MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is a strain of bacteria that has developed resistance to many common antibiotics. It first emerged in the 1960s after methicillin was introduced to treat penicillin-resistant Staph infections. By the 1990s, MRSA had become well-established in hospitals and caused severe infections in patients. MRSA is treated with specific antibiotics like vancomycin or daptomycin and preventing its spread requires good hand hygiene. Risk factors for MRSA infection include living in unsanitary conditions, sharing personal items, and having open wounds. Pets can also carry MRSA and infect humans through cuts or scratches.

1. "MRSA"
• methicillinresistantstaphylococcusaureus
• By: Haider ali & hussein raad
• Group: C²
• Uruk University

2. Introduction
.S. aureus is gram positive
cocci arranged in grape like clusters
and produces a golden yellow
pigment on agar media.
.Staphylococcusaureus
bacteria commonly live the skin
and in noses of healthypeople
*usuallystaph bacteria are
harmless.
*they may cause an infection if
they enter through a break in skin
usually can treated with antbiotics.

3. Historyof
thestaphylcoccusaureus
• first found and documentedin the
1880s by Alexander Ogston
• It was treated in the 1940s with
penicillin.
• The staph bacteria responded and
produced an enzyme called
penicillinasethat resisted the
antibioticand rendered it useless
• By 1959, 90 to 95% of Staphylococcus
aureus were resistant to penicillin.
• Scientists havedeveloped a new
antibioticcalledmethicillinto
overcome the enzyme that renders
penicillinuseless.

4. History of the staphylcoccus aureus II
• Within 1 year of the introduction of methicillin, the first case of MRSA
had been reported in the UK and the bacteria was defeating the
antibiotics sent to kill it.
• The 1970's and 1980's did not see much activity
• By the 1990's there were many problems MRSA has become well
established in hospitals.
• People in hospital for a operation with MRSA on their skin are isolated
and staff will wash their hands between each patient.

5. Symptoms and signs
- When patients get MRSA in health care facilities, the infections tend
To be severe. These infections may in be in the bloodstream , heart ,
lungs, urine , or at the site of a recent surgery.
Symptoms of those severe infections :
-Chest pain -General ill feeling -
-Cough - Muscle ache
-Fatigue -Rash
-Fever - Shortness of breath
-Chills - Headache

6. Causes
Anyone can get MERSA by touching someone or something with
bacteria on it and then touching your eyes , nose or a cut or nose.
Here are some risk factors :
• Being close contact with someone who has MRSA such in contact sport.
• Living in place that isn't clean.
• Sharing used personal items such as towels , clothes or razors .
• Having cuts , cracked skin or open sores.
• Object that have MRSA bacteria on them such as desks ,
doorknobs or phones.

7. Treatment
• Most often, MRSA will be treated by draining the
wound and keeping it clean and covered until it
heals.
• In some cases, an antibiotic may be prescribed. In
this case, since MRSA is resistantto many
antibiotics it may be necessary to have a lab test
the bacteria to determine which antibiotic will
work best.
• Vancomycin or daptomycinare the agents of
choice for treatment of invasiveMRSA infections.
• The most effective way to prevent the spread of
MRSA is frequent hand washing: Use warm soapy
water or a hand sanitizer with 60% alcohol Scrub
for 20 seconds. Dry hands thoroughly with paper
towels Use paper towels to turn off faucet and
open door.

8. Resistance
• mecA gene have instruction to produce PBP2a which
have lower affinty for B-lactam ring.
• This resistance allow cell wall biosynthesis , to continue even
in the precence typically inhibtory concentration of anti
biotic (B-lactam).
• PBP2a encoded by mec A gene which
is carried distinct mobile gentic element (SCCmec).

9. MRSA in catsand dogs
• Pets get the MRSA bacteriaon their
skin from contact with humans.
• Pets can get cuts an scratches.
• Pets do have operations
• If the open cut gets infected with MRSA
then the antibioticsmay not kill it.
• Ask your veterinarianto test for MRSA
rather than give one antibioticafter
another