. Production economics, thus provides a framework for decision making at the level of a firm for increasing efficiency and profits
*Goals of Production Economics
*BASIC PRODUCTION PROBLEMS
1. WHAT TO PRODUCE?
2. HOW TO PRODUCE?
3.HOW MUCH TO PRODUCE?
4. WHEN TO BUY AND SELL?
5. WHERE TO BUY AND SELL?
*OBJECTIVES
*SUBJECT MATTER
#AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION FUNCTION
*Thank You..!
The implication of farmers’ behavior to the household economic income through...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : This research is intended to identify, analyze, and theoretically and empirically explain: the effect of farmers’ behavior and farmers’ economic decision; the effect of farmers’ behavior with farmers’ household income; farmers’ economic decision with farmers’ household income; and farmers’ behavior with farmers’ household income through farmers’ economic decision.This research is an explanation (explanatory research), which explain the causal relationship among the research variables by the testing of hypothesis. The population in this research is farmers’ household in Minahasa regency. With samples of this research are 120 respondents. Purposive sampling is used to collect the data and the data analysis of this research using path analysis. The results of the research showed that: farmers’ behavior directly and significantly effect to the economic decision. farmers’ behavior directly effect to farmers household income; economic decision is directly and significantly effect to the farmers household income; farmers behavior is indirectly and significantly to the farmers household with economic decision as intervening variable.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Nature, scope and significance of Agricultural Production Economics
1. INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
RAIPUR (C.G)
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, RAIPUR
SESSION: 2019-20
ASSIGNMENT
ON
Nature, scope and significance of agricultural production economics.
Course Name- Agricultural Production Economics
Course No. - AGECON- 504
Credit - 2(1+1)
SUBMITTED TO:-
Dr. PayalJaiswal
(Department of Agricultural Economics)
SUBMITTED BY:-
RavishankarSahu
M.Sc. previous year
(Department of Agricultural Extension)
2. 2
INDEX
Sr. No. Particular Page No.
1. Definitions of Economics, Production, Production
economics, Agricultural production economics.
03
2. Nature of agricultural production economics 04
3. Scopeof agricultural production economics 05
4. Significance of agricultural production economics 06
5. Reference 07
3. 3
Nature, scope and significance of Agricultural production economics.
Economics
The branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption,
and transfer of wealth.
Economics is the study of how society uses its limited
resources. Economics is a social science that deals with the production,
distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Production
Production is a process of combining various material inputs and
immaterial inputs in order to make something for consumption. It is the
act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and
contributes to the utility of individuals.
Production economics
Economic production is an activity carried out under the control and
responsibility of an institutional unit that uses inputs of labor capital, and
goods and services to produce outputs of goods or services.
Agricultural production economics
“An applied field of science wherein principles of economic choice are
applied to the use of resources of land, labor, capital and management in
the farming industry”
Agricultural production economics is concerned with
the productivity of farm inputs. ... The subject matter of agricultural
4. 4
production economics involves the study of factor-product, factor-factor
and product-product relationships, the size of the farm, returns to scale,
credit and risk and uncertainty.
Agricultural production economics is concerned with
the productivity of farm inputs. As such it deals with resource allocation,
resource combinations, resource use efficiency, resource management and
resource administration.
Nature of agricultural production economics
Agriculture is no more confined to production at farm level only.
The storage, processing, and distribution of agricultural products involve
an array of agribusiness industries.
Thus, Production economics is used at two levels; At farm level & At
regional or national level.
The production problems on individual farms are important one. • And
application of economic logics to those problems.
“By-words” – resource allocation and marginal productivity.
Don’t be confused with Consumption Economics ?- Utility maximization
vs Profit maximization i.e, allocation of income vs allocation of resources.
Much wider than Farm management.
5. 5
Scope of agricultural production economics
The scopeofagriculture economics is extended to the following:
(1) Economics of agriculture production- In agriculture economics we
study about the agricultural produce. In this respect we study the following:
What are the properties of farms
Whether their sizes are economic or non-economic
Whether the farmers are risk-takers or risk-evaders.
Agriculture economics study the economics of land protection. We observe why
the lands are pray to water-logging and salinity and that how they can be
protected.
(2) Problems of agri. sector and remedial measures- In agriculture
economics, we will study in detail the problems in the various areas of agriculture
sector like why the per acre production of the crop is low thy the share of forest in
declining why fisheries is contributing low to GDP; what are the problems of
livestock etc.
(3) Agricultural credit- In case of developing countries the peasants are
mostly poor. They are in need of finance both for consumption and production,
therefore, in agriculture economics we study agri. Loans their nature, their use,
their need, their sources and their proper utilization etc.
(4) Agricultural marketing- In agriculture economics, we study the kinds of
markets, the prevailing methods of sale in agriculture markers, the functions of
agri. Markets, products and transportation of agri. Products. Moreover we also
study the role of cooperatives and govt. to deal with the problems of agri.
Markets.
(5) Demand, supply and prices of agriculture goods- In agriculture
economics. We analyze the demand for supply of and prices of agri. Goods. In
other words, all the economics concepts of economic theory like demand. Supply
price controls, support prices and subsidies are well applicable in case of
agriculture economics.
(6) Agricultural policies and programs- There exists a greater uncertainty
in agri. Sector as there are big fluctuations in the output and prices of agri.
Products. This badly affects the poor peasants and small farmers. In such state of
6. 6
affairs govt. devise policies regarding farms. As the govt. set minimum
procurement prices for agri.
(7) Tax on farm productivity.
(8) Agriculture and world trade.
(9) Rural & agricultural development.
Significance of agricultural production economics
The field of agricultural economics finds to seek relevance between cause and
effect using the most advanced methods viz, production functions and
programming models.
It uses theoretical concepts of economics to provide answers to the problems of
agriculture and agribusiness.
Initially earnest efforts were made by the economists to use the economic
theory to agricultural problems.
Agriculture is the integral part of the world food system, having the foundation
likes between crops and animal production system.
Agriculture is the integral part of the world food system, having the foundation
links between crops and animal productions system.
Agricultural economists here have to play a major role in understanding the
intricacies involved in the foundation systems.
Knowledge regarding problems in production, finance, marketing and
government policies and their impact on production and distribution is very
essential to find out suitable solutions for the farm problems.