India is a vast country, rich in biodiversity. With its geographical area of 329 million hectares, India has almost all the climatic conditions and ecological zones found in different parts of the world, ranging from perpetual snow cover to equatorial and tropical conditions, from mangroves to humid tropics and hot and cold deserts as well as all the intermediate conditions. Before the advent of fossil fuel, animal energy was the only source of farm power and that also mainly from bullocks. In the recent past, a number of native breeds are facing fast genetic degradation and dilution because of intensive production system and unplanned introduction and use of exotic germplasm. This scenario, if continued, might result in depletion of the invaluable native germplasm having better potentiality for production, draught capacity, resistance to diseases and heat tolerance ability. In general, indigenous breeds provide the necessary genetic diversity needed by modern agriculture as a means to ensure stability and are vital building blocks for future livestock breeding programmes. Conservation of indigenous animal is needed for Genetic insurance, Scientific study, Economic potential, Environmental considerations, Cultural and ethical requirements, Energy source by In situ or Ex situ conservation techniques. There are some agencies like NBAGR involved in livestock conservation and the government also implemented projects for breeds conservation. There are many successful stories such as Sabarmathi Ashram goshala in the conservation of native breeds. Many foreign countries have realized the genetic potential of our indigenous breeds and using them for improvement of their germplasm. It is high time to proceed to conserve our germplasm.
This PowerPoint presentation is from the third webinar in a five part series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. The presenter is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This PowerPoint presentation is from the third webinar in a five part series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. The presenter is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Basis of selection in animal genetics and breeding Dr. Jayesh Vyas
The sources of information based on which the breeding value of the individual is estimated are called as the basis of selection or aids to selection or criteria of selection which are the basis of estimating the breeding value.
The breeding value so obtained is known as estimating breeding value(EBV)or probable breeding value(PBV).
The different selection criteria to estimates the B.V. of an individuals for single trait
Improving breeding&reproductive performance of dairy animalsArab Khan
I gave presentation on this topic. Actually, this topic was difficult to search and to concise but have lot of knowledge that's why I selected it for my presentation.
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
Presented by Raphael Mrode, ILRI, at the workshop on Essential Knowledge for Effective Improvement and Dissemination of Genetics in Sheep and Goats, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 3–5 November 2020
This is the 4th webinar in a five part series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. This presentation entitled "Performance Evaluation" was given by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Methods of selection in animal genetics and breedingDr. Jayesh Vyas
Simultaneous selection for many traits can be applied based on individuals own performance by adopting any of the procedure of selection.
One may wish to adopt tandem selection or ICL methods or one may evaluate the individuals on the value for each of the traits selected for and then sum of these values to give a total value for all the traits.
The animal with the highest score is then selected.
These procedure are known as methods of selection.
Genetic parameters is an important issue in animal breeding. Parameters that are of interest are heritability, genetic correlation and repeatability, and those are computed as functions of the variance components.
This powerpoint gives a clear picture on inbreeding and also about outbreeding of higher organisms. This also explains the advantages and disadvantages of the above said topics. the methods of inbreeding and reasons for inbreeding also given in this powerpoint.
The presentation is a study material on Bases of Selection - Family selection. It is useful for student fraternity, especially those study genetics and breeding
This was presented on 14 Sep 2015 before a group of agriculturists of Bangladesh in a workshop on Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) organized by FAO in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Basis of selection in animal genetics and breeding Dr. Jayesh Vyas
The sources of information based on which the breeding value of the individual is estimated are called as the basis of selection or aids to selection or criteria of selection which are the basis of estimating the breeding value.
The breeding value so obtained is known as estimating breeding value(EBV)or probable breeding value(PBV).
The different selection criteria to estimates the B.V. of an individuals for single trait
Improving breeding&reproductive performance of dairy animalsArab Khan
I gave presentation on this topic. Actually, this topic was difficult to search and to concise but have lot of knowledge that's why I selected it for my presentation.
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
Presented by Raphael Mrode, ILRI, at the workshop on Essential Knowledge for Effective Improvement and Dissemination of Genetics in Sheep and Goats, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 3–5 November 2020
This is the 4th webinar in a five part series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. This presentation entitled "Performance Evaluation" was given by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Methods of selection in animal genetics and breedingDr. Jayesh Vyas
Simultaneous selection for many traits can be applied based on individuals own performance by adopting any of the procedure of selection.
One may wish to adopt tandem selection or ICL methods or one may evaluate the individuals on the value for each of the traits selected for and then sum of these values to give a total value for all the traits.
The animal with the highest score is then selected.
These procedure are known as methods of selection.
Genetic parameters is an important issue in animal breeding. Parameters that are of interest are heritability, genetic correlation and repeatability, and those are computed as functions of the variance components.
This powerpoint gives a clear picture on inbreeding and also about outbreeding of higher organisms. This also explains the advantages and disadvantages of the above said topics. the methods of inbreeding and reasons for inbreeding also given in this powerpoint.
The presentation is a study material on Bases of Selection - Family selection. It is useful for student fraternity, especially those study genetics and breeding
This was presented on 14 Sep 2015 before a group of agriculturists of Bangladesh in a workshop on Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) organized by FAO in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Genomic selection and systems biology – lessons from dairy cattle breedingJohn B. Cole, Ph.D.
Presentation made to the staff of Keygene, NV, in Wageningen, The Netherlands.
(I don't know what the problem is with the template here. It looks fine if you use a dark background.)
Animal genetic resources for improved productivity under harsh environmental ...SIANI
Indigenous livestock breeds are well adapted to tropical and harsh environments, but usually rather unproductive. Therefore, crossbreeding with exotic breeds has been practiced, and often found to be successful in the first generation, but with disastrous results later on. Therefore, there is a great need for developing breeding strategies for specific populations of indigenous livestock, both in order to conserve genes necessary for survival under harsh environments, and for genetic improvement of productivity. The objective of this project is to explore the opportunities for genetic improvement of primarily two livestock populations considered of specific importance for food security in Eastern Africa, due to their resilience as regards adverse climatic stress or ability to withstand specific disease challenges in the tropics. In the first case, focus will be on the Red Maasai sheep and its crosses in Kenya and Tanzania. This breed has shown a high degree of resistance to gastrointestinal parasites and ability to withstand drought. However, there is no breeding strategy in place and this project will adopt a value chain approach with the farmers and retailers to establish appropriate breeding objectives and selection practices. We will furthermore study production systems, animal usage, survival, production, et cetera, using various interview methods and also further develop an already created production recording system. In the second study we have focused on comparing four Ethiopian cattle breeds with respect to trypanotolerance and productivity and found that one breed, the Sheko, is clearly superior. We will carry out a workshop with researchers, extension officers and farmers on how to amplify the genes for trypanotolerance into the cattle populations kept in tsetse infested areas.
Starts with Organic farming and tells how Desi cow is integral to organic farming. Also shows different types or breeds of Desi Cows and their relevance in day-to-day life.
An Overview of Genomic Selection and FertilityDAIReXNET
In this webinar, released July 18, 2016, Dr. Hansen joined us to discuss genomic selection as it relates to fertility traits. Learn about single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the challenges in selecting for reproductive traits, and some of the current work in overcoming those challenges.
Genomics selection in livestock: ILRI–ICARDA perspectivesILRI
Presented by Raphael Mrode (ILRI), Joram Mwacharo (ICARDA) and Olivier Hanotte (ILRI) at the Workshop on Implementing Genomic Selection in CGIAR Breeding Programs, Montpellier, 10-12 December 2015
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
Neutral genetic diversity preservation in a first-generation breeding populat...Premier Publishers
To increase availability of animal proteins in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Cavia porcellus was recently enrolled in a breeding program that includes base populations from DRC and Belgium. To preserve whole or part of the source's genetic diversity over breeding cycles, cognizance of genetic diversity in natural populations is required. We tested the cross-amplification of eleven pairs of microsatellite primers that were isolated from Cavia aperea and C. magnea. Amplification tests by polymerase chain reaction were performed on total DNA of 30 C. porcellus using 11 microsatellite loci. All the microsatellites amplified at the expected size and were polymorphic for C. porcellus. Using these microsatellite loci, we assessed the genetic diversity of base populations and of first-generation breeding population. High levels of genetic diversity were found within the base populations. These populations exhibited fixation indices significantly greater than 0, indicating occurrence of inbreeding. Moderate differentiation (RST = 0.123) was observed among the base populations. The first-generation breeding population displayed a significantly lower fixation index (0.083) and a higher genetic diversity (A = 5.73; HO = 0.571; HE = 0.663) than the base populations. Appropriate breeding strategies that would limit inbreeding over breeding cycles are discussed.
With the emerging concern on environmental cost more specifically greenhouse gas emission related with conventional livestock rearing for meat has come to a problematic situation. Therefore, animal scientists and human nutritionists collectively try to develop a new trend of rearing non-conventional livestock for meat purposes. Some of the non conventional species are already being exploited to commercial levels. This presentation attempts to discuss some key points about non conventional livestock in a brief and simple manner.
Effect of Genotype on Body Conformation and Udder Morphometrics in Milking Da...YogeshIJTSRD
Bodyweight is one of most important economical traits in dairy cattle and is affected by different environmental factors. One of genetic factors that affects cow conformation traits, is the breed effect. The aim in this study was to determine how breed of cattle affect morphological traits in cattle. In this study, bodyweight BW , seven body traits Body weight, BW Body condition score, BCS stature, ST chest width, CW body depth, BD heart girth, HG rump width, RW , five udder traits chest ligament, CL rear udder height, RUH rear udder width, RUW udder clearance, UC teat length, TL were analyzed. Analysis of variance procedures of R 3.0.3 statistical software was used to test the breed and significance difference in means were separated using Tukey test. In hot climate of Kwara State, the effects of genotype significantly influence body weight, body depth, heart girth and rear udder depth. The crosses of Holstein Friesian and Jersey were more superior to its crossbred’s cows. It is concluded that Holstein and Jersey crosses should be use for genetic improvement programs targeted at improving meat and milk production. Omoniwa D. O | Okeke R. O | Adeniyi, O. O | Oladipo M. F | J. M Madu | D. S. Bunjah Umar "Effect of Genotype on Body Conformation and Udder Morphometrics in Milking Dairy Cows in Humid Tropical Conditions of Kwara State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43747.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/43747/effect-of-genotype-on-body-conformation-and-udder-morphometrics-in-milking-dairy-cows-in-humid-tropical-conditions-of-kwara-state/omoniwa-d-o
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Conservation of farm animal genetic resources
1. Conservation of farm animal
genetic resources
Dr. K. ILAYAKUMAR
M.V.Sc Scholar
Division of Animal Genetics
2. Introduction
India has rich and diverse genetic resources, with some of the best breeds of dairy,
draught and dual-purpose cattle being available.
Most of the indigenous breeds of cattle excel in draught capacity, longevity,
fitness and overall lifetime productivity than the temperate breeds.
Many indigenous breeds are on the decline.
Some are „insecure‟, some are „vulnerable‟
and some others are „endangered‟.
3. Contribution of livestock in Indian
economy
Milk; Draft power;
Organic manure;
Dung as fuel ;
Bones, hides &
skins ; Meat ;
Employment
Production of Major
Livestock Products
Milk 137.6 m.t.
Eggs 63,024 m.
Wool 46.1 m. kg.
Meat 5.9 m.t.
Livestock
contribution to
National GDP and
Agriculture GDP is
4.1 % and 25.6%
respectively.
India ranks First in world milk production
India contribute 43% of world carabeaf production
India ranks third in Egg production
4. Status of livestock genetic resources in
India and the World
Species No of breeds
in world
Population No of breeds
in India
Population Rank
Cattle 1019 1.4billion 37 190 million 2(13%)
Buffalo 123 168 million 13 108 million 1(57%)
Goat 576 924 million 23 135 million 2(15%)
Pig 543 966 million 2 10 million 1%
Sheep 1155 1 billion 39 65 million 3(6.5%)
Horses 694 58 million 6 0.625 million 1%
Camel 85 19 million 8 0.4 million 2.1%
Donkey 157 53 million 1 0.319 million 0.26%
Poultry 15 729 million 5
Source: Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) & Ministry of Agriculture -India
5. Distribution of livestock in India
Cattle
37.28%
Goat
26.40%
Buffalo
21.23%
Sheep
12.71%
Pigs
2.01%
Others
0.37%
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,DAIRYING AND FISHERIES
7. Disease resistance in Indigenous
livestock
Disease/parasite Breed(s) or
genotype(s)
showing the
favourable
phenotype
Compared to
which breed(s) or
genotype(s)
Experimental
conditions
Results Reference
Theileria annulata Sahiwal cattle Holstein Artificial infection of
isolated monocytes
Less severe clinical
signs in the Sahiwal,
gene expression profile
of monocytes differs
between the two
breeds
Glass and Jensen,
2007
Tuberculosis Zebu cattle Holstein Natural and artificial
infection
Zebu have fewer
clinical signs and
decreased morbidity
Ameni et al., 2007;
Vordermeier et al.,
2012
Fasciola gigantica Buffalo Ongole cattle Artificial infection Buffalo have 1/5 the
number of flukes
Ongole cattle have
Wiedosari et al., 2006
Rhipicephalus
microplus
Nelore cattle Charolais Natural infection Fewer ticks carried by
the Braford, Brangus
and Nelore
Molento et al., 2013
Infectious bursal
disease virus
Aseel chickens Commercial Artificial infection TH1 immunity,
upregulation in the
Aseel
Raj et al., 2011
Newcastle disease Naked-neck chickens Frizzle- and
smoothfeathered
chickens
Artificial infection Naked-neck shows
lower mortality
Bobbo et al., 2013
8. Status of milk protein, b- caesin variants among
Indian milch animals
A2 milk does not contain A1 beta-casein protein (release the potent opioid BCM-7 on digestion)
- may affect gut motility and absorption processes which may affect digestive wellbeing.
Less incidence of allergies, diabetes, obesity and cardio-vascular diseases
Europe - A2 milk is now the fastest growing with a share of 8 per cent of the milk
market, the sales increasing by 57 per cent in a year.
Status of milk protein, b-casein variants among Indian milch animals. Mishra, B. P.et al Indian J Anim Sci, 79, 722-725.
9. Unique features in Indigenous breeds
Cattle:
Sahiwal, Red Sindhi,
Gir
Nagori
Vechur
Punganur
Umblachery
Siri
Sheep:
Changthangi
Garole
Mecheri
Chokla, Patanwadi
Mandya
Goat:
Barbari
Jamnapari
Black Bengal
Black Bengal, Surti
Chegu, Changthangi
Andaman
Buffalo:
Bhadawari
Jerangi
Poultry:
Kadaknath, Tellichery
Naked neck
Frizszle fowl
10. Brahman Cattle
It is a mixture of 3 Indian milch breeds. Gir, Kankrej and Ongole
Imported into the United States between 1854 and 1926.
It has been used to develop numerous other U.S. beef breeds including
Brangus, Beefmaster and Simbrah.
Gyr cows of Brazil
used in many parts of world thanks to Brazilians marketing
It produce 20 to 30 litres of Milk a day.
Brazil which took Gir in the 1890s, now has around 4,000,000,
Brazilians have showed their respect to Gir as a stamp
depicting the image of Gir cow was released in Brazil
Nellore Cattle(From Ongole)
1950s Argentina started its own breeding programme for the “Nellore
Argentino”
Uses of Indigenous breeds in foreign countries
11. But the scenario in India was different for
indigenous farm animal
12. Cattle Population
Exotic/crossbred and Indigenous
population during 1992-2012
19 th livestock census (2012) MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,DAIRYING AND FISHERIES
13. Factors affecting animal biodiversity
The major annual decline in indigenous cattle population.
Kerala (-6.88%), Punjab (-5.48%), Haryana (-3.96%),
Tamil Nadu (-2.32%), Madhya Pradesh (-3.19%),
Karnataka (-3.34%), Maharashtra (-1.33%),
Uttar Pradesh (-1.52%) and Rajasthan (-0.93%)
The indigenous cattle breeds population - not only declining fast, but are also being
subjected to genetic erosion.
• Fast changing socio-economic levels of farmers,
• Intensive and mechanized agriculture replacing draft animal power,
• Shrinking grazing areas,
• Overemphasis on crossbreeding with exotic cattle for increasing milk
production,
15. Breeds Need Conservation
Efforts
• Cattle breeds: Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar, Vechur and
Punganur
• Buffalo: Nili Ravi and Toda
• Goat: Barbari and Jamnapari
• Sheep: Magra, Pugal, Chokla, Mandya
• Poultry: Kadaknath and Naked Neck
16. Need for conservation
1. Genetic insurance
2. Scientific study
3. Economic potential
4. Environmental considerations
5. Cultural and ethical
requirements
6. Energy source
17. Principles of Conservation
• Population size:
Stock should be maintained with optimum population size
above the level of risk
• Characteristics of the stock:
Pure form
Having special traits
Select diverse stock
• Environmental conditions
Maintain and conserve the locally adapted breeds and that too
in the same location
• Breeding methods
The genetic merit and diversity should be maintained using
appropriate breeding programme
18. Methods of Conservation
In Situ
Farmer‟s herds/flocks
Organized herds in breed tracts
Ex situ
Organized herds outside breed tract
Cryopreserved germplasm
• Embryos
• Somatic cells
• DNA
• Spermatogonial stem cells
• Semen
19. In situ Conservation
• Involves the maintenance of live population of animals in
their adaptive environment (original and natural conditions)
In situ conservation
Active Passive
Sufficient genetic variability in the breed
population can be maintained
Proper breeding plan
Breed can gradually adapt to changing
environment over time
Can be Done in a better and scientific way at
the organized farms under the control of Govt. to
ensure purity of the breed
Breed development through
animal breeding programme
Maintenance of live animal populations
Within their environments for breeds
which are at high risk of loss
20. Organized flocks/herds
Maintenance of small population at a place away from the main
breeding tract of the breed is the ex situ conservation of the live
animals. This may be in the form of organized herd maintained in
a research institutions, bull mother farm, state owned livestock
farm, zoo or breed park.
This population can be used in regeneration of endangered breed,
new breed development, DNA studies.
21. In situ conservation
Advantages
- Animals are still being utilized
- The performance characteristics can be properly recorded and
evaluated
- Breeds have the opportunity to evolve
Disadvantages
- Animals are at risk from diseases and other natural disasters.
- Genetic drift may result in unfavorable genetic changes if the
population is small,
- There is a risk of increasing inbreeding and hence homozygosity,
which is associated with reduced fitness.
- The animals may be less productive and so more costly to
maintain.
22. Ex situ conservation
In situ conservation may not feasible for the breeds
which are economically not viable and hence they
may lost due to economic pressure
Ex situ conservation can be done to handle this
situation
Ex situ conservation
In vivo In vitro
23. Ex situ Conservation
In vitro method In vivo method
Cryopreservation of sperm and oocyte Organized herd of research station
Cryopreservation of embryos Bull mother farms
Storage of DNA Zoo and breeding farms
Embryonic stem cells
Somatic cell cloning
24. Cryopreservation of sperms and
oocytes
• Semen of all species suitable for deep freezing
• Technique of freezing, storing and thawing of semen is simple
and a routine one
• Cryogenic storage of oocytes as a portion of ovaries from
slaughtered animals can be done for most of species of farm
animals, except cattle
• The conservation of haploid genome as semen, but not the
oocytes, has great limitation of the requirement, for IVF of the
animals of the opposite sex or both type of cells(sperms and
oocytes) of the same breed
25. Cryopreservation of embryos
Applications:
Diploid and contain all genes, ideal for breed improvement,
conservation and revival of lost breed
Limitations:
Can not be produced in large numbers and require large number
of elite donors
Cost of production is too high to justify for conservation of breeds
which are low producing
Require very skilled manpower for production and transfer
26. Conservation Agencies
• Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying, Govt. of India.
• State Govt. Animal Husbandry Departments.
• State Agricultural Universities.
• Animal Science Institutes Of ICAR.
• National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)
• Non Governmental Organization(NGO).
• Private Companies.
• Gaushalas
27. Management of AnGR
i. Identification, characterization, evaluation, documentation and
conservation
ii. Training of manpower for successful completion of the above
activities
iii. To develop breed improvement programmes on national level for
proper management of AnGR
28. Management of AnGR
Livestock survey:
– Census is conducted species wise
– The breed wise census data is essential
Breed descriptors:
• Information on habitat, physical and
morphological characteristics, performance
and genetic architecture of the breed
Identification:
– Country and source of data
– Species , breed or population and location
Characterization:
– Description of a breed in terms of breed
descriptors
29. Management of AnGR
Evaluation:
Its is contemporary comparison of performance records
of two or more breeds under the same environment
Documentation:
Collection of existing data
Methodology of characterization:
i. Macro: Phenotypic characterization, conservation
ii. Meta: Phenotypic characterization
iii. Micro: Phenotypic and genetic characterization
30. Animal Data Bank
• Collection of data on any aspect of life in well organized,
meaningful and easily accessible way
• First data bank was initiated by
European Association of Animal
Production(EAAP) in 1980‟s
• Established a data bank at Institute of
AB&G in Hannover, Germany
• FAO Established data bank in Rome
in 1991 to cover all non-European
(FAO Global Data Bank for domestic livestock
Source: FAO
31. Animal Data Bank
Types of information stored in data bank are:
• General information
• Origin and development of breed
• Breed description
• Use and qualities of breed
• Management condition
• Performance trait information
• Additional information
Cattle
22%
Sheep
25%
Pig
12%
Goat
12%
Horse
14%
Buffalo
Asses
3%
Others
9%
Source: FAO
32. ICAR- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources
(NBAGR)
• Established on 21st September, 1984 at Bangalore and then shifted to
Karnal in 1985.
• This premier institute is dedicated to work with its mandate of
identification, evaluation, characterization, conservation and utilization
of livestock and poultry genetic resources of our country.
• Phenotypic and genetic characterization of majority (> 90%) of the
registered breeds of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, equines, camel and
poultry.
• Identification of more than 1600 SNPs for various major candidate
genes related with production, reproduction, environmental adaptation
and disease resistance traits in different species.
• VISION
Striving for excellence in innovative research to identify genetic
potential of indigenous livestock for improvement and conservation
33. International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN)
• The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN) is an international organisation working in the field of nature
conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
• IUCN was established on 5 October 1948, in Fontainebleau, France
• It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy,
lobbying and education
• The organization is best known to the wider public for compiling and
publishing the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which assesses the
conservation status of species worldwide.
34. Government Effort
Indigenous Breeds Project
-Improve their self sustenance and conservation in the long run.
-covers four indigenous breeds, viz. Ongole, Gir, Kankrej and Sahiwal
-State Agricultural Universities and ICAR Institutes along with
associated herds kept by Government and Non-Government
organizations.
Rashtriya Gokul Mission
-Aims to conserve and develop indigenous breeds in a focused and
scientific manner
-Rs 150.00 crores will be allocated for development, preservation and
conservation of indigenous breeds.
Kamdhenu Dairy Scheme 100 animals (Cows) in milk :
To ensure production and availability of high quality milk producing animals
To develop high yielding milk producing animals` germ plasm center of excellence
To ensure availability of high milk yielding animals to the farmers in the State.
35. Government efforts
National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding (2002)
• It is envisaged that all breedable females among cattle and buffalo
population, would be brought under organized breeding within a period of
10 years.
• Genetic qualities and availability of indigenous breeds will be improved
and important indigenous breeds will be preserved.
Central Cattle Breeding Farms
-objective produce at least 10 progeny-tested bulls in each farm by
maintaining about 300 breedable females.
-abandoned in 1988
Tenth Plan has suggested that the goals of these farms should be changed and
they should be used either for conservation of indigenous breeds which are at
the verge of extinction
36. Successful stories of animal genetic resources conservation
The Art of Living Goshala (Bangalore):
Houses the Ongol from Andhra Pradesh, Kangayan from Tamil Nadu,
the Gir from Gujarat and the Sahiwal from Punjab.
Sabarmati Ashram Gaushala:
Sabarmati Ashram Gaushala founded in 1915 by Mahatma Gandhi.
The organization is currently managed by NDDB Dairy Services, a wholly
owned subsidiary of NDDB.
Kamdhenu Gaushala (Punjab):
Indian Breeds of Cows mainly Sahiwal, Gir, Kankrej and Tharparkar.
Focused on Indian Breed Improvement as its primary object.
37. Conclusion
“ The Treasure is here Don’t search somewhere ”
The hardy and disease-resistant Ongole breed saved the South American
country when the “mad cow disease” wiped out all the other American and
European breeds.
Deccan Herald,
May4, 2015