Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of staph bacteria resistant to many antibiotics, causing infections ranging from minor skin issues to severe organ complications. It can be categorized into hospital-associated (HA) MRSA and community-associated (CA) MRSA, with transmission occurring through contact with infected individuals, contaminated surfaces, or personal items. Prevention includes rigorous hand hygiene, proper wound care, and avoiding sharing personal items.

1. Methicillin
-Resistant
Staphylococ
cus Aureus
(MRSA)
Ahmad Thanin

2. •Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph
bacteria that has become resistant to many of
the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph
infections.
•It may cause inflammation of the skin and other
areas. It is found in places where people use
antibiotics frequently.
Overview
•Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant
staphylococcus aureus, MRSA
Other Names:

3. What are
the
types of
MRSA
infectio
ns?
Hospital-associated (HA):
• HA-MRSA refers to MRSA
infections that are associated
with healthcare settings, such
as hospitals and nursing homes.
Community-associated
(CA):
• CA-MRSA infections are those
that occur in people who have
not had a recent hospitalization
or other contact with the
healthcare system.

4. Bacteria is naturally present on
human skin and does not cause
any problems.
However, it may lead to minor
skin infections and become more
dangerous if transmitted into
internal organs and parts of the
body, such as:
•The blood stream,
•joints, bones,
•lungs and heart.
It is caused by using
antibiotics in large quantities
in a wrong unsupervised manner.

5. Antibiotic Resistance
It is the result of decades of often unnecessary
antibiotic use.
For years, antibiotics have been prescribed for
colds, flu and other viral infections that don't
respond to these drugs.
Even when antibiotics are used appropriately,
they contribute to the rise of drug-resistant
bacteria because they don't destroy every germ
they target.
Bacteria live on an evolutionary fast track, so
germs that survive treatment with one antibiotic
soon learn to resist others.

6. Transmission
The bacteria can be transmitted from a person to another as it has the
ability to live long enough on the surfaces of non-living things.
It can also live in dry places, high temperatures, stomach acid, or
high levels of salt.
It can be transmitted through:
•Contact with an infected person;
•Crowded places;
•Sharing personal tools, such as: Shaving razors, and others;
•Touching contaminated surfaces.
•Contact with animals carrying the infection.

7. How does MRSA
spread?
You can get colonized with MRSA
through direct contact with an
infected person or animal.
MRSA can survive on surfaces
for hours, sometimes weeks.
You can pick up the bacteria by
touching or sharing
contaminated items, such as:
• Bedsheets.
• Clothes.
• Medical equipment.
• Sports equipment.
• Towels.
• Utensils.

8. How is MRSA
infection
diagnosed?
Wound cultures.
Sputum cultures
Urine cultures
Blood cultures

9. Risk factors Hospital
Acquired-MRSA:
Being
hospitalized.
• Remains a
concern in
hospitals, where
it can attack
those most
vulnerable
(older adults
and people with
weakened immune
systems).
Having an
invasive medical
device.
• Medical tubing
such as
(intravenous
lines or urinary
catheters) can
provide a
pathway for to
travel into your
body.
Residing in a
long-term care
facility.
• is prevalent in
nursing homes.
• Carriers of have
the ability to
spread it, even
if they're not
sick themselves.

10. Risk factors for Community
Acquired-MRSA
•can spread easily through cuts and scrapes
and skin-to-skin contact.
Participating in
contact sports.
•outbreaks have occurred in military training
camps, childcare centers and jails.
Living in crowded or
unsanitary conditions.
•Men who have sex with men have a higher risk
of developing infections.
Men having sex with
men.
•People with HIV have a higher risk of
developing infections.
Having HIV infection.
•People who use illicit injected drugs have a
higher risk of infections.
Using illicit injected
drugs.

11. Who is at highest risk?
People in
hospitals, health
care facilities,
and nursing
homes;
The elderly;
Health care
professionals and
workers;
Dialysis
patients;
People with
immunodeficiency;
People with skin
burns.

12. Symptoms:
They range from minor skin
problems to Endocarditis
(inflammation of the inner
lining of the heart).
The symptoms vary based on the
location and severity of the
infection. It usually starts
as:
• Swollen, painful red bumps that might
resemble pimples or spider bites;
• Fever.
• The affected area being painful and
warm to the touch
• Inflammation of some organs.

13. Staph skin
infections
• Generally, start as
swollen, painful red
bumps that might
look like pimples or
spider bites that can
quickly turn into deep,
painful abscesses..
• The affected area
might be:
• Warm to the touch
• Full of pus or
other drainage
• Accompanied by a
fever

14. Note
• These red bumps can
quickly turn into deep,
painful boils (abscesses)
that require surgical
draining.
• Sometimes the bacteria
remain confined to the
skin.
• But they can also burrow
deep into the body,
causing potentially life-
threatening infections in
bones, joints, surgical
wounds, the bloodstream,

16. MRSA Versus Spider
Bites

17. Cellulit
is
Versus
MRSA

18. When to see
a doctor?
If you see minor skin problems, such as
the appearance of blisters, insect
bites, wounds, and scratches, especially
in children.
If wounds appear infected or are
accompanied by a fever.
If there is skin redness and irritation
accompanied by pain.

19. Complicatio
ns:
infections may affect your:
Bloodstream Lungs Heart Bones Joints
This can allow the infections to
spread and sometimes become life-
threatening.
infections can resist the effects
of many common antibiotics, so
they're more difficult to treat.

20. How is
MRSA
infecti
on
managed
or
treated
?
• This refers to reducing the numbers of
bacteria at the site of infection.
• In the case of skin infections, your
provider may drain boils or abscesses.
• Other deeper infections may require more
complicated surgery.
Source control:
• The antibiotic used to treat the infection
depends on whether the Staph aureus
infection is or is not an MRSA infection.
Antibiotic treatment:
• If the infection was surrounded by an
implanted organ or prosthesis, they must be
removed immediately.
Surgery:

21. Preventing HA-MRSA
In the hospital, people who are infected or colonized with often
are placed in isolation as a measure to prevent the spread of .
• Visitors and health care workers caring for people in isolation may need to wear
protective garments.
They also must follow strict hand hygiene procedures.
• For example, health care workers can help prevent HA-MRSA by washing their hands
with soap and water or using hand sanitizer before and after each clinical
appointment.
Hospital rooms, surfaces and equipment, as well as laundry
items, need to be properly disinfected and cleaned regularly.

22. Preventi
ng CA-
MRSA
Wash your hands.
• Careful hand washing remains your
best defense against germs.
• Scrub hands briskly for at least 20
seconds.
• Carry a small bottle of hand
sanitizer containing at least 60%
alcohol for times when you don't have
access to soap and water.
Keep wounds covered.
• Keep cuts and scrapes clean and
covered with clean, dry bandages
until they heal.
• The pus from infected sores may
contain , and keeping wounds covered
can help prevent the spread of the
bacteria.

23. Preventi
ng CA-
MRSA
Keep personal items personal.
• Avoid sharing personal items such as towels,
sheets, razors, clothing and athletic
equipment.
• spreads on infected objects as well as through
direct contact.
Shower after athletic games or
practices.
• Shower immediately after each game or practice.
• Use soap and water. Don't share towels.
Sanitize linens.
• If you have a cut or sore, wash towels and bed
linens in a washing machine set to the hottest
water setting (with added bleach, if possible)
and dry them in a hot dryer.
• Wash gym and athletic clothes after each
wearing.

24. Thank
You