This document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS), which aim to deliver more sustainable agriculture through a whole farm management approach. IFS combine different agricultural activities like crops, livestock, fisheries, apiculture etc in a synergistic way. The key principles are utilizing synergies between activities, considering no waste as misplaced resources, and achieving ecological sustainability and economic viability. Some examples discussed are integrated fish-livestock, crop-livestock, duck-fish, layer chicken-fish, broiler-fish, goat-fish, rice-fish, horticulture-fish, and pig-duck-fish-vegetable systems. IFS provide benefits like increased and stable incomes, maintaining productivity and reducing environmental impacts. Ch
At present, the farmers concentrate mainly on crop production which is subjected to a high degree of uncertainty in income and employment to the farmers. In this contest, it is imperative to evolve suitable strategy for augmenting the income of a farm.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
Today is National Agricultural Day and to celebrate we wanted to create an opportunity to learn about marketing and finance programs available to farmers and producers to help our local business grow. I hope each of you will take the opportunity to connect with our speakers and network with each other.
Rice is one of the most important crop in the world.
The main production countries are China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Viet Nam. Becides the Asian countries, rice is also welcomed as staple food in South America and Africa countries.
Weed control is important in rice cultivation. Main weeds are grassy weed, broadleaf weed and sedges.
Usually, the emergence of grassy weed is ealier than other types of weeds and the damage is heavier. Echinochloa spp is a big problem as main grassy weed in rice field.
Here are some several herbicides suggested for weed control in rice field.
Control of grassy weeds: Oxaziclomefone, Bispyribac-sodium, Cyhalofop-butyl.
Control of broadleaf weed and sedges: Bentazon, Bentazon + MCPA.
Pre-emergence is a cost-effective way, here are several combinations: Bensulfuron-methyl + Metolachlor, Bensulfuron-methyl + Pretilachlor, Bensulfuron-methyl + Mefenacet.
If you are interested in any of these products or have some othe ideas about weed control in rice field, feel free to contact us.
Contact: Susan
E-mail: susan@profirst.biz ; agsale@profirst.biz
Website: www.profirst.cn
Skype: susan_hujiali@hotmail.com
At present, the farmers concentrate mainly on crop production which is subjected to a high degree of uncertainty in income and employment to the farmers. In this contest, it is imperative to evolve suitable strategy for augmenting the income of a farm.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
Today is National Agricultural Day and to celebrate we wanted to create an opportunity to learn about marketing and finance programs available to farmers and producers to help our local business grow. I hope each of you will take the opportunity to connect with our speakers and network with each other.
Rice is one of the most important crop in the world.
The main production countries are China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Viet Nam. Becides the Asian countries, rice is also welcomed as staple food in South America and Africa countries.
Weed control is important in rice cultivation. Main weeds are grassy weed, broadleaf weed and sedges.
Usually, the emergence of grassy weed is ealier than other types of weeds and the damage is heavier. Echinochloa spp is a big problem as main grassy weed in rice field.
Here are some several herbicides suggested for weed control in rice field.
Control of grassy weeds: Oxaziclomefone, Bispyribac-sodium, Cyhalofop-butyl.
Control of broadleaf weed and sedges: Bentazon, Bentazon + MCPA.
Pre-emergence is a cost-effective way, here are several combinations: Bensulfuron-methyl + Metolachlor, Bensulfuron-methyl + Pretilachlor, Bensulfuron-methyl + Mefenacet.
If you are interested in any of these products or have some othe ideas about weed control in rice field, feel free to contact us.
Contact: Susan
E-mail: susan@profirst.biz ; agsale@profirst.biz
Website: www.profirst.cn
Skype: susan_hujiali@hotmail.com
Weed Management system is an environmentally sound system of farming using all available knowledge and tools to produce crops free of economically damaging, competitive vegetation.
Precision Farming helps findout nutrient and micro nutrient deficiency in minute areas of soils and enables application of nutrients/micro nutrients in the soil where deficiency exists. This saves money and helps soil improvement.
The principle of integrated fish farming involves farming of fish along with livestock or/and agricultural crops.. This type of farming offers great efficiency in resource utilization, as waste or by product from one system is
effectively recycled. It also enables effective utilization of available farming space for maximizing production.
•The rising cost of protein-rich fish food and chemical fertilizers
as well as the general concern for energy conservation have created awareness in the utilization of rice and other crop fields and livestock wastes for fish culture. Fish culture in combination with agriculture or livestock is a unique and lucrative venture and provides a higher farm income, makes available a cheap source of protein for the
rural population, increases productivity on small land-holdings
and increases the supply of feeds for the farm livestock.
Scope of Integrated Fish Farming
The scope of integrated farming is considerably
wide. Ducks and geese are raised in pond, and pond- dykes are used for horticultural and agricultural
crop products and animal rearing.
The system provides meat, milk, eggs, fruits,
vegetables, mushroom, fodder and grains, in
addition to fish.
Hence this system provides better production, provides more employment, and improves socio- economic status of farmers and betterment of rural economy.
Classification of Integrated Fish Farming
Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified into two, namely Agriculture-fish and Livestock-fish systems
Agriculture-fish systems- Agri-based systems include rice-fish integration,
horticulture-fish system, mushroom- fish system, seri-fish system.
Livestock-fish systems- Livestock-fish system includes cattle-fish system, system, pig-fish system, poultry-fish system, duck-fish system, goat-fish system, rabbit-fish system.
This project is the outcome of a group efforts to whom credit and
technical responsibility go. This project is based on an assignment
which was given to course participants and supervised by Dr. Abdel
Rahman El Gamal as a part of “Fish Culture Development” Training
course” in 2014. This annual course is organized by the Egyptian
International Centre for Agriculture - (EICA). Names, photos and
countries of the team members are shown above and in a following
slide
Fish- livestock farming systems are recognized as highly assured technology where predetermined quantum of livestock waste obtained by rearing the live stock in the pond area is applied in pond to raise the fish crop without any other additional supply of nutrients. The main potential linkages between livestock and fish production concern use of nutrients, particularly reuse of livestock manures for fish production. The term nutrients mainly refer to elements such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) which function as fertilizers to stimulate natural food webs rather than conventional livestock nutrition usage such as feed ingredients. Both production and processing of livestock generate by-products that can be used for aquaculture. Direct use of livestock production wastes is the most widespread and conventionally recognized type of integrated farming. Production wastes include manure, urine and spilled feed; and they may be used as fresh inputs or be processed in some way before use.
Based on the type of livestock used for integration there are many combinations in livestock-fish systems. Some of the combination are listed and discussed below.
Cattle-Fish Culture
Manuring of fish pond by using cow dung is one of the common practices all-over the world. A healthy cow excretes over 4,000-5,000 kg dung, 3,500-4,000 lt urine on an annual basis. Manuring with cow dung, which is rich in nutrients results in increase of natural food organism and bacteria in fishpond. A unit of 5-6 cows can provide adequate manure for 1 ha of pond. In addition to 9,000 kg of milk, about 3,000-4,000 kg fish/ha/year can also be harvested with such integration.
Cowshed should be built close to fishpond to simplify handling of cow manure. A cow requires about 7,000-8,000 kg of green grass annually. Grass carp utilizes the left over grasses, which are about 2,500 kg. Fish also utilize the fine feed which consists of grains wasted by cows. In place of raw cow dung, biogas slurry could be used with equally good production. Twenty to thirty thousand kg of biogas slurry are recycled in 1 ha water area to get over 4000 kg of fish without feed or any fertilizer application.
Pig-Fish system
The waste produced by 30-40 pigs is equivalent to 1 tonne of ammonium sulphate. Exotic breeds like White Yorkshire, Landrace and Hampshire are reared in pig-sty near the fish pond. Depending on the size of the fishponds and their manure requirements, such a system can either be built on the bund dividing two fishponds or on the dry-side of the bund. Pigsties, however, may also be constructed in a nearby place where the urine and dung of pigs are first allowed to the oxidation tanks (digestion chambers) of biogas plants for the production of methane for household use. The liquid manure (slurry) is then discharged into the fishponds through small ditches running through pond bunds. Alternately, the pig manure may be heaped in localized places of fishponds or may be applied in fishponds.
Preparation of enterprise budget for integrated fish farmingbhanilsaa
Preparation of enterprises budget for integrated fish farming it will help in calculation of budget as well as general information of integrated farming and and types of integrated farming
integrated farming system and its importnce.pptshivalika6
Recycling and utilization of other available resources in the farm
Maximum possible return and Profitability
Create adequate employment opportunities
Increased productivity
Potentiality or Sustainability
Balanced Food
Environmental Safety
Adoption of New Technology
Saving Energy
Meeting Fodder crisis
Solving Fuel and Timber Crisis
Agro – industries
Increasing Input Efficiency
Goat cum Fish Farming - Present Status and Prospect in Bangladeshihn FreeStyle Corp.
In a country like Bangladesh where land is scarce, effort should be taken to increase production through integration of various production system like animal-cum-fish or rice-cum-fish culture for efficient utilization of available meagre resources and maximization of production of diversified products, from a minimum area, which will increase the income of the farmers and would enhance food production. A multi-commodity farming system presents more advantages to a mono-cropping system. But the commodity-integration must fit into the particular farmer's capability, resources and need as well as the social, economic and environmental factors around him.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. • Integrated Farming (IF) is a whole farm
management system which aims to deliver
more sustainable agriculture
• Farming is process of harnessing solar energy
in the form of economic plant and animal
products.
• System implies a set of practices and
processes organized into functional entity.
3. • According to pillay (1990)
basic principle is utilization of the
synergetic effects of inter related farm activities
and conservation, including the full utilization of
farm waste.
• It is based on concept that ‘there is no waste’
and ‘waste is only a misplaced resource.’ which
become valuable material for another product.
4.
5. Four primary goals of IFS are
• Maximization of yield of all component enterprises
to provide steady and stable income.
• Rejuvenation of systems productivity and achieve
agro-ecological equilibrium.
• Avoid build up of insect pests, diseases and weed
population through natural cropping system and
keep them at low level of intensity.
• Reducing use of chemicals.
11. Elements of integrated farming system
• Watershed
• Farm ponds
• Bio-pesticides
• Bio-fertilizers
• Plant products as
pesticides
• Bio-gas
• Solar energy
• Compost making
• Green manuring
• Rain water harvesting
12. Key principles
• cyclic
Farming system is essentially cyclic.
Therefore management decisions related to
one component may effect the others.
• Rational
Rational use of crop resource is major
route to get out of poverty.
For resource poor farmers the correct
management of crop residues, together with
an optimal allocation of scarce resources, leads
to sustainable production.
13. • Ecological sustainability:
combining ecological sustainability
and economic viability, the integrated
livestock farming system maintains and
improves agricultural productivity while also
reducing negative environmental impacts.
15. Different integrated farming system are :-
• Integrated fish-livestock farming system
• Integrated crop-livestock farming system
Following enterprises could be combined
• Agricultural + livestock
• Agricultural + livestock + poultry
• Agricultural + horticulture + sericulture
• Agricultural + silvipasture
• Agricultural (rice) + fish culture
• Agricultural(rice) + fish+ mushroom cultivation
• Agricultural + apiary
• Agricultural + duckery + poultry
16. Duck cum fish farming system:-
• An integration system of duck production with fish farming.
• Experiment conducted in Bangladesh:-
• Ponds stocked with 7500 carp fingerlings/ha with 200, 400
and 500 khaki Campbell ducks /ha.
• Resulted production found that 1.82,3.15 and 4.50
tons/ha/year respectively as compared to the control pond
with 0.49tons/ha.
• The avg, egg production is 240 eggs/duck/year.
• After several trails it has been founded that avg, fish yield
of 5.68 tons/ha/year, which was 5 to 7 times higher than
normal fish yield.(Nuruzzaman,1991).
• Jhingran and sharma (1980) reported that fish yield was
4.32 tons/ha/year in duck cum fish farming in India.
17. • While the usual pond fish raising may produce
about 4 tons of fish per hectare, the integration
system may produce more than 10 tons per
hectare(12.2-19.5 tons ) of 2 to 3.9 times more.
• Duck usually consumes tadpoles, mosquitoes and
dragon fly larvae which are not consumed by fish.
• And another advantage is feed on snails which
are vectors for fish parasite and not only fertilize
ponds also release nutrients from pond soil by
dabbling activity.
18. Integrated layer chicken cum fish
farming
• Integration of layer chicken - fish farming
operation.
• In this birds kept at the floor over the pond in
which droppings drop directly into pond .
• In this skilled management require, but it is
proves economically and technically viable at
farmers conditions.
• Economic analysis:- net profit of
Tk.219.836.00/ha/year with fish production of
4.89 tons/ha/year(nuruzzaman,1991).
20. Broiler cum fish farming
• It is also successful system practised in small
number , economic analysis showed that is
economically and technically highly viable.
• But it has some limitation in rural areas like
regular supply of day-old chicks with two
month interval and marketing of broilers could
pose problems in rural areas.
21. • In poultry fish farming 500 birds is enough to
fertilize one hectare pond area.
• The yield of about 3.9t/ha/yr has been
obtained in composite culture system stocked
@8000 fish/ha.
• Faster growth rate and high survival rate were
recorded when a mixture of cowdung and
poultry droppings was used.
22. Integrated goat cum fish farming:-
• It is combined production of goat along
with fish farming.
• Libunao(1990) reported that fish feed
produced in the ponds with goat manure
is efficiently utilized by the fish biomass.
• He also mentioned that tilapia increased
with rate of goat manure loading.
• Study of production of fishes is not yet
studied.
24. Integrated rice cum fish farming
• Rice cum shrimp culture practice in
southern part of Bangladesh is known
as “gher method”.
Advantages:-
• Reduced cost of rice cultivation through
removal of weeds, insects and pest that are
consumed by fish.
• Increased fertilization.
• Provision of feed for fish (Pollen grains)
• Increased production of fish and rice.
25. Rice-fish-prawn culture:
• Fish cultured in trench or
canal dugs in paddy fields
in low lying areas yielded
700kg/ha fish along with
5.5ton/ha of paddy.
• There as greater potential
for culture of air
breathing fish in paddy
fields as they can with
stand low water and
oxygen levels.
26.
27. Fish farming cum Horticulture
• Pond banks provide suitable place which is
economically useful for raising fruit plants like
banana,papaya and vegetables.
• Pakistan using pond dicks for cultivation of
fodder, napier grass, sudan grass, maize and
alfa alfa which are useful as food for animals
as well as grass carp.( ultimately cutting down
production cost).
28.
29. Fish farming-cum-sericulture
• Mulberry plants are grown on and around
pond dikes which are irrigated with pond
water.
• Silk is extracted from silkworms which are
reared on mulberry leaves while remaining
pupae(having high protein content) are fed to
fish and excellent growth of fishes is recorded.
30. Integration of pig-
duck-fish-vegetables
systems
• It is involving pig production , fish farming, duck
keeping and vegetable production(Devendra and
fuller,1979) is widely practised in china and south
east Asia.
• In this system based on use of pond which not only
meets needs of pigs but also enables fish and ducks
to be kept, water is also useful for vegetable
production.
31. In pig and fish farming:
• Number of piglets generally recommended is
100 per ha (or 1 piglet per 100m2 of pond).
• In china fish pond stocked -60,000 fingerlings
per ha(avg 20-30 gms) of different species
raised together with about 45-75 pigs/ha
between 2-18 tons of fish and 4 to 7 t of pigs
per ha/year(Pilley,1990).
32. Fish used in practice
• Silver carp, big head – herbivores –higher level
of water (surface).
• Grass carp –carnivore- stay in middle.
• Common carp-omnivore – stay in bottom.
33.
34.
35.
36. Management of pond:-
• Over fertilization with manure lead to poor
quality of pond water, particularly depletion of
oxygen and fish kills.
• Management of water quality , promoting
growth of phytoplankton to generate oxygen
to maintain positive photosynthesis.
• Stocking rate.
• Plankton analysis.
• Limnology- physico-chemical properties of
water.
• Natural depression or excavated land are to be
avoided.,
37. • Depth 1.5 to 3.0 m is good.
• clay or loamy soil type having PH 6.5-7.5 is
good.
• Detoxication: killing of weeds of undesirable
and unwanted fishes by mahua cake.
• Time of stocking and harvesting:-stock in june
-sep and harvest after 12 months.
• Growth of fish affected if temp below 18 to 20
degree Celsius.
38.
39.
40. Advantages of IFS
• Increased productivity through increased economic
yield per unit area per time.
• Improved profitability achieved due to recycling of
waste of enterprise as energy inputs for other
system.
• Greater sustainability in production.
• Integration of different production systems.(solve
malnutrition)
41. • To avoid piling of waste.
• To provide cash availability, flow of money
round the year.
• Solving energy crises.
• Silvi pasture system reduces pressure on
forests.
• System forces entrepreneur to know more
things to improve literacy rate.
• Provide opportunity for the growth of agri
oriented industries.
• Involvement of rural women in production
42.
43. Constraints:-
• Nutritional values of crop residues are generally
low in digestibility and protein content. physical
and chemical treatment of these residues is
technically possible. Expensive to poor farmers.
• Crop residues are primarily soil regenerators.
• Intensive recycling can cause nutrient losses.
• Farmers prefer use of chemical fertilizer instead
of manure bcze it acts faster and easy to apply.
• Resource investments are required to improve
intake and digestibility of crop residues.
44. challenges
• Develop strategies and promote crop livestock
synergies and interactions that aim to
1. Integrate crop and livestock effectively with
careful land use.
2. Raise the productivity specific mixed crop
livestock systems.
3. Facilitate expansion of food production.
4. Simultaneously safeguard the environment
and make efficient use of natural resources.
45. • Implement a more efficient use of biomass,
reducing pressure on natural resources and
develop a sustainable livestock manure
management system to control environment
losses and spreading contaminants.
46. Some lessons learned and
recommendations
1. The maintenance of an integrated crop
livestock system is dependent on the
availability of adequate nutrients to sustain
animals and plants and maintain soil fertility.
*:Animal manure alone cannot meet crop
requirements.
*:This is because of its low nutrient density
and limited quantity available to small scale
farmers.
47. • Growing fodder legumes and using them as a
supplement to improve nutritional value crop
residues to effective control of wt loss in animals
• Given their traditional knowledge and
experience, local farmers are perfectly able to
apply an integrated system.
• Veterinary services are generally unable to reach
poor small farmers in remote areas.
• Better livestock management is needed to
safeguard water.
• Intensification of agriculture by incorporation of
small livestock it decreses land needed for agri
and decrease pressure on forests.
48. Conclusion:-
• The integration of fish with livestock and
agriculture needs to be seriously viewed
because this activity can go long way in the
uplift of rural life through manifold increase
in return on investment.
• Although information on concerning
production data does not exist, it appears with
proper management and technical skills.
49. • This farming become a profitable and viable
industry in a country like ours where economy
is largely based on agriculture.
• Investigation an different aspects of waste
utilization have to be geared up.
• Suitable technology has to be developed for
treatment of wastes and all round effective
utilization.