The document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for solar photovoltaic systems. It describes two basic approaches for maximizing power extraction: using an automatic sun tracker or searching for maximum power point (MPP) conditions using methods like perturb and observe, incremental conductance or artificial intelligence methods. The document provides details on selective harmonic elimination in solar powered multilevel inverters, comparing topologies based on weight, cost, power loss and harmonic reduction capabilities. Equations for the selective harmonic elimination technique are also presented.
Selective harmonic elimination in a solar powered multilevel inverterSHIMI S L
The document discusses harmonic elimination in solar powered multilevel inverters. It describes different inverter topologies and compares their weight, cost, power loss and ability to eliminate harmonics. Cascaded H-bridge inverters have advantages of lighter weight and lower cost. Selective harmonic elimination technique uses firing angle optimization to eliminate specific harmonics like 5th, 7th and 11th. Block diagram shows the harmonic elimination system connected to grid via an 11-level cascaded H-bridge inverter. Mathematical equations are provided for calculating the firing angles to eliminate desired harmonics from the output voltage waveform.
The document presents a study on robust control of linear and nonlinear dynamical systems using an extended state observer. It discusses various plant dynamics including motion control, magnetic levitation, flexible links, and an inverted pendulum. It proposes using an extended state observer to estimate states and uncertainties, combined with feedback linearization control. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in achieving robust control of nonlinear systems with uncertainties.
This document discusses bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and their characteristics. It covers topics like PN junctions, current-voltage relationships, exponential current-voltage characteristics of the BJT, and small-signal models including transconductance gm and output resistance rπ. Circuit examples are provided to illustrate concepts like the common emitter amplifier configuration and early effect. Key points covered include the exponential I-V relationship of the BJT, definitions of transconductance and other small-signal parameters, and how the early effect impacts the current-voltage curve.
Optimal PID Controller Design for Speed Control of a Separately Excited DC Mo...ijscmcj
This paper presents a new approach to determine the optimal proportional-integral-derivative controller parameters for the speed control of a separately excited DC motor using firefly optimization technique. Firefly algorithm is one of the recent evolutionary methods which are inspired by the Firefly’s behavior in nature. The firefly optimization technique is successfully implemented using MATLAB software. A comparison is drawn from the results obtained between the linear quadratic regulator and firefly optimization techniques. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance and validity of the design method.
The document contains solutions to chapter 15 problems from an engineering circuit analysis textbook. The solutions involve transforming circuits into the s-domain and solving for variables like voltage and current.
Some key details:
- Circuits are transformed into the s-domain by replacing components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors with their impedance expressions (e.g. an inductor becomes 1/sL ohms).
- Nodal or mesh analysis is used to write equations relating the node voltages or mesh currents.
- The equations are solved for the desired variables (usually voltage or current) as functions of s.
- Taking the inverse Laplace transform provides the time-domain solutions.
Quantum force sensing with optomechanical transducersOndrej Cernotik
Optomechanical force sensing is an established measurement technique that can reach remarkable precision. In most applications, the system exerting the force on the mechanical oscillator is treated classically and we are not interested in any coherence between states of the system that give rise to different forces. A full quantum treatment, however, enables richer physics since measuring more such systems can lead to interference effects.
In this talk, I will show that the coherence can survive the measurement and can be used for quantum-technological applications. I will consider a model example of spin readout in superconducting qubits. Coupling two transmon qubits to mechanical oscillators and reading out the mechanical positions using a single beam of light provides information on the total spin of the qubits. It is thus possible to conditionally generate entanglement between the two qubits. The system represents a basic quantum network with superconducting circuits. The scheme has modest requirements on the system parameters; it does not require ground-state cooling or resolved-sideband regime and can work with quantum cooperativity moderately larger than unity.
Afterwards, I will consider another scheme, namely nondestructive detection of a single photon using an optomechanical transducer. The basic idea is similar to spin readout; the photon exerts a force on a mechanical oscillator and the the force is measured optically. I will argue that such a measurement is subject to a quantum limit due to backaction of the transducer on the dynamics of the photon and that this result also applies to other techniques of nondestructive photon detection, such as methods using Kerr interaction between the single photon and a meter beam. Finally, I will show numerically that measurement backaction can be evaded when the measurement rate is suitably modulated.
1. A document describing RC and RL circuits is provided. RC circuits are analyzed using Kirchhoff's laws. The time constant τ is defined as RC. For an RC circuit with an initial voltage V0, the voltage v(t) is given by v(t) = V0e-t/τ.
2. For an RL circuit with an initial current I0, the current i(t) is given by i(t) = I0e-t/τ, where the time constant τ is L/R. Kirchhoff's laws are again used to analyze the RL circuit. The voltage v(t) across the inductor is given by v(t) = RI0
Selective harmonic elimination in a solar powered multilevel inverterSHIMI S L
The document discusses harmonic elimination in solar powered multilevel inverters. It describes different inverter topologies and compares their weight, cost, power loss and ability to eliminate harmonics. Cascaded H-bridge inverters have advantages of lighter weight and lower cost. Selective harmonic elimination technique uses firing angle optimization to eliminate specific harmonics like 5th, 7th and 11th. Block diagram shows the harmonic elimination system connected to grid via an 11-level cascaded H-bridge inverter. Mathematical equations are provided for calculating the firing angles to eliminate desired harmonics from the output voltage waveform.
The document presents a study on robust control of linear and nonlinear dynamical systems using an extended state observer. It discusses various plant dynamics including motion control, magnetic levitation, flexible links, and an inverted pendulum. It proposes using an extended state observer to estimate states and uncertainties, combined with feedback linearization control. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in achieving robust control of nonlinear systems with uncertainties.
This document discusses bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and their characteristics. It covers topics like PN junctions, current-voltage relationships, exponential current-voltage characteristics of the BJT, and small-signal models including transconductance gm and output resistance rπ. Circuit examples are provided to illustrate concepts like the common emitter amplifier configuration and early effect. Key points covered include the exponential I-V relationship of the BJT, definitions of transconductance and other small-signal parameters, and how the early effect impacts the current-voltage curve.
Optimal PID Controller Design for Speed Control of a Separately Excited DC Mo...ijscmcj
This paper presents a new approach to determine the optimal proportional-integral-derivative controller parameters for the speed control of a separately excited DC motor using firefly optimization technique. Firefly algorithm is one of the recent evolutionary methods which are inspired by the Firefly’s behavior in nature. The firefly optimization technique is successfully implemented using MATLAB software. A comparison is drawn from the results obtained between the linear quadratic regulator and firefly optimization techniques. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance and validity of the design method.
The document contains solutions to chapter 15 problems from an engineering circuit analysis textbook. The solutions involve transforming circuits into the s-domain and solving for variables like voltage and current.
Some key details:
- Circuits are transformed into the s-domain by replacing components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors with their impedance expressions (e.g. an inductor becomes 1/sL ohms).
- Nodal or mesh analysis is used to write equations relating the node voltages or mesh currents.
- The equations are solved for the desired variables (usually voltage or current) as functions of s.
- Taking the inverse Laplace transform provides the time-domain solutions.
Quantum force sensing with optomechanical transducersOndrej Cernotik
Optomechanical force sensing is an established measurement technique that can reach remarkable precision. In most applications, the system exerting the force on the mechanical oscillator is treated classically and we are not interested in any coherence between states of the system that give rise to different forces. A full quantum treatment, however, enables richer physics since measuring more such systems can lead to interference effects.
In this talk, I will show that the coherence can survive the measurement and can be used for quantum-technological applications. I will consider a model example of spin readout in superconducting qubits. Coupling two transmon qubits to mechanical oscillators and reading out the mechanical positions using a single beam of light provides information on the total spin of the qubits. It is thus possible to conditionally generate entanglement between the two qubits. The system represents a basic quantum network with superconducting circuits. The scheme has modest requirements on the system parameters; it does not require ground-state cooling or resolved-sideband regime and can work with quantum cooperativity moderately larger than unity.
Afterwards, I will consider another scheme, namely nondestructive detection of a single photon using an optomechanical transducer. The basic idea is similar to spin readout; the photon exerts a force on a mechanical oscillator and the the force is measured optically. I will argue that such a measurement is subject to a quantum limit due to backaction of the transducer on the dynamics of the photon and that this result also applies to other techniques of nondestructive photon detection, such as methods using Kerr interaction between the single photon and a meter beam. Finally, I will show numerically that measurement backaction can be evaded when the measurement rate is suitably modulated.
1. A document describing RC and RL circuits is provided. RC circuits are analyzed using Kirchhoff's laws. The time constant τ is defined as RC. For an RC circuit with an initial voltage V0, the voltage v(t) is given by v(t) = V0e-t/τ.
2. For an RL circuit with an initial current I0, the current i(t) is given by i(t) = I0e-t/τ, where the time constant τ is L/R. Kirchhoff's laws are again used to analyze the RL circuit. The voltage v(t) across the inductor is given by v(t) = RI0
1) The document describes circuit analysis techniques including Kirchhoff's laws, Thevenin's theorem, and Norton's theorem. Various circuit examples are presented to illustrate the application of these techniques.
2) Methods for analyzing practical sources such as batteries are discussed. Equivalent circuits are derived for common source configurations.
3) Maximum power transfer principles are covered along with the conditions required to achieve maximum power for resistive circuits and voltage or current sources.
The document discusses different circuit analysis techniques including node voltage analysis, mesh current analysis, and the use of conductance matrices. It provides examples of applying these techniques to solve for unknown voltages and currents in circuits containing multiple nodes and meshes. Key steps include setting up systems of equations using Kirchhoff's laws and the conductance matrix representation of the circuit to solve for the unknown variables. Solutions are obtained using techniques like Cramer's rule.
This document contains solutions to chapter thirteen problems from the textbook Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition. The problems involve calculating voltages, currents, impedances, and power in AC circuits using Kirchhoff's laws. Key steps shown include setting up equations for each mesh using Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and solving the equations simultaneously to find the unknown currents at given frequencies. The maximum power is then calculated for one of the circuits.
Precise position control of a magnetic levitation system System using Differe...CHANDRASHEKHAR GUTTE
A cascaded sliding mode control for magnetic levitation systems. A disturbance observer-based sliding mode controller is designed for the electrical loop while a state and disturbance observer-based sliding mode controller is designed for the electromechanical loop. The overall stability of the system is rigorously established. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with a conventional linear quadratic regulator combined with a proportional-integral controller by simulation as well as experimentation on a magnetic levitation setup in a laboratory
Iaetsd position control of servo systems using pidIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses using PID controllers tuned with soft computing techniques for position control of servo systems. It analyzes tuning PID controllers for a 3rd order plant model of a servo motor using the Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) method, genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The step responses show that PSO provides the best performance with the fastest rise and settling times and lowest overshoot and errors. While ZN is easy to apply, GA and especially PSO give better results for controlling the servo motor's position.
This document contains 12 solutions to physics problems related to dynamics and kinematics. The solutions calculate things like work, acceleration, forces, velocities, distances, and times using concepts like Newton's laws of motion, kinematics equations, coefficients of friction, and incline plane equations. Key details provided in the solutions include calculations, equations used, given values, and final results.
The document discusses electromagnetic induction in a two-coil system. It presents equations describing the flux linkage and induced voltages in the coils due to changing current. The coils are modeled using inductances L1, L2 and mutual inductance M. Kirchhoff's voltage law is applied to each coil to derive differential equations relating the coil voltages and currents.
This document contains solutions to chapter 2 problems from the 7th Edition of Engineering Circuit Analysis. It includes 15 problems involving calculations of current, voltage, power, energy, and other circuit analysis variables. The solutions provide the step-by-step working to reach each numeric answer, and include diagrams in some cases. The document is copyrighted and intended only for educators in preparing course materials.
Engineering circuit-analysis-solutions-7ed-hayt [upload by r1-lhercristhian cabrera
This document contains solutions to problems from Chapter 2 of the 7th Edition of Engineering Circuit Analysis. It includes 10 multiple part problems involving calculations of time, power, energy, charge and current values. The solutions provide the step-by-step working to arrive at the final numerical answers for each part of each problem.
This document discusses the design of low-noise amplifiers. It begins with an overview of the basic structure of transmitters and receivers in wireless communication systems. It then reviews the relationships between power and gain and introduces the concept of the available power gain circle. The document discusses a design method for amplifiers that does not require simultaneous conjugate matching of both ports. It also covers noise theory for two-port networks and the fixed noise figure circle. The key points are utilizing available power gain circles and fixed noise figure circles to design amplifiers through tradeoffs between gain and noise on the Smith chart.
This document provides an overview of selection analysis using the HyPhy software. It discusses different types of selection including positive, purifying, and neutral selection. The document explains how HyPhy can be used to calculate dN/dS ratios and quantify selection at individual sites or along lineages. It provides information on HyPhy input formats and how to prepare sequence data and phylogenetic trees. The document also outlines standard selection analyses in HyPhy including the REL, FEL and MEME models and how to interpret the output.
A Statistical Approach to Optimize Parameters for Electrodeposition of Indium...Arkansas State University
A Statistical Approach to Optimize Parameters for Electrodeposition of Indium (III) Sulfide Films, Potential Low-Hazard Buffer Layers for Photovoltaic Applications
Getting started with chemometric classificationAlex Henderson
The document provides an overview of chemometric classification and resources for working with spectroscopic data. It discusses key terminology like variables, observations, and vector space. It also covers important preprocessing steps like normalization, mean centering, and principal components analysis (PCA). PCA finds orthogonal principal components that maximize the explained variance in the data in a lower dimensional space.
This document outlines José Cupertino Ruiz Vargas's PhD thesis on searching for diboson resonances in CMS data. It begins with an introduction to the standard model of particle physics and motivations for physics beyond the standard model, including the Randall-Sundrum model with extra dimensions. It then describes the CMS detector and object identification techniques. The analysis strategy is to select events with two opposite-sign leptons and two jets, and estimate backgrounds using Monte Carlo simulations and data-driven techniques. Unblinded results show agreement between data and background predictions in control regions.
Implementation of Decision Support System for various purposes now can facilitate policy makers to get the best alternative from a variety of predefined criteria, one of the methods used in the implementation of Decision Support System is VIKOR (Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje), VIKOR method in this research got the best results with an efficient and easily understood process computationally, it is expected that the results of this study facilitate various parties to develop a model any solutions.
This document discusses outdoor module characterization methods used to generate power matrices and correct for angle of incidence and spectral mismatch effects. It presents three outdoor methods for generating power matrices: 1) an automated two-axis tracker method used by TUV Rheinland PTL, 2) a manual two-axis tracker with mesh screens method also used by TUV, and 3) a method using fixed tilt modules or grid-tied arrays. It also examines the effects of angle of incidence on clean and soiled modules, and how to calculate and minimize spectral mismatch error for outdoor characterization methods.
Design and Development of Treadmill to Generate Electricity by Using Mechanic...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a treadmill that can generate electricity using mechanical energy. The treadmill is designed with a brushless DC generator coupled to the belt which converts the mechanical energy of walking or running on the treadmill into electrical energy. This energy can be used to charge a battery or power small devices. The design details the components of the treadmill such as the shaft, belt, bearings and generator. It also provides the specifications and diagrams of the system. The system interfaces sensors like a tachometer and IR sensor with a microcontroller to measure and display various parameters like speed, distance, time, date, calories burned and heart rate on an LCD screen. The goal is to utilize the wasted mechanical
This document presents a unified approach to analyzing prescalers and dual modulus prescalers for low-power systems. It introduces various flip-flop circuit techniques like true single phase clock, extended true single phase clock, and hybrid master slave flip-flop that can be used to build prescalers. Prescalers are frequency dividers that can divide an input frequency by an integer value. Dual modulus prescalers can divide by two integers like N and N+1. The document discusses the construction of divide-by-N prescalers and divide-by-N/N+1 dual modulus prescalers. It then shows simulation results of various prescalers and compares the performance of the proposed divide
This document summarizes research on enhancing gene expression programming (GEP) for Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations turbulence modeling with unsupervised clustering. It presents a GEP-enhanced multi-model framework that uses feature selection, dimensionality reduction, and clustering to assign different turbulence models to distinct regions of a flow, improving simulation accuracy. Results show the approach produces more accurate mean velocities and Reynolds stresses for a body-of-revolution testcase compared to baseline and GEP-driven models. Ongoing work includes optimizing the framework configuration and extending it to 3D domains.
BPSO&1-NN algorithm-based variable selection for power system stability ident...IJAEMSJORNAL
Due to the very high nonlinearity of the power system, traditional analytical methods take a lot of time to solve, causing delay in decision-making. Therefore, quickly detecting power system instability helps the control system to make timely decisions become the key factor to ensure stable operation of the power system. Power system stability identification encounters large data set size problem. The need is to select representative variables as input variables for the identifier. This paper proposes to apply wrapper method to select variables. In which, Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) algorithm combines with K-NN (K=1) identifier to search for good set of variables. It is named BPSO&1-NN. Test results on IEEE 39-bus diagram show that the proposed method achieves the goal of reducing variables with high accuracy.
1) The document describes circuit analysis techniques including Kirchhoff's laws, Thevenin's theorem, and Norton's theorem. Various circuit examples are presented to illustrate the application of these techniques.
2) Methods for analyzing practical sources such as batteries are discussed. Equivalent circuits are derived for common source configurations.
3) Maximum power transfer principles are covered along with the conditions required to achieve maximum power for resistive circuits and voltage or current sources.
The document discusses different circuit analysis techniques including node voltage analysis, mesh current analysis, and the use of conductance matrices. It provides examples of applying these techniques to solve for unknown voltages and currents in circuits containing multiple nodes and meshes. Key steps include setting up systems of equations using Kirchhoff's laws and the conductance matrix representation of the circuit to solve for the unknown variables. Solutions are obtained using techniques like Cramer's rule.
This document contains solutions to chapter thirteen problems from the textbook Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition. The problems involve calculating voltages, currents, impedances, and power in AC circuits using Kirchhoff's laws. Key steps shown include setting up equations for each mesh using Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and solving the equations simultaneously to find the unknown currents at given frequencies. The maximum power is then calculated for one of the circuits.
Precise position control of a magnetic levitation system System using Differe...CHANDRASHEKHAR GUTTE
A cascaded sliding mode control for magnetic levitation systems. A disturbance observer-based sliding mode controller is designed for the electrical loop while a state and disturbance observer-based sliding mode controller is designed for the electromechanical loop. The overall stability of the system is rigorously established. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with a conventional linear quadratic regulator combined with a proportional-integral controller by simulation as well as experimentation on a magnetic levitation setup in a laboratory
Iaetsd position control of servo systems using pidIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses using PID controllers tuned with soft computing techniques for position control of servo systems. It analyzes tuning PID controllers for a 3rd order plant model of a servo motor using the Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) method, genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The step responses show that PSO provides the best performance with the fastest rise and settling times and lowest overshoot and errors. While ZN is easy to apply, GA and especially PSO give better results for controlling the servo motor's position.
This document contains 12 solutions to physics problems related to dynamics and kinematics. The solutions calculate things like work, acceleration, forces, velocities, distances, and times using concepts like Newton's laws of motion, kinematics equations, coefficients of friction, and incline plane equations. Key details provided in the solutions include calculations, equations used, given values, and final results.
The document discusses electromagnetic induction in a two-coil system. It presents equations describing the flux linkage and induced voltages in the coils due to changing current. The coils are modeled using inductances L1, L2 and mutual inductance M. Kirchhoff's voltage law is applied to each coil to derive differential equations relating the coil voltages and currents.
This document contains solutions to chapter 2 problems from the 7th Edition of Engineering Circuit Analysis. It includes 15 problems involving calculations of current, voltage, power, energy, and other circuit analysis variables. The solutions provide the step-by-step working to reach each numeric answer, and include diagrams in some cases. The document is copyrighted and intended only for educators in preparing course materials.
Engineering circuit-analysis-solutions-7ed-hayt [upload by r1-lhercristhian cabrera
This document contains solutions to problems from Chapter 2 of the 7th Edition of Engineering Circuit Analysis. It includes 10 multiple part problems involving calculations of time, power, energy, charge and current values. The solutions provide the step-by-step working to arrive at the final numerical answers for each part of each problem.
This document discusses the design of low-noise amplifiers. It begins with an overview of the basic structure of transmitters and receivers in wireless communication systems. It then reviews the relationships between power and gain and introduces the concept of the available power gain circle. The document discusses a design method for amplifiers that does not require simultaneous conjugate matching of both ports. It also covers noise theory for two-port networks and the fixed noise figure circle. The key points are utilizing available power gain circles and fixed noise figure circles to design amplifiers through tradeoffs between gain and noise on the Smith chart.
This document provides an overview of selection analysis using the HyPhy software. It discusses different types of selection including positive, purifying, and neutral selection. The document explains how HyPhy can be used to calculate dN/dS ratios and quantify selection at individual sites or along lineages. It provides information on HyPhy input formats and how to prepare sequence data and phylogenetic trees. The document also outlines standard selection analyses in HyPhy including the REL, FEL and MEME models and how to interpret the output.
A Statistical Approach to Optimize Parameters for Electrodeposition of Indium...Arkansas State University
A Statistical Approach to Optimize Parameters for Electrodeposition of Indium (III) Sulfide Films, Potential Low-Hazard Buffer Layers for Photovoltaic Applications
Getting started with chemometric classificationAlex Henderson
The document provides an overview of chemometric classification and resources for working with spectroscopic data. It discusses key terminology like variables, observations, and vector space. It also covers important preprocessing steps like normalization, mean centering, and principal components analysis (PCA). PCA finds orthogonal principal components that maximize the explained variance in the data in a lower dimensional space.
This document outlines José Cupertino Ruiz Vargas's PhD thesis on searching for diboson resonances in CMS data. It begins with an introduction to the standard model of particle physics and motivations for physics beyond the standard model, including the Randall-Sundrum model with extra dimensions. It then describes the CMS detector and object identification techniques. The analysis strategy is to select events with two opposite-sign leptons and two jets, and estimate backgrounds using Monte Carlo simulations and data-driven techniques. Unblinded results show agreement between data and background predictions in control regions.
Implementation of Decision Support System for various purposes now can facilitate policy makers to get the best alternative from a variety of predefined criteria, one of the methods used in the implementation of Decision Support System is VIKOR (Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje), VIKOR method in this research got the best results with an efficient and easily understood process computationally, it is expected that the results of this study facilitate various parties to develop a model any solutions.
This document discusses outdoor module characterization methods used to generate power matrices and correct for angle of incidence and spectral mismatch effects. It presents three outdoor methods for generating power matrices: 1) an automated two-axis tracker method used by TUV Rheinland PTL, 2) a manual two-axis tracker with mesh screens method also used by TUV, and 3) a method using fixed tilt modules or grid-tied arrays. It also examines the effects of angle of incidence on clean and soiled modules, and how to calculate and minimize spectral mismatch error for outdoor characterization methods.
Design and Development of Treadmill to Generate Electricity by Using Mechanic...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a treadmill that can generate electricity using mechanical energy. The treadmill is designed with a brushless DC generator coupled to the belt which converts the mechanical energy of walking or running on the treadmill into electrical energy. This energy can be used to charge a battery or power small devices. The design details the components of the treadmill such as the shaft, belt, bearings and generator. It also provides the specifications and diagrams of the system. The system interfaces sensors like a tachometer and IR sensor with a microcontroller to measure and display various parameters like speed, distance, time, date, calories burned and heart rate on an LCD screen. The goal is to utilize the wasted mechanical
This document presents a unified approach to analyzing prescalers and dual modulus prescalers for low-power systems. It introduces various flip-flop circuit techniques like true single phase clock, extended true single phase clock, and hybrid master slave flip-flop that can be used to build prescalers. Prescalers are frequency dividers that can divide an input frequency by an integer value. Dual modulus prescalers can divide by two integers like N and N+1. The document discusses the construction of divide-by-N prescalers and divide-by-N/N+1 dual modulus prescalers. It then shows simulation results of various prescalers and compares the performance of the proposed divide
This document summarizes research on enhancing gene expression programming (GEP) for Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations turbulence modeling with unsupervised clustering. It presents a GEP-enhanced multi-model framework that uses feature selection, dimensionality reduction, and clustering to assign different turbulence models to distinct regions of a flow, improving simulation accuracy. Results show the approach produces more accurate mean velocities and Reynolds stresses for a body-of-revolution testcase compared to baseline and GEP-driven models. Ongoing work includes optimizing the framework configuration and extending it to 3D domains.
BPSO&1-NN algorithm-based variable selection for power system stability ident...IJAEMSJORNAL
Due to the very high nonlinearity of the power system, traditional analytical methods take a lot of time to solve, causing delay in decision-making. Therefore, quickly detecting power system instability helps the control system to make timely decisions become the key factor to ensure stable operation of the power system. Power system stability identification encounters large data set size problem. The need is to select representative variables as input variables for the identifier. This paper proposes to apply wrapper method to select variables. In which, Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) algorithm combines with K-NN (K=1) identifier to search for good set of variables. It is named BPSO&1-NN. Test results on IEEE 39-bus diagram show that the proposed method achieves the goal of reducing variables with high accuracy.
Mashayekhi - Session 1 -Parallel wiring vs. adr any differenceEuro CTO Club
1) The document discusses different techniques for chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention (CTO PCI), including parallel wiring and antegrade dissection reentry (ADR).
2) It notes that the goal of parallel wiring is a controlled wire reentry in front of the distal cap, while the goal of ADR is to advance a wire beyond the distal cap in subintimal position.
3) Studies have found ADR is often used in more complex CTO cases, which generally have higher complication rates, while one study showed a trend towards higher target vessel revascularization with ADR. However, the Consistent Study found no significant difference in major adverse cardiac events between dissection reentry techniques.
IEEE International Conference PresentationAnmol Dwivedi
IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE -
Paper Title "Real-Time Implementation of Phasor Measurement Unit Using NI CompactRIO".
Code Available on: https://github.com/anmold-07/Synchrophasor-Estimation
This document provides an overview of econometrics and its application in economic research. It discusses key topics such as:
1. The history and development of econometrics, from linear regression to advanced dynamic models.
2. Statistical issues that can arise in regression like multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity.
3. Model building in econometrics, including partial adjustment models, vector error correction models, and panel data analysis.
4. Examples of econometric analyses using Indonesian economic data to examine relationships between variables like GDP, investment, taxes, and expenditures.
Decision Tree Algorithm Implementation Using Educational Data ijcax
There is different decision tree based algorithms in data mining tools. These algorithms are used for
classification of data objects and used for decision making purpose. This study determines the decision tree
based ID3 algorithm and its implementation with student data example.
Decision Tree Algorithm Implementation Using Educational Dataijcax
There is different decision tree based algorithms in data mining tools. These algorithms are used for
classification of data objects and used for decision making purpose. This study determines the decision tree
based ID3 algorithm and its implementation with student data example.
Decision Tree Algorithm Implementation Using Educational Data ijcax
There is different decision tree based algorithms in data mining tools. These algorithms are used for classification of data objects and used for decision making purpose. This study determines the decision tree based ID3 algorithm and its implementation with student data example.
Decision Tree Algorithm Implementation Using Educational Dataijcax
There is different decision tree based algorithms in data mining tools. These algorithms are used for classification of data objects and used for decision making purpose. This study determines the decision tree based ID3 algorithm and its implementation with student data example.
The document describes a student project to design, simulate and fabricate a printed Yagi-Uda antenna. Key aspects of the project include determining antenna design parameters, optimizing the antenna design through simulation, and testing a fabricated prototype antenna. Simulation results showed a gain of 6.9 dB, return loss below -10 dB, and beamwidth of 76 degrees. Measured results of the fabricated antenna met specifications with a gain of 6.18 dB, return loss below -10 dB, and bandwidth of 525 MHz.
Nec 602 unit ii Random Variables and Random processDr Naim R Kidwai
The presentation explains concept of Probability, random variable, statistical averages, correlation, sum of random Variables, Central Limit Theorem,
random process, classification of random processes, power spectral density, multiple random processes.
The document summarizes research comparing the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Differential Evolution (DE) algorithms for optimizing power consumption using smart energy meter data. Both algorithms were implemented in MATLAB and tested on 15 days of meter data from a university lab in India. PSO achieved an 11.5% reduction in power consumption while DE achieved a 9.4% reduction. PSO outperformed DE for this application, showing it is an effective technique for optimizing energy use and reducing electricity costs for consumers. Future work could integrate the models with real smart meters and controllers to achieve automated scheduling and greater savings.
04 New opportunities in photon science with high-speed X-ray imaging detecto...RCCSRENKEI
Takaki Hatsui from RIKEN presented on new opportunities in photon science with the development of the CITIUS high-speed X-ray imaging detector. The CITIUS detector can achieve frame rates of 17.4 kHz with 1800 photons per frame and high dynamic range. This represents a significant advancement over conventional detectors. However, the large data output from such detectors poses challenges that will require edge computing and high performance computing to process and store the data. Major synchrotron facilities expect data outputs to reach tens to hundreds of petabytes per year requiring proper infrastructure to manage exascale data from next generation photon science experiments.
Real Time System Validation using Hardware in Loop (HIL) Digital PlatformSHIMI S L
Dr. Shimi S.L presents information on real time system validation using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) digital platforms. HIL allows testing embedded systems by interacting them with simulated plant models in real time. This enables testing systems in unlimited scenarios without risks to actual hardware. Applications include controller design and testing, closed-loop testing of devices, SCADA systems studies, microgrid studies, and protection scheme design. DSpace and OPAL-RT are popular HIL platforms that interface simulated plant models with physical controllers using computation units and I/O interfaces. HIL provides an effective method for rigorous real-time testing of systems before deployment.
This document outlines the vision, mission, program objectives, and curriculum for an Electrical Engineering department. The vision is to be a center of excellence for electrical engineering education, training, and research. The mission includes offering continuing education programs, developing curricula, instructional materials, and undertaking research and consultancy. The program objectives are to develop technical and research skills, and generic skills. The curriculum spans 4 semesters and includes courses in various electrical engineering topics, laboratory courses, and a thesis. Program outcomes are defined and mapped to the curriculum and graduate attributes. Stakeholder feedback is incorporated into revising the curriculum and objectives. Student performance metrics like admissions, success rate, academic performance and placements are provided.
The document discusses laboratories and facilities available at an Electrical Engineering department. It notes that laboratories are well-equipped and maintained, with 3-4 students allotted per experimental setup. Preventive maintenance is carried out each semester. Laboratories have necessary equipment, white/blackboards, and manuals. Labs are established per university curriculum. Equipment is maintained and available for experiments beyond the curriculum. Facilities support mini projects and final theses. Laboratories include specialized equipment to support attainment of program outcomes in areas like power electronics, advanced power electronics, and a simulation center of excellence in collaboration with ABB India. Safety measures and additional training have been provided. Admission rates have been over 90% in recent years, with 100% of admitted
This document summarizes the facilities and technical support available in the Electrical Engineering department at NITTTR Chandigarh.
It describes the laboratories available including the Virtual Instruments Lab and Power Electronics Lab. Details are provided on the equipment available, batch sizes, weekly utilization, and technical staff support. Additional simulation facilities have been created including a Simulation Center of Excellence and a solar PV training kit.
Maintenance of laboratory equipment is discussed, including regular checks, repairs, and expenditures. Safety measures across laboratories are outlined. Academic audits are conducted by an Internal Quality Assurance Cell to monitor teaching quality and student performance. Actions are taken based on results to improve attainment of program outcomes and objectives. Placement, higher education and
This document discusses the processes used to assess attainment of course and program outcomes at an engineering program. It describes how course outcomes are defined and mapped to program outcomes. Assessment tools like assignments, exams, and projects are mapped to outcomes. Attainment is calculated based on student performance and surveys. First year courses contribute to early outcome assessment. Actions are taken like improving questions and tutorials if outcomes are not fully attained.
Fuzzy logic is a form of logic that deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact. It was introduced in 1965 with the proposal of fuzzy set theory by Lotfi Zadeh. Fuzzy logic uses fuzzy sets and membership functions to deal with imprecise or uncertain inputs and allows for reasoning that allows for partial truth of inputs between fully true and fully false. Fuzzy controllers combine fuzzy logic with control theory to control complex systems. They involve fuzzification of inputs, applying fuzzy rules through inference, and defuzzification of outputs to obtain a crisp control action.
Genetic algorithms are a type of evolutionary algorithm that mimics natural selection. They operate on a population of potential solutions applying operators like selection, crossover and mutation to produce the next generation. The algorithm iterates until a termination condition is met, such as a solution being found or a maximum number of generations being produced. Genetic algorithms are useful for optimization and search problems as they can handle large, complex search spaces. However, they require properly defining the fitness function and tuning various parameters like population size, mutation rate and crossover rate.
1. A state variable representation uses state variables, inputs, and outputs to model dynamic systems. The state variables provide information about the internal state of the system.
2. The behavior of a system can be described by state equations that relate the time derivatives of the state variables to the inputs, state variables, and outputs.
3. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, which are derived from state variable models, have many applications including vibration analysis, image recognition, and determining communication channel capacities.
There are two broad classes of power system stability:
1) Steady state stability - The ability of a system to maintain equilibrium after a small disturbance.
2) Transient stability - The ability to maintain synchronism during large disturbances like faults.
Factors influencing transient stability include generator loading, fault conditions, clearing time, reactances, and inertia. Methods to improve it include high-speed excitation, series capacitors, fault clearing and independent pole operation.
Solar energy application for electric power generationSHIMI S L
The document discusses various topics related to solar energy generation including:
- Solar energy is generated through nuclear fusion reactions inside the sun and can be harnessed using technologies like solar cells, solar heat collectors, and solar power plants.
- Applications of solar energy include generating electricity at utility-scale solar power plants as well as powering vehicles, heating homes and water, and providing power in remote locations.
- Maximizing the power extracted from solar panels requires techniques like automatic sun tracking and searching for maximum power point conditions.
- Emerging solar technologies include solar farms in space that beam microwave energy to receivers on Earth and solar panels integrated into buildings.
Modern trends in electric drives involve replacing fixed speed drives with more efficient variable speed drives using power electronic converters and control. Variable speed drives allow optimizing motor speed for different applications and loads. Power electronic converters are used in electric drive systems to convert electric energy from AC sources like the grid to regulated DC or AC for electric motors. Modern drive systems use intelligent controllers and sensors for improved performance. Common electric motors used in drive systems include DC motors, induction motors, and permanent magnet synchronous motors.
This document discusses interfacing MATLAB with Arduino and provides details on:
1. Using a gyroscope module connected to an Arduino Uno board to measure orientation in three axes.
2. The specifications of the Arduino Uno microcontroller including flash memory size, SRAM, clock speed, and number of analog and digital input/output pins.
3. A link to a MATLAB package called ArduinoIO that provides Arduino support within MATLAB.
This document discusses different types of choppers and cycloconverters used in DC-DC conversion. It describes the basic operation and characteristics of various classes of choppers (A, B, C, D, E) and explains step-down, step-up, and buck-boost chopper configurations. The document also covers cycloconverter types, components, waveforms, and applications. Advantages include direct AC-AC conversion in a single stage while disadvantages are their complexity and limited output frequency range.
Power electronics devices operate at high power levels and require high efficiency compared to linear electronics. Some key power electronic devices include thyristors, IGBTs, MOSFETs, and integrated power circuits. Thyristors can be turned on through forward voltage triggering or gate triggering and turned off through natural commutation in AC circuits or forced commutation using resonant circuits, complementary devices, or external pulses. Proper protection of power devices includes using snubber circuits, overvoltage and overcurrent protection, and gate protection.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
1. MPPT of a Solar Photovoltaic
System
Dr. Shimi S.L
Assistant Professor, EE
NITTTR, Chandigarh
12/4/2017
Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
Chandigarh
1
3. η(maximum efficiency)=
P(maximum power output)/(E(S,γ)(incident radiation flux)*A(c)(Area of collector))
12/4/2017 Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR, Chandigarh 3
4. Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR, Chandigarh12/4/2017 4
5. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
(MPPT)
There are two basic approaches in
maximizing the power extraction:
(a) Using automatic sun tracker
(b) Searching for the MPP conditions
Perturb and Observe method
Incremental Conductance method
Artificial intelligence (AI) methods
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Chandigarh
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7. • The height of a projectile that is fired
straight up is given by the motion equations
12/4/2017 Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR, Chandigarh 7
16. Equivalent Circuit (a) Switch ON (b) Switch OFF
𝐿 𝐶 = 𝐿 =
𝑅(1 –𝐷)
2𝑓
𝐶 𝐶 = 𝐶 =
1 – 𝐷
16𝐿𝑓2
For a switching frequency of 80 KHz and inductance current ripple (∆𝐼) of 10%
the 𝐿 𝑐 and 𝐶𝑐 are approximated as 1mH and 100µF respectively
∆𝐼 =
𝑉𝑠 𝐷(1 –𝐷)
𝑓𝐿
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Chandigarh
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17. Parameters of Buck Converter
Sr. No. Parameter Value
1 Inductor (L) 1mH
2 Inductor series resistance (RL) 80 mΩ
3 Output capacitor (Co) 100 µF
4 Output capacitor ESR (Rco) 30 mΩ
5 Input capacitor (Ci) 100 µF
6 Input capacitor ESR (Rci) 30 mΩ
7 Switching frequency (fs), 80 KHz
8 Input voltage 20 V
9 Duty-ratio (D) Variable
10 Load resistance 9 Ohm
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Chandigarh
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18. MATLAB/SIMULINK Model of Buck Converter
Components of PWM Block Subsystem
12/4/2017 Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
Chandigarh
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19. PWM with 0.5 Value of Duty-cycle
Input and Output Voltages Waveforms of Buck Converter
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Chandigarh
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26. Specification of DS1104 R&D Controller Board
Parameter Characteristics
Processor MPC8240 processor with PPC603e core and on-chip
peripherals
• 64-bit floating-point processor
• 250 MHz CPU
• 2 x 16 KB cache; on-chip
• On-chip PCI bridge (33 MHz)
Memory Global memory: 32 MB SDRAM
• Flash memory: 8 MB
ADC
1 x 16-bit ADC with mux
4 x 12-bit ADC
5 ADC channels (1 x 16-bit + 4 x 12-bit) can be
sampled simultaneous
• 16-bit resolution
• ±10 V input voltage range
• 2μs conversion time, 12-bit resolution
• ±10 V input voltage range
• 800 ns conversion time
Slave DSP subsystem • Texas Instruments TMS320F240 DSP
• 16-bit fixed-point processor
• 20 MHz clock frequency
• 64 K x 16 external program memory
• 28 K x 16 external data memory
• 4 K x 16 dual-port memory for communication
• 16 K x 16 flash memory
• 1 x 3-phase PWM output, 4 x 1-phase PWM output
• ±13 mA maximum output current
Host interface • 32-bit PCI host interface
• 5VPCI slot
• 33MHz±5 %
Power supply • +5 V ±5 %, 2.5 A
• +12 V ±5 %, 0.3 A
Power consumption 18.5 W
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34. MATLABTM / SIMULINKTM Model of
Maximum Power Output (Pmax)
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Chandigarh
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35. Sub-System for Fill Factor
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Chandigarh
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36. Sub-system for Short Circuit Current
Sub-system for Open Circuit Voltage
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Chandigarh
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37. Response of Pmax, Voc , Isc , FF & Irradiance
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Chandigarh
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38. Fig. Experimental Result of PO with Delta D=0.01
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Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
Chandigarh
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39. MPPT ALGORITHM COMPARISION
Maximum Power Point
Techniques Method
ᶯ
( %)
Peak
Overshoot
( %)
Settling
time
( sec)
Dynamic
Response
Delay
( sec)
Steady
State Error
( %)
Sensors
Voltage -V
Current -I
Perturb & Observe (ΔD=0.1)
77.60 - 79.39 No 0.48 0.06 15.14 V, I
Perturb & Observe (ΔD=0.01) 81.00 - 81.60 No 0.41 0.039 12.77 V, I
Perturb & Observe (ΔD=0.001) 81.23 - 84.37 No 0.40 0.04 12.03 V, I
Incremental Conductance 86.32 - 87.25 3.35 1.78 0.001 7.35 V, I
Neural Network 87.35 - 90.10 2.185 0.6439 0.038 3.88 V, I
Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference
System (ANFIS)
87.15 - 93.31 6.56 5.35 0 3.55 V, I
ANFIS &
CVT
≥12V NA 7.28 0.18 0.1 9 V
12V 87.15 - 93.31 6.56 5.35 0 3.55 V, I
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Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR, Chandigarh
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40. Selective Harmonic Elimination in
a Solar Powered Multilevel
Inverter
Dr. Shimi S.L
Assistant Professor, EE
NITTTR, Chandigarh
12/4/2017
Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
Chandigarh
40
41. Weight, Cost, Power Loss and Harmonics
Comparison for Different Inverter TopologiesTypeof
inverter
No.of
switches
No.of
capacitors
No.of
diodes
Weight
Cost
PowerLoss
(W)
Harmonics
2-level
12 0 0
Light
Weight
Cheap Very low THD > 40%
5-level diode
Clamped
24 12 36
Medium Weight Costly Low 5th harmonics Eliminated
THD >15%
5-level capacitor
clamped
24 30 0
Heavy Very Costly Low 5th harmonics Eliminated
THD >15%
5-level cascaded
24 0 0
Light
Weight
Cheap Low 5th harmonics Eliminated
THD >15%
9-level diode clamped
48 24 42
Medium Weight Costly medium 5th , 7th & 11th harmonics Eliminated
THD >7%
9-level capacitor
clamped
48 60 0
Heavy Very Costly medium 5th , 7th & 11th harmonics Eliminated
THD >7%
9-level cascaded
48 0 0
Light
Weight
Cheap medium 5th , 7th & 11th harmonics Eliminated
THD >7%
11-level diode
clamped 60 30 90
Medium Weight Costly High 5th , 7th , 11th &13th harmonics
Eliminated
THD <5%
11-level capacitor
clamped 60 75 0
Heavy Very Costly High 5th , 7th , 11th &13th harmonics
Eliminated
THD <5%
11-level cascaded
60 0 0
Light
Weight
Cheap high 5th , 7th , 11th &13th harmonics
Eliminated
THD <5%
41
42. Cascaded H-bridge Inverter
Va
(b)
Va[(m-1)/2]
(a)
(a) Single Phase Cascaded H-bridge Inverter Topology with m Levels
(b) Output Phase Voltage with Non Equal dc Source
n
Vdc1
S1
S2
S3 S4
Va
Vdcm
S1
S2
S3 S4
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Chandigarh
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43. Block Diagram of the Harmonic Elimination
System
GRID
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Chandigarh
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45. Selective Harmonic Elimination
Technique
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(16)
(17)
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Chandigarh
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f 1 = cos α1 + cos α2 + cos α3 + cos α4 + cos α5 = mi
f 2 = cos 5α1 + cos 5α2 + cos 5α3 + cos 5α4 + cos 5α5 = 0
f 3 = cos 7α1 + cos 7α2 + cos 7α3 + cos 7α4 + cos 7α5 = 0
f 4 = cos 11α1 + cos 11α2 + cos 11α3 + cos 11α4 + cos 11α5 = 0
f 5 = cos 13α1 + cos 13α2 + cos 13α3 + cos 13α4 + cos 13α5 = 0
46. f 1 = [Vdc1cos α1 + Vdc2cos α2 + Vdc3cos α3 + Vdc4cos α4 + Vdc5cos α5 ]=mi
f 2 = [Vdc1cos 5α1 + Vdc2cos 5α2 + Vdc3cos 5α3 + Vdc4cos 5α4 +
Vdc5cos 5α5 ] = 0
f 3 = [Vdc1cos 7α1 + Vdc2cos 7α2 + Vdc3cos 7α3 + Vdc4cos 7α4 +
Vdc5cos 7α5 ] = 0
f 4 = [Vdc1cos 11α1 + Vdc2cos 11α2 + Vdc3cos 11α3 + Vdc4cos 11α4 +
Vdc5cos 11α5 ]=0
f 5 = [Vdc1cos 13α1 + Vdc2cos 13α2 + Vdc3cos 13α3 + Vdc4cos 13α4 +
Vdc5cos 13α5 ] = 0
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Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
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The cost function for SHE problem is given by,
𝑓 𝑋𝑖 = 100 ∗
( 𝑓 2 + 𝑓 3 + 𝑓 4 + 𝑓 5 )
𝑓 1
47. Newton Raphson - SHE
• The algorithm for the Newton-Raphson method is as follows:
Step 1 Assume any random initial guess for switching angles (say 𝛼0 )
The switching angle matrix is :
𝛼 𝑗 = [𝛼1
𝑗 + 𝛼2
𝑗 + 𝛼3
𝑗 + 𝛼4
𝑗 + 𝛼5
𝑗 ] 𝑇
Step 2 Set modulation index to zero.
Step 3 Evaluate the non-linear system matrix 𝐹 𝑗 , the Jacobian matrix
𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝛼
𝑗
and
the harmonics amplitude matrix 𝑇 represented below:
The non-linear system matrix,
𝐹 𝑗 = cos 𝛼1
𝑗 + cos 𝛼2
𝑗 + cos 𝛼3
𝑗 + cos 𝛼4
𝑗 + cos 𝛼5
𝑗
cos 5𝛼1
𝑗
+ cos 5𝛼2
𝑗
+ cos 5𝛼3
𝑗
+ cos 5𝛼4
𝑗
+ cos 5𝛼5
𝑗
cos 7𝛼1
𝑗
+ cos 7𝛼2
𝑗
+ cos 7𝛼3
𝑗
+ cos 7𝛼4
𝑗
+ cos 7𝛼5
𝑗
cos 9𝛼1
𝑗
+ cos 9𝛼2
𝑗
+ cos 9𝛼3
𝑗
+ cos 9𝛼4
𝑗
+ cos 9𝛼5
𝑗
cos 11𝛼1
𝑗
+ cos 11𝛼2
𝑗
+ cos 11𝛼3
𝑗
+ cos 11𝛼4
𝑗
+ cos 11𝛼5
𝑗
(18)
(19)
12/4/2017
Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
Chandigarh
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48. the Jacobian matrix,
𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝛼
𝑗
=
− sin 𝛼1
𝑗 − sin 𝛼2
𝑗 − sin 𝛼3
𝑗 − sin 𝛼4
𝑗 − sin 𝛼5
𝑗
− 5sin 5𝛼1
𝑗
− 5 sin 5𝛼2
𝑗
− 5 sin 5𝛼3
𝑗
− 5sin 5𝛼4
𝑗
− 5 sin 5𝛼5
𝑗
− 7sin 7𝛼1
𝑗
− 7sin 7𝛼2
𝑗
− 7 sin 7𝛼3
𝑗
− 7sin 7𝛼4
𝑗
− 7 sin 7𝛼5
𝑗
− 9sin 9𝛼1
𝑗
− 9sin 9𝛼2
𝑗
− 9sin 9𝛼3
𝑗
− 9sin 9𝛼4
𝑗
− 9sin 9𝛼5
𝑗
− 11sin 11𝛼1
𝑗
− 11sin 11𝛼2
𝑗
− 11 sin 11𝛼3
𝑗
− 11sin 11𝛼4
𝑗
− 11 sin 11𝛼5
𝑗
and the corresponding harmonic amplitude matrix,
𝑇 = [𝑚𝑖
3𝜋
4
0 0 0 0] 𝑇
The solutions must satisfy the following condition:
0 ≤ 𝛼1 ≤ 𝛼2 ≤ 𝛼3≤ 𝛼4 ≤ 𝛼5≤
𝜋
2
Step 4 Compute correction Δα during the iteration using relation,
∆𝛼 =
𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝛼
𝑗
𝛼𝑗 (𝑇-𝐹 𝑗
)
Step 5 Update the new switching angles as,
𝛼 𝑘 + 1 = 𝛼 𝑘 + ∆𝛼(𝑘)
Step 6 To obtain a feasible solution of switching angles by executing the following
transformation:
𝛼 𝑘 + 1 = cos−1
(abs(cos(𝛼 𝑘 + 1 )))
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
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Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
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49. Step 7 Repeat steps (3) to (6) for sufficient number of iterations to attain error
goal.
Step 8 Increment modulation index by a fixed step.
Step 9 Repeat steps (2) to (8) for whole range of modulation index .
This algorithm can be implemented using MATLABTM programming. After
successfully executing and running the program the optimal firing angles
α1, α2, α3 , α4 and α5 can be obtained.
12/4/2017
Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
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50. {
initialize population;
evaluate population;
while Termination Criteria Not Satisfied
{
select parents for reproduction;
perform crossover and mutation;
evaluate population;
}
}
Genetic Algorithm (GA)
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Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
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51. The GA Cycle of
Reproduction
reproduction
population evaluation
modification
discard
deleted
members
parents
children
modified
children
evaluated children
52. Consider the problem of maximizing the
function,
f(x) = x2
Where x is permitted to vary between 0 to 31.
(i) 0(00000) and 31(11111) code x into finite
length string
(ii) Select initial population at random (size 4)
(iii) Calculate fitness value for all strings
(iv) probability of selection by:
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑖=
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖
σ 𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖
,
60. 12/4/2017
Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
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Step 1 Initialize the system parameters for MATLABTM / GA toolbox such as
CrossoverFcn as @crossoverscattered, CrossoverFraction as 0.8, SelectionFcn as
@selectionstochunif , 'CreationFcn' as @gacreationlinearfeasible and 'MutationFcn'
as @mutationadaptfeasible. Assign the values of Generations as 100, Population
Size as 40 and PopInitRange as [0;1].
Step 2 Now evaluate the particles using the Fitness Function
𝑓 𝑋𝑖 = 100 ∗
( 𝑓 2 + 𝑓 3 + 𝑓 4 + 𝑓 5 )
𝑓 1
for harmonic elimination.
Here the switching angles 𝛼1, 𝛼2, 𝛼3, 𝛼4and 𝛼5 are chosen in such a way that the
selective 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonics can be eliminated.
Step 3 Check the constraints 0 ≤ 𝛼1 ≤ 𝛼2 ≤ 𝛼3 ≤ 𝛼4 ≤ 𝛼5 ≤ 𝜋/2.
Step 4 Select the parent chromosomes.
Step 5 Create the new offspring using crossover and mutation.
Step 6 Check if termination criteria ( the maximum number of iterations) is reached. If
not goto Step 2.
Step 7 If optimized switching angles are obtained, terminate the problem.
62. Step 1: Initialize the system parameters such as Position Vector Xi, Velocity Vector Vi,
Personal Best Particle Vector Pi, Global Best Vector Pg and Particle Inertia Weight
C0 . Assign the values of Generations as 100, Population Size as 40, Cognitive
Parameter C1 as 0.5 and Social Parameter C2 as 1.25.
Step 2: Check for the conditions 0<(C1+C2)<4 and (C1+C2)/2<C0<1, If the two
conditions are satisfied then the system will be guaranteed to converge to a stable
equilibrium point. If false goto Step 1.
Step 3 Update the Velocity , Vi(t+1).
Step 4 Update the Position, Xi(t+1).
Step 5 Now evaluate the particles using the Fitness Function,
f(Xi) = 100*(|f(2)|+|(f(3)|+|f(4)|+|f(5)|) / (|f(1)|) for harmonic elimination. Here the
switching angles are chosen in such a way that the selective 5th , 7th , 11th and
13th harmonics can be elimination.
f(1)=(cos( )+cos( )+cos( )+cos( )+cos( ))- ma;
f(2)=(cos(5* )+cos(5* )+cos(5* )+cos(5* )+cos(5* ));
f(3)=(cos(7* )+cos(7* )+cos(7* )+cos(7* )+cos(7* ));
f(4)=(cos(11* )+cos(11* )+cos(11* )+cos(11* )+cos(11* ));
f(5)=(cos(13* )+cos(13* )+cos(13* )+cos(13* )+cos(13* ));
Step 6 Check the constraints.
Step 7 Check for the condition f(xi) < f(Pi) , if not satisfied then i=i+1goto Step 3 .
Step 8 Update the local best position of the particle if it is better than the previous local
best position . Thus the local best position is replaced as Pi=Xi.
Step 9 Update the global best position as Pg=min(P neighbor).
Step 10 Optimized switching angles are obtained .Terminate the problem.12/4/2017
Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
Chandigarh
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63. NR Algorithms
GA Algorithms
PSO Algorithms
Optimized Switching Angles using NR, GA and PSO Algorithms for 11 Level Inverter
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Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
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64. THD Versus Modulation Index of 7, 9 and 11 Level Cascaded H-bridge
Inverters for NR, GA and PSO Algorithms
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Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
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65. 11 Level Cascaded H-bridge Inverter Applied with NR-SHE Algorithm for 0.8 Value of MI
Line Voltage Waveform
Phase Voltage Waveform
Current Waveform
12/4/2017
Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
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66. Harmonic Spectrum at 0.8 MI for NR-SHE Algorithm for a 11 level Cascaded H-bridge Inverter
Phase Voltage Spectrum
Line Voltage Spectrum
Current Spectrum
12/4/2017
Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
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67. TechniqueUsed
11 Level Cascaded H-bridge Inverter
Magnitude of Harmonic Contents (%) up to 19th Order
Line Voltage
(THD 5.55%)
105.8 peak (74.83 rms)
Phase Voltage
(THD 7.93%)
61.14 peak (43.23 rms)
Current (THD 5%)
0.6063 peak (0.4287 rms)
Harmo
nic
Order
Even
Harmo
nic
Harmo
nic
Order
Odd
Harmo
nic
Harmo
nic
Order
Even
Harmo
nic
Harmo
nic
Order
Odd
Harmo
nic
Harmo
nic
Order
Even
Harmo
nic
Harmo
nic
Order
Odd
Harmo
nic
NR
0th 0.00 1th 100 0th 0.00 1th 100 0th 0.01 1th 100
2nd 0.00 3rd 0.02 2nd 0.00 3rd 0.60 2nd 0.00 3rd 0.02
4th 0.00 5th 0.09 4th 0.00 5th 0.04 4th 0.00 5th 0.07
6th 0.00 7th 0.08 6th 0.00 7th 0.06 6th 0.00 7th 0.09
8th 0.00 9th 0.06 8th 0.00 9th 3.26 8th 0.00 9th 0.06
10th 0.00 11th 0.10 10th 0.00 11th 0.10 10th 0.00 11th 0.11
12th 0.00 13th 0.02 12th 0.00 13th 0.02 12th 0.00 13th 0.03
14th 0.00 15th 0.09 14th 0.00 15th 1.04 14th 0.00 15th 0.08
16th 0.00 17th 2.65 16th 0.00 17th 2.58 16th 0.00 17th 2.62
Magnitude of Harmonic Contents (%) up to 19th Order for 11 Level
Cascaded H-bridge Inverter Applied with NR-SHE Technique
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68. 1. Intelligent Power Module (Power Circuit)
2. Firing Pulse for H-bridge Inverter
(a) Optocoupler (b) Gate Driver
(c ) AND Gate (d) Schmitt Trigger
(e) FPGA Based Spartan 3A DSP Board
3. Protection Circuit
4. Regulated Power Supply
5. Signal Conditioning Circuit
6. Constant and Isolated dc Supply for MLI
7. 3 Φ Induction Motor Load
8. Power Quality Analyzer
9. PC with MATLAB/SIMULINK and Xilinx
Software Packages
Block Diagram of the Hardware
Implementation of 3 Φ MLI
12/4/2017 Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR, Chandigarh 68
69. Complete Laboratory setup of 3 Φ 11
Level Cascaded H-bridge Inverter
3Φ Induction Motor
Power Quality Analyzer
CHMLISpartan®-3A
DSP FPGA
CHMLI
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Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR,
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70. Experimental Results for 11 Level
Inverter (a) Output Line Voltage (b)
Phase Voltage and (c) Current at
M=0.8 (NR-SHE)
(a)
(b)
(c)12/4/2017 Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR, Chandigarh 70
71. (a)
(b)
Experimental Results for 11 Level
Inverter (a) Line Voltage FFT
Analysis (b) Phase Voltage FFT
Analysis and (c) Current FFT
Analysis at M=0.8 (NR-SHE)
(b)
(c)
12/4/2017 Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR, Chandigarh
71
72. Optimum Switching Angles and Minimum THD using NR-SHE, GA-SHE
and PSO-SHE
Technique Method Mi Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3 Alpha 4 Alpha 5
Line
Voltage
THD
(%)
Phase
Voltage
THD
(%)
Current
THD
(%)
NR
Simulation
0.8 0.1147 0.3306 0.4744 0.7878 1.0864 5.55 7.93 5
Hardware 0.8 0.1147 0.3306 0.4744 0.7878 1.0864 4.8 6.7 3.3
PSO
Simulation
0.9 0.0709 0.1466 0.3481 0.4505 0.7265 4.79 16.02 4.00
Hardware 0.9 0.0709 0.1466 0.3481 0.4505 0.7265 3.7 15 3
GA
Simulation
0.91 0.0676 0.1637 0.3509 0.4871 0.7473 4.3 14.77 3.73
Hardware 0.91 0.0676 0.1637 0.3509 0.4871 0.7473 3.4 13.4 2.7
12/4/2017 Dr. Shimi S.L, Assistant Professor, NITTTR, Chandigarh 72
74. Comparison of Harmonics Content (%) up to 15th Order of Line Voltage
for 11 Level Cascaded H-bridge Inverter Applied with Different Techniques
12/4/2017
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75. Comparison of Magnitude of Line Voltage THD and Harmonics Content for
CHMLI Applied with NR-SHE, PSO-SHE and GA-SHE Algorithms
THD
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