Mrk guset lect .palghar 9.10.2021
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This document discusses pharmaceutical chemistry concepts for diploma pharmacy students. It covers topics like the definition and branches of pharmaceutical chemistry, diuretic drugs like furosemide and their mechanisms of action, cardiovascular drugs for treating high blood pressure and angina, and example review questions from MSBTE exams. The document aims to simplify challenging topics in pharmaceutical chemistry.
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Diuretic Drugs
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, examples, and side effects. The main classes covered are:
1. Salidiuretics (thiazides) such as hydrochlorothiazide which increase sodium and chloride excretion in the distal renal tubules.
2. Loop diuretics such as furosemide which act on the ascending limb of Henle's loop to increase excretion of sodium, chloride, magnesium and calcium.
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Drugs used in Coagulant and Anticoagulant Agents
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Structure
Synthesis
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Reference
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Diuretic Drugs
This document discusses different classes of diuretic drugs, including their mechanisms of action, examples, and side effects. The main classes covered are:
1. Salidiuretics (thiazides) such as hydrochlorothiazide which increase sodium and chloride excretion in the distal renal tubules.
2. Loop diuretics such as furosemide which act on the ascending limb of Henle's loop to increase excretion of sodium, chloride, magnesium and calcium.
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Signs and Symptoms.
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Structure.
Adverse Drug Reactions and
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Reference
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Cholesterol Lowering Medication - Atorvastatin
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Classification .
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Structure
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Uses.
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Congestive heart failure
A condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic demand of the body and also unable to receive it back because every time after a systole.
Ezetimibe
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Adverse Drug Reactions , Uses.
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Atorvastatin
Atorvastatin is a statin drug used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular events. It works by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the liver to decrease cholesterol production. It is well absorbed orally but has low bioavailability. The liver metabolizes atorvastatin through CYP3A4 enzymes and excretes it primarily in bile. Grapefruit juice and certain other drugs can interact with atorvastatin metabolism. Its medical uses include treating various dyslipidemias and preventing heart attacks and strokes in those with risk factors like diabetes. Side effects may include muscle pain or weakness.
3rd unit anti-hyperlipidemic agents ppt
Introduction.
Classification .
Drugs used in Anti Hyperlipidaemics Agents
Mechanism of action .
SAR.
Structure
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Lonitab (Minoxidil Tablets)
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HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are a class of drugs that lower cholesterol by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. Statins such as atorvastatin are first-line treatment for hyperlipidemia and help slow the progression of coronary artery disease. While generally well-tolerated, statins can cause side effects like headaches and increased liver enzymes, and are pregnancy category X due to potential fetal harm. New guidelines will expand statin use to more of the population for primary prevention of cardiovascular events.
Atorvastatin mahbub
Introduction
Generic Name: Atorvastatin
Brand Names: Lipitor,Atorvast,Divastin,Lipicut
Atorvastatin a group of drugs called HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, or "statins."
Atorvastatin reduces levels of "bad" cholesterol or LDL and triglycerides in the blood, and also increasing levels of "good" cholesterol or HDL.
4Mechanism of action
Statin drugs competitively inhibit HMG-CoA, which is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of HMG-CoA in to cholesterol. Therefore, it effectively the synthesis of new cholesterol. It leads to an increase in LDL receptor on Liver cells to take in more LDL, effectively decreasing LDL in the body
5Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Atorvastatin undergoes rapid absorption when taken orally, with an approximate time to maximum plasma concentration of 1–2 h
Distribution
The mean volume of distribution of atorvastatin is approximately 381 L. It is highly protein bound (=98%), and likely secreted into human breast milk.
8Metabolism
Atorvastatin metabolism is primarily through cytochrome P450 3A4 hydroxylation to form active ortho-and parahydroxylatedmetabolites. The ortho-and parahydroxylatedmetabolites are responsible for 70% of systemic HMG-CoA reductase activity. The ortho-hydroxymetabolite undergoes further metabolism via glucuronidation.
9ExcretionAtorvastatin is primarily eliminated via hepatic biliary excretion, with less than 2% recovered in the urine. Bile elimination follows hepatic and/or extrahepaticmetabolism. Atorvastatin has an approximate elimination half-life of 14 h.
10Medical Uses
Hypercholesterolemia to reduce total cholesterol, LDL-C, apo-B, as well as increase HDL levels.
Hypertriglyceridemia
Primary prevention of heart attack, stroke.
Secondary prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina.
Myocardial infarction and stroke prophylaxis in patients with type II diabetesInteractions
Grapefruit juice can increase the blood levels of atorvastatin. This can increase the risk of side effects such as liver damage.
Interactions with clofibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, usually in combination with statins, increase the risk of myopathy.
Barbiturates, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, rifampin, and rifamycin, which are CYP3A4 inducers, can decrease the plasma concentrations of atorvastatin.
12Precautions to be taken Before taking this medicine
Liver disease
Muscle pain or weakness
History of liver disease
History of kidney disease
History of stroke
If you are pregnant or breast-feeding
A thyroid disorder
If you drink more than 2 alcoholic beverages daily.
Side Effects
Cough
Difficulty with swallowing
Fast heartbeat
Fever and dizziness
Itching
Muscle cramps, pain, stiffness, swelling, or weakness
Puffiness or swelling of the eyelids or around the eyes, face, lips, or tongue
Skin rash
Tightness in the chest
Unusual tiredness or weakness
Ppt hyperlipidimic
This document discusses lipid and cholesterol-lowering agents. It begins by defining hyperlipidemia and introducing lipid-lowering drugs, which lower lipid and lipoprotein levels in the blood to prevent cardiovascular disease. It then categorizes and describes different types of hyperlipidemia and the mechanisms of various drug classes, including HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), fibric acid derivatives, bile acid sequestrants, and nicotinic acid. Biological evaluation methods are outlined, such as inducing hyperlipidemia in rats and collecting blood and liver samples to analyze lipid parameters after treatment.
Drugs acting on blood
This document summarizes drugs acting on blood, including haematopoietic drugs, antihaemorrhagic drugs, and antithrombotic drugs. It discusses various classes of drugs used to treat anaemias, promote blood cell formation, control bleeding, and prevent blood clots. Key drugs mentioned include iron compounds to treat iron deficiency anaemia, vitamin B12 and folic acid to treat megaloblastic anaemia, erythropoietin and colony stimulating factors to promote red and white blood cell production, coagulation factors for haemophilia, tranexamic acid and aprotinin as antifibrinolytics, and antiplatelet drugs like aspirin to prevent blood clots.
調整血脂08[2]
This document summarizes several classes of lipid-lowering drugs used to treat cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. It discusses statins like atorvastatin and pravastatin which lower cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and can reduce coronary event risk by nearly half. It also covers bile acid sequestrants like colestyramine, fibrates like gemfibrozil, nicotinic acid, and orlistat which work via various mechanisms to lower lipids but also have gastrointestinal side effects. The document provides details on their mechanisms of action, efficacy in lowering lipids and cardiovascular risk, and potential adverse effects.
Anti hypertensive agents
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It defines hypertension as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or diastolic over 90 mmHg based on JNC-VII and WHO-ISH guidelines. The main classes discussed are diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, alpha blockers, and vasodilators. For each class, some examples are provided along with their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and potential adverse effects. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the major antihypertensive drug classes and how they are used to lower blood pressure.
Diuretics
Diuretic agents work by accelerating the formation of urine, resulting in the removal of sodium and water from the body. They act on various sites along the nephron to inhibit ion transport. The main classes of diuretics are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, osmotic diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and aquaretics. Each class acts on a different segment of the nephron through various mechanisms like inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, sodium-potassium exchange, or sodium chloride transporters. The diuretics have therapeutic uses for conditions like edema, hypertension, and epilepsy.
lipid lowering agents
This document discusses lipid-lowering drugs used to treat hyperlipidemia and prevent cardiovascular disease. It covers the main classes of drugs including statins, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants, and niacin. Statins work by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis while fibrates activate lipoprotein lipase. Bile acid sequestrants bind bile acids in the gut. The document reviews the mechanisms, effects, uses, and side effects of these drug classes and emphasizes the importance of lifestyle modifications and managing hyperlipidemia.
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SAR.
Structure
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Uses.
References
NurseReview.Org Pharmacology - Kidney Drugs
This document discusses drugs that affect the kidney, focusing on diuretics. It describes the five major classes of diuretics and their mechanisms and indications. The classes include thiazides and thiazide-like drugs, loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and osmotic diuretics. It also discusses the nursing process for administering diuretics, including assessing patients, monitoring effectiveness, and addressing potential side effects like electrolyte imbalances or hypotension.
Diuretics by P.Ravisankar
Introduction to diuretics.
Therapeutic approaches.
Normal physiology of urine formation.
Classification of drugs .
Mechanism of action of Acetazolamide.
Mechanism of action of Thiazides.
Mechanism of action of Loop diuretics.
Mechanism of action of potassium sparing diuretics &aldosterone antagonists.
Antihyperlipidemia
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Mechanism of action .
Structure
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Introduction.
Symptoms
Types of Angina Pectoris
Classification
Vasodilators
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SAR.
Structure , Synthesis.
Adverse Drug Reactions , Uses.
References
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Atorvastatin is a statin drug used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular events. It works by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the liver to decrease cholesterol production. It is well absorbed orally but has low bioavailability. The liver metabolizes atorvastatin through CYP3A4 enzymes and excretes it primarily in bile. Grapefruit juice and certain other drugs can interact with atorvastatin metabolism. Its medical uses include treating various dyslipidemias and preventing heart attacks and strokes in those with risk factors like diabetes. Side effects may include muscle pain or weakness.
3rd unit anti-hyperlipidemic agents ppt
Introduction.
Classification .
Drugs used in Anti Hyperlipidaemics Agents
Mechanism of action .
SAR.
Structure
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Lonitab (Minoxidil Tablets)
Minoxidil is used with other medications to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) that is symptomatic or associated with target organ damage and is not manageable with maximum therapeutic doses of a diuretic plus two other antihypertensive medicines.
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HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are a class of drugs that lower cholesterol by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. Statins such as atorvastatin are first-line treatment for hyperlipidemia and help slow the progression of coronary artery disease. While generally well-tolerated, statins can cause side effects like headaches and increased liver enzymes, and are pregnancy category X due to potential fetal harm. New guidelines will expand statin use to more of the population for primary prevention of cardiovascular events.
Atorvastatin mahbub
Introduction
Generic Name: Atorvastatin
Brand Names: Lipitor,Atorvast,Divastin,Lipicut
Atorvastatin a group of drugs called HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, or "statins."
Atorvastatin reduces levels of "bad" cholesterol or LDL and triglycerides in the blood, and also increasing levels of "good" cholesterol or HDL.
4Mechanism of action
Statin drugs competitively inhibit HMG-CoA, which is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of HMG-CoA in to cholesterol. Therefore, it effectively the synthesis of new cholesterol. It leads to an increase in LDL receptor on Liver cells to take in more LDL, effectively decreasing LDL in the body
5Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Atorvastatin undergoes rapid absorption when taken orally, with an approximate time to maximum plasma concentration of 1–2 h
Distribution
The mean volume of distribution of atorvastatin is approximately 381 L. It is highly protein bound (=98%), and likely secreted into human breast milk.
8Metabolism
Atorvastatin metabolism is primarily through cytochrome P450 3A4 hydroxylation to form active ortho-and parahydroxylatedmetabolites. The ortho-and parahydroxylatedmetabolites are responsible for 70% of systemic HMG-CoA reductase activity. The ortho-hydroxymetabolite undergoes further metabolism via glucuronidation.
9ExcretionAtorvastatin is primarily eliminated via hepatic biliary excretion, with less than 2% recovered in the urine. Bile elimination follows hepatic and/or extrahepaticmetabolism. Atorvastatin has an approximate elimination half-life of 14 h.
10Medical Uses
Hypercholesterolemia to reduce total cholesterol, LDL-C, apo-B, as well as increase HDL levels.
Hypertriglyceridemia
Primary prevention of heart attack, stroke.
Secondary prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina.
Myocardial infarction and stroke prophylaxis in patients with type II diabetesInteractions
Grapefruit juice can increase the blood levels of atorvastatin. This can increase the risk of side effects such as liver damage.
Interactions with clofibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, usually in combination with statins, increase the risk of myopathy.
Barbiturates, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, rifampin, and rifamycin, which are CYP3A4 inducers, can decrease the plasma concentrations of atorvastatin.
12Precautions to be taken Before taking this medicine
Liver disease
Muscle pain or weakness
History of liver disease
History of kidney disease
History of stroke
If you are pregnant or breast-feeding
A thyroid disorder
If you drink more than 2 alcoholic beverages daily.
Side Effects
Cough
Difficulty with swallowing
Fast heartbeat
Fever and dizziness
Itching
Muscle cramps, pain, stiffness, swelling, or weakness
Puffiness or swelling of the eyelids or around the eyes, face, lips, or tongue
Skin rash
Tightness in the chest
Unusual tiredness or weakness
Ppt hyperlipidimic
This document discusses lipid and cholesterol-lowering agents. It begins by defining hyperlipidemia and introducing lipid-lowering drugs, which lower lipid and lipoprotein levels in the blood to prevent cardiovascular disease. It then categorizes and describes different types of hyperlipidemia and the mechanisms of various drug classes, including HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), fibric acid derivatives, bile acid sequestrants, and nicotinic acid. Biological evaluation methods are outlined, such as inducing hyperlipidemia in rats and collecting blood and liver samples to analyze lipid parameters after treatment.
Drugs acting on blood
This document summarizes drugs acting on blood, including haematopoietic drugs, antihaemorrhagic drugs, and antithrombotic drugs. It discusses various classes of drugs used to treat anaemias, promote blood cell formation, control bleeding, and prevent blood clots. Key drugs mentioned include iron compounds to treat iron deficiency anaemia, vitamin B12 and folic acid to treat megaloblastic anaemia, erythropoietin and colony stimulating factors to promote red and white blood cell production, coagulation factors for haemophilia, tranexamic acid and aprotinin as antifibrinolytics, and antiplatelet drugs like aspirin to prevent blood clots.
調整血脂08[2]
This document summarizes several classes of lipid-lowering drugs used to treat cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. It discusses statins like atorvastatin and pravastatin which lower cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and can reduce coronary event risk by nearly half. It also covers bile acid sequestrants like colestyramine, fibrates like gemfibrozil, nicotinic acid, and orlistat which work via various mechanisms to lower lipids but also have gastrointestinal side effects. The document provides details on their mechanisms of action, efficacy in lowering lipids and cardiovascular risk, and potential adverse effects.
Anti hypertensive agents
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It defines hypertension as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or diastolic over 90 mmHg based on JNC-VII and WHO-ISH guidelines. The main classes discussed are diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, alpha blockers, and vasodilators. For each class, some examples are provided along with their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and potential adverse effects. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the major antihypertensive drug classes and how they are used to lower blood pressure.
Diuretics
Diuretic agents work by accelerating the formation of urine, resulting in the removal of sodium and water from the body. They act on various sites along the nephron to inhibit ion transport. The main classes of diuretics are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, osmotic diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and aquaretics. Each class acts on a different segment of the nephron through various mechanisms like inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, sodium-potassium exchange, or sodium chloride transporters. The diuretics have therapeutic uses for conditions like edema, hypertension, and epilepsy.
lipid lowering agents
This document discusses lipid-lowering drugs used to treat hyperlipidemia and prevent cardiovascular disease. It covers the main classes of drugs including statins, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants, and niacin. Statins work by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis while fibrates activate lipoprotein lipase. Bile acid sequestrants bind bile acids in the gut. The document reviews the mechanisms, effects, uses, and side effects of these drug classes and emphasizes the importance of lifestyle modifications and managing hyperlipidemia.
Clopidogrel
this presentation includes all about the anti-plate drug including its history, side effects, dosage limits, etc.
1 st unit h2 antagonist
Introduction.
Classification .
Drugs used in H2 Antagonists
Mechanism of action .
SAR.
Structure
Synthesis.
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
References
NurseReview.Org Pharmacology - Kidney Drugs
This document discusses drugs that affect the kidney, focusing on diuretics. It describes the five major classes of diuretics and their mechanisms and indications. The classes include thiazides and thiazide-like drugs, loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and osmotic diuretics. It also discusses the nursing process for administering diuretics, including assessing patients, monitoring effectiveness, and addressing potential side effects like electrolyte imbalances or hypotension.
Diuretics by P.Ravisankar
Introduction to diuretics.
Therapeutic approaches.
Normal physiology of urine formation.
Classification of drugs .
Mechanism of action of Acetazolamide.
Mechanism of action of Thiazides.
Mechanism of action of Loop diuretics.
Mechanism of action of potassium sparing diuretics &aldosterone antagonists.
Antihyperlipidemia
This document discusses antihyperlipidemic drugs used to treat hyperlipidemia. It begins by defining hyperlipidemia and describing risk factors. It then covers the various classes of lipid-lowering drugs including HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), bile acid sequestrants, fibrates, nicotinic acid, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, and PCSK9 inhibitors. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and major side effects and drug interactions. The document concludes with recommendations on drug therapy and monitoring treatment effectiveness.
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DIURETICS.pptx
Diuretics - Diuretics are chemical agents which increase the excretion of urine by kidneys. They lead to the secretion of excess water and that accumulate in tissues and urine, results in decrease in body fluids especially the extracellular fluid. The increased excretion of water and electrolytes by the kidneys is dependent in three different processes viz., glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption active and passive and tubular secretion. Diuretics are classified in mainly three types: 1.High ceiling diuretics -Loop diuretics acts mainly at thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. These diuretics produce peak diuresis which is much greater than other diuretics. Loop diuretics inhibit reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and K+ ions by inhibiting Na+/K+/2Cl- symport of the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle. By inhibiting Na+/K+/2Cl- symport, these agents also inhibit reabsorption of Ca++ and Mg++.
E.g. Furosemide , bumetanide, torasemide.
2. Medium efficacy diuretics-(a)Thiazide -Thiazide diuretics act on the early distal convoluted tubule and inhibit the sodium-chloride symporter leading to a retention of water in the urine, as water normally follows penetrating solutes. The short-term anti-hypertensive action is based on the fact that thiazides decrease preload, decreasing blood pressure. E.g. Chlorothiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Benzothiazide
(b)Thiazide like diuretics- These diuretics are behave like thiazide diuretics. E.g. Chlorthialidone, Indapamide, Xipamide, Metolazone ).
3. Weak diuretics-
(a)Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acts on proximal convoluted tubule.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are a medication used in the management and treatment of glaucoma, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, altitude sickness, congestive heart failure, and epilepsy, among other diseases.
E.g. acetazolamide
(b) Potassium sparing - These are diuretics which do not promote the secretion of potassium into the urine; thus, potassium is retained and not lost as much as with other diuretics. Potassium sparing diuretics act on cortical collecting tubule. These type of diuretics inhibit sodium reabsorption in late distal tubule and indirectly spare potassium excretion. E.g. Spironolactone, Eplerenone, Triamterene, Amiloride, (c)Osmotic -Osmotic diuretic is a type of diuretic that inhibits reabsorption of water and sodium (Na). They are pharmacologically inert substances that are given intravenously. They increase the osmolarity of blood and renal filtrate. In the nephron, osmotic diuretics act at the portions of the nephron that are water-permeable like proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of loop of Henle, collecting tubuel.
E.g. Mannitol, Glycerol, Isosorbide).
Uses of diuretics - Acute pulmonary oedema,
Congestive cardiac failure,
Forced diuresis in barbiturate poisoning, Hypertension and CCF, Idiopathic hypercalciuria,
Nephrogenic diabetes incipidus, Certain kidney disorders, acute kidney failure.
2nd unit anti-hypertensive agents ppt
Introduction.
Types of Hypertension
Ideal Characteristics
Classification
Mechanism of action .
SAR.
Structure
Synthesis.
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
References
Drugs used in cardio vascular system- Mr. panneh
This document provides an overview of various types of cardiovascular drugs, including:
1. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors which lower blood pressure by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
2. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists which compete with angiotensin II for tissue binding sites to reduce blood pressure.
3. Other classes of drugs discussed include alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and nitrates. Each drug class is described in terms of its mechanisms of action, clinical uses, common side effects and drug examples. The document serves as a reference for cardiovascular drugs and their characteristics.
Drugs affecting the circulatory system
The document discusses drugs that affect the circulatory system. It describes drugs used to treat heart failure including diuretic agents, inotropic drugs, ACE inhibitor agents, and beta blockers. It also discusses antihypertensive drugs including diuretic agents, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, aldosterone inhibitors, central alpha agonists, alpha blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Finally, it covers drugs related to coagulation and anticoagulation such as coagulant agents, anticoagulant agents, and thrombolytic agents.
hypertension.pptx
This document discusses the classification and mechanisms of action of various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It describes beta blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. For each class, it provides details on their mechanisms of action in lowering blood pressure, medical uses for treating conditions like heart failure and hypertension, and potential side effects. The document aims to explain the pharmacology of antihypertensive drugs and help understand their different classifications and mechanisms of action.
Diploma 2nd yr PHARMACOLOGY chapter 5 part 1.pdf
This document discusses several classes of drugs used to treat cardiovascular conditions like hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, and atherosclerosis. It describes antihypertensive drugs like diuretics and adrenergic drugs that lower blood pressure. Anti-anginal drugs like nitrates and calcium channel blockers are used to treat angina by dilating blood vessels and reducing oxygen demand. Anti-arrhythmic drugs block sodium or potassium channels to control abnormal heart rhythms. Drugs for atherosclerosis include statins and fibrates that inhibit cholesterol synthesis and bile acid sequestrants that bind bile to prevent cholesterol reabsorption. Each drug class is explained with examples, mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications and typical
Surgery
medical management of atherosclerosis, beta blockers , diuretics, nitrates, this ppt is basically helpful for undergraduates and non clinical persons
CVS(2).pdf
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of hypertension. It defines hypertension and classifies blood pressure readings. The main types of drugs used to treat hypertension work by decreasing cardiac output and/or total peripheral resistance. These include diuretics, sympathoplegic agents like methyldopa and beta blockers, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. The document provides details on the mechanisms and uses of these drug classes and recommends treatment approaches based on hypertension severity.
Drugs used in congestive heart failiure
This will help all Pharma aspirants.
Useful for all Students related to medical & paramedical services.
Diuretic drugs
This document summarizes diuretic drugs. It discusses how diuretics work by increasing urine output through inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. The main types of diuretics covered are loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and osmotic diuretics. Specific diuretic drugs discussed include furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and mannitol. The document also reviews the mechanisms and side effects of different classes of diuretic medications.
Ant ihypertensive
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat high blood pressure. It describes 7 classes: diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytic and alpha adrenergic blockers, and direct arterial vasodilators. For each class, it provides examples of drugs, their mechanisms of action, advantages, indications, side effects and other relevant information. Diuretics are further broken down into their types, mechanisms, effects and side effects.
Renull.pptx
The document provides information about renal pharmacology. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the renal system and its purpose in eliminating waste and regulating fluids and electrolytes. It then summarizes different types of diuretic drugs, including loop diuretics like furosemide, thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide, and potassium-sparing diuretics like spironolactone. It describes the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and interactions of these important classes of renal drugs.
Medication Aide Recertification Module 2
This document provides information on the clinical and pharmacologic management of residents with cardiovascular diseases. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system and covers the management of various conditions including congestive heart failure, angina, hypertension, blood clot diseases, and intermittent claudication. For each condition, it lists the classes of medications used for treatment, including diuretics, nitrates, cardiac glycosides, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and anticoagulants. It describes the actions, examples, side effects, and implications for care of the drugs used to treat diseases of the cardiovascular system.
ACE Inhibitors
1. ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme and reducing angiotensin II levels, leading to vasodilation and sodium excretion.
2. Common ACE inhibitors include lisinopril, enalapril, ramipril, and benazepril. They are used to treat hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and diabetic nephropathy.
3. Potential side effects include dry cough, hypotension, hyperkalemia, angioedema, and renal dysfunction. ACE inhibitors can also cause fetal harm during pregnancy.
Chapter 8 Diuretics.pptx
1. Diuretics are drugs that increase urine output by inhibiting tubular reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys. They are used to treat various types of edema and hypertension.
2. Diuretics can be classified based on their chemical structure and include xanthine, thiazide, loop, and potassium-sparing diuretics. Common loop diuretics are furosemide and bumetanide which have a rapid onset but short duration. Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide have a longer duration.
3. Specific diuretics discussed include acetazolamide, furosemide, bumetanide, chlorthalidone
Cardio Vascular Drugs
This document discusses various types of cardiovascular drugs used to treat conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. It describes drugs that affect heart function such as inotropic, chronotropic, and rhythmic effects. It provides details on common types of cardiovascular drugs including anticoagulants, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, vasodilators, and cholesterol-lowering medications. It lists examples of commonly prescribed drugs within each class and describes their reasons for use and mechanisms of action. The document also discusses advantages of certain drug classes in older patients and common side effects.
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Calcium Channel Blockers.pptx
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AUTOCOIDS.pptx
This document discusses different types of autacoids including amines, lipids, peptides, histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. It provides details on their synthesis, pharmacology, therapeutic uses, and examples of agonists and antagonists. The key points are:
- Autacoids are organic substances produced in one part of the body and transported to another part where they exert physiological effects.
- Types discussed include histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and others.
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- Therapeutic uses include treatment of allergies, asthma, inflammation, and other conditions
Antihypertensive Drugs.pptx
This document discusses various classes of antihypertensive drugs used to treat hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the different types. It then outlines the main classes of antihypertensive drugs, which include diuretics, centrally acting sympatholytics, adrenergic neuron blockers, adrenergic receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, and others. Specific drug classes and examples like beta-adrenergic receptor blockers, alpha-1-adrenergic receptor blockers, and adrenergic neuron blockers are then discussed in more detail.
Drugs acting on ANS.ppt
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system. It explains that there are two main types of cholinergic drugs: direct-acting cholinergic agonists that bind directly to cholinergic receptors, and indirect-acting cholinergic agonists that inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase to prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine. Examples of each type are provided, including direct agonists like acetylcholine and indirect agonists like physostigmine. The document aims to help students understand neurotransmitter release and the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Pharm.D. requirements
What is Pharm.D course?
Pharm.D course is a Professional Pharmacy doctoral programme of 6 yrs duration after 10+2 (science academic stream) which includes 5yrs of academic study + 1 year of internship or residency.
What are the eligibility criteria to join Pharm.D courses? For Pharm.D:
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Opportunities of BDS in Pharmaceutical Industries.pptx
India is the second-largest pharmaceutical market in Asia. ... A BDS graduate can have various job roles available in this sector: Principal Investigator, Co-investigator, Medical Advisor, Drug Developer, Regulatory Affairs Manager or even a Clinical Research Physician.
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Many professionals with a strong science or healthcare related background — such as nurses, pharmacists, medical technologists, physicians and more — are well-positioned to join the clinical research field. Here are 10 career paths in the field.
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Bioanalysis significance 12 oct 2022.ppt
Bioanalysis is the quantitative measurement of drugs, metabolites, and biological molecules in biological systems. It plays an important role in drug discovery and development by supporting pharmacokinetic studies. The drug development process involves preclinical and clinical stages where bioanalysis is used to determine safety, identify metabolites, and understand pharmacokinetics. Techniques like liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are commonly used for bioanalysis of small molecules and large molecules during drug development.
Oral hypoglycemic agents
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2) The structure, properties, uses and mechanisms of action of sulfonylureas, the largest class of OHAs. They lower blood glucose by blocking potassium channels in beta cells.
3) Other classes of OHAs like repaglinide, a meglitinide that stimulates insulin secretion, and acar
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Gpat
Dr. Manoj R. Kumbhare provides information on preparing for the Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT). The GPAT is conducted annually in February to help students pursue higher studies in pharmacy. It is a 3-hour online multiple choice test with 125 questions. Subjects covered include pharmacognosy, pharmacology, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutics, microbiology, and biochemistry. Sample questions and answers are provided to help students understand the exam format and level of difficulty. Recommended reference books for preparation are also listed.
Sars updates
Here are potential responses to consider in the discussion:
- International regulations broke down when China did not initially report the outbreak to WHO in a timely manner. They worked when Vietnam and Canada promptly reported cases and cooperated with WHO.
- An improved system would mandate timely reporting of new outbreaks and allow WHO enforcement powers to investigate. It should also define reportable diseases more broadly.
- Vietnam and Canada promptly asked for WHO cooperation, while China's response was slower and less transparent initially.
- China argued controlling information was important to maintain stability and confidence. Others prioritized public health over economic impacts of advisories or quarantines.
- As a scientist in China, I may have advocated publicly sooner; in
anti anginal
This document discusses cardiovascular drugs and their uses. It mentions that cardiovascular drugs act on the heart and blood vessels and are widely used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias. It provides glyceryl trinitrate as an example of an anti-anginal drug used to treat and prevent chest pain caused by angina or heart attacks. The document also contains questions about anti-anginals and organic nitrates and provides structures, brand names, definitions, and asks if the reader has any other questions.
Sars
Dr. Kumbhare Manoj Ramesh, a professor at S.M.B.T. College of Pharmacy in Nashik, India, gave a presentation on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). SARS is a viral respiratory disease caused by the SARS coronavirus. It was first identified in 2002 and caused an outbreak from 2002-2004. SARS signs and symptoms include flu-like symptoms such as fever, muscle pain, and cough. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and contact with infected surfaces. There is no vaccine for SARS, but prevention methods include hand washing, surface disinfection, and isolation of infected individuals.
Role of enzymes in drug discovery
Dr. Kumbhare Manoj R. discusses enzyme inhibition in drug discovery. There are two main approaches to drug discovery - target-based and physiology-based. For the past 20 years, the target-based approach of developing drugs that affect a specific target has been dominant. Enzymes are excellent targets for drug development due to their essential roles and the suitability of their active sites for inhibitor interactions. Many top-selling drugs are enzyme inhibitors that work through reversible or irreversible inhibition mechanisms. The development of ACE inhibitors to control hypertension is provided as an example of a successful clinical application of enzyme inhibition.
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This document discusses ethical issues in medical research. It provides an overview of key topics like the historical perspectives on medical ethics including the Nuremberg Code and Tuskegee Syphilis Study. It describes the origin of guidelines like the Declaration of Helsinki and ICH-GCP. It discusses informed consent processes and the roles of ethics committees in reviewing research protocols and ensuring ethical standards are followed.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Mrk guset lect .palghar 9.10.2021
- 1. Dr. Kumbhare Manoj R. Professor S.M.B.T. College of Pharmacy Dhamangaon Nashik (M.S.). Board of studies Member, SPPU Simplifying Pharmaceutical Chemistry for Diploma Pharmacy students
- 2. What Pharmaceutical Chemistry ? • Branch of organic Chemistry • Study of Drugs, Structure and Mechanism of action • Process of Drug Discovery and Development? 2
- 3. • Diuretic agents act on the kidneys to increase the excretion of water and sodium, thereby diminishing blood pressure by reducing the volume of fluid in the vascular system. • Drugs that includes forced diuresis • Examples • Furosemide*, Chlorothiazide, • Hydrochlorothiazidc*, • Benzthiazide, Urea*, • Mannitol *, • Ethacrynic Acid 3 Diuretic Drugs
- 4. 4
- 5. Thiazides are the most commonly prescribed diuretics. They're most often used to treat high blood pressure. These drugs not only decrease fluids, they also cause your blood vessels to relax. Furosemide is a loop diuretic medication used to treat fluid build- up due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease. It may also be used for the treatment of high blood pressure. It can be taken by injection into a vein or by mouth. When taken by mouth, it typically begins working within an hour, while intravenously, it typically begins working within five minutes. 5
- 7. 7 Chlorothiazide, is an organic compound used as a diuretic and as an antihypertensive. It is used both within the hospital setting and for personal use to manage excess fluid associated with congestive heart failure. 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group.
- 8. Benzthiazide is a thiazide diuretic used in the treatment of high blood pressure and edema. It is no longer available in the United States. In the United Kingdom, it was also sold in combination with the potassium-sparing diuretic triamterene The same combination is still available in Switzerland. 3-(benzylsulfanylmethyl)-6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-4H- 1λ6,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 8
- 9. •Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH2)2. This amide has two –NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group. carbamide or Carbonyldiamide 9
- 10. Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener and medication. It is used as a low calorie sweetener as it is poorly absorbed by the intestines.As a medication, it is used to decrease pressure in the eyes, as in glaucoma, and to lower increased intracranial pressure. Medically, it is given by injection. Effects typically begin within 15 minutes and last up to 8 hours. (2R,3R,4R,5R)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol 10
- 11. 11 Etacrynic acid or ethacrynic acid is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure and the swelling caused by diseases like congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. Unlike the other loop diuretics, etacrynic acid is not a sulphonamide[ and thus, its use is not contraindicated in those with sulfa allergies.
- 12. 12
- 13. Cardiovascular drug, any agent that affects the function of the heart and blood vessels. Drugs that act on the cardiovascular system are among the most widely used in medicine. Hypertension (high blood pressure), angina pectoris (chest pain resulting from inadequate blood flow through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle), heart failure (inadequate output of the heart muscle in relation to the needs of the rest of the body), and arrhythmias (disturbances of cardiac rhythm). 13
- 14. Ethyl nitrite is an alkyl nitrite with a chemical formula C2H5NO2. It may be prepared from ethanol 14
- 15. •Glyceryl trinitrate - Nitroglycerin, also known as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), is a used for heart failure, high blood pressure, anal fissures, painful periods, and to treat and prevent chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to the heart (angina) or due to the recreational use of cocaine. This includes chest pain from a heart attack It is taken by mouth, under the tongue, applied to the skin, or by injection into a vein. 15
- 16. Statins are a group of cholesterol-lowering agents largest selling drugs in the world. lowers serum cholesterol levels by competitively inhibiting 3- hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Eg. Atorvastatin , simvastatin, fluvastatin 16
- 17. Questions 17
- 18. Write structure of following groups (i) Acetyl -COCH3 Give popular brand names of Streptomycin- Ambistryn inj, Cipstryn inj, Merstryp inj. Paracetamol-Tylenol, Calpol, panadol, crocin, metacin, valadol, paldesic, Dolo Ibuprofen- Ibugesic, Ibuspan SR, Ibuflamar, Brufen 18
- 19. Explain the following terms (i) Cardiotonic- These are the drugs which have stimulating action on the cardiac muscles. They increase the force of muscle contraction without increasing oxygen consumption. Cardiac glycosides on hydrolysis yield corresponding sugar and aglycones. 19
- 20. 20 CONCLUSIONS What Pharmaceutical Chemistry ? Diuretic agents….. Cardiovascular agents…. Questions in MSBTE Exam ANY Questions in your MIND