Digoxin & Nitroglycerin by Dr. Sanaullah Aslam (Complete)Sanaullah Aslam
Your Feedback will be highly appreciated. This presentation was made for students at pharmacy institute in a project of clinical pharmacy and use of digoxin and nitroglycerin. This presentation is made so that you can present it in a same session, without any change.
Plagril (Generic Clopidogrel Bisulfate Tablets) is a P2Y12 platelet inhibitor used for the treatment of Acute coronary syndrome to reduce the rate of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Plagril tablets are also used to treat patients with MI, recent stroke, or established peripheral arterial disease to reduce the rate of MI and stroke.
Digoxin & Nitroglycerin by Dr. Sanaullah Aslam (Complete)Sanaullah Aslam
Your Feedback will be highly appreciated. This presentation was made for students at pharmacy institute in a project of clinical pharmacy and use of digoxin and nitroglycerin. This presentation is made so that you can present it in a same session, without any change.
Plagril (Generic Clopidogrel Bisulfate Tablets) is a P2Y12 platelet inhibitor used for the treatment of Acute coronary syndrome to reduce the rate of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Plagril tablets are also used to treat patients with MI, recent stroke, or established peripheral arterial disease to reduce the rate of MI and stroke.
Clopivas (Clopidogrel Bisulfate Tablets) is used to prevent blood clots forming in hardened blood vessels and is used to treat the medical conditions Acute Coronary Syndrome and Recent MI, Recent Stroke or Established Peripheral Arterial Disease.
Clopivas (Generic Clopidogrel Bisulfate tablets) is used to treat patients with Acute coronary syndrome. For patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS (unstable angina [UA]/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]), Clopidogrel tablets have been shown to reduce the rate of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. For patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), clopidogrel tablets have been shown to reduce the rate of MI and stroke.
This medicine is also used to treat patients with recent MI, recent stroke, or established peripheral arterial disease. Clopidogrel tablets have been shown to reduce the rate of MI and stroke.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Introduction:
Clopidogrel is a potent oral antiplatelet agent often used in
the treatment of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular
disease, and cerebrovascular disease.
Clopidogrel is used for: Reducing the risk of stroke or heart
attack in patients who have already had a heart attack or
stroke, or have other circulatory problems due to narrowing
and hardening of the arteries
3. Systematic (IUPAC) name:
Methyl 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(6,7-
dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5(4H)-
yl)acetate
Formula C16H16ClNO2S
Mol. Mass 321.82 g/mol
5. Dosage forms and administration:
Clopidogrel bisulfate (clopidogrel hydrogen
sulfate), most commonly under the trade names
Plavix, as 75 mg oral tablets.
6. History:
is marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-
Aventis under the trade names Iscover and Plavix
respectively, by Sun Pharmaceuticals under the
trade name Clopilet and by Ranbaxy Laboratories
under the trade name Ceruvin. It works by
blocking a receptor called P2Y12.
7. Clinical trials:
Recent Myocardial Infarction (MI), Recent Stroke or
Established Peripheral Arterial Disease
Plavix Aspirin
• Patients 9599 9586
• IS (fatal or not) 438 (4.6%) 461 (4.8%)
• MI (fatal or not) 275 (2.9%) 333 (3.5%)
• Other vascular death 226 (2.4%) 226 (2.4%)
• Total 939 (9.8%) 1020 (10.6%)
8. Clinical pharmacology:
Mechanism of Action
Clopidogrel is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation.
Clopidogrel selectively inhibits the binding of adenosine
diphosphate (ADP) to its platelet receptor and the
subsequent ADP-mediated activation of the glycoprotein
GPIIb/IIIa complex, thereby inhibiting platelet
aggregation.
11. Drug interaction:
Aspirin
Plavix potentiated the effect of aspirin on collagen
induced platelet aggregation.
Heparin
Coadministration of heparin had no effect on inhibition of
platelet aggregation
Warfarin
Because of the increased risk of bleeding, its
administration should be undertaken with caution
