This document summarizes four motivational theories: Adams' equity theory, goal setting theory, reinforcement theory, and expectancy theory. Adams' equity theory proposes that people are motivated when they feel they are treated fairly in relation to others. Goal setting theory suggests setting specific, challenging goals drives motivation. Reinforcement theory explains how behavior is shaped by its consequences. Expectancy theory emphasizes that motivation depends on expectations of effort leading to performance and performance leading to outcomes.
Enhancing motivation change in the classroomShaibou Haji
Enhancing Motivation Change in the Classroom is an interesting book that was written in 1976 but the method of study used and the outcomes is very vital in Education, Educational Psychology, Social Psychology and Educational Administration.
Importance of motivation in teaching and learning
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of education; Pakistan
Enhancing motivation change in the classroomShaibou Haji
Enhancing Motivation Change in the Classroom is an interesting book that was written in 1976 but the method of study used and the outcomes is very vital in Education, Educational Psychology, Social Psychology and Educational Administration.
Importance of motivation in teaching and learning
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of education; Pakistan
Student motivation, by: Haseen Ah-HassanHaseeb Ahmed
I'm student from Zakho University English department, as any other students I had my own presentation in ELT (English Language Teaching) about Student Motivation, then when I got excellent for my presentation I decided to shared it with everyone.
Cognitive, Humanistic approach on motivationEl Sameeha
Bruner’s learning theory
McClelland’s Theory of Achievement Needs
Attribution Theory by Bernard Weiner
Humanistic Approach on Motivation
Maslow’s theory hierarchy of needs
Student motivation, by: Haseen Ah-HassanHaseeb Ahmed
I'm student from Zakho University English department, as any other students I had my own presentation in ELT (English Language Teaching) about Student Motivation, then when I got excellent for my presentation I decided to shared it with everyone.
Cognitive, Humanistic approach on motivationEl Sameeha
Bruner’s learning theory
McClelland’s Theory of Achievement Needs
Attribution Theory by Bernard Weiner
Humanistic Approach on Motivation
Maslow’s theory hierarchy of needs
Motivational theories and their applications to teaching and learning. Maslow's Hierarcy of needs, ARC's motivational theory, equity theory, expectancy theory, herzberg two factor theory.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
3. OBJECTIVES
3
• Learner will be able to:
• Describe motivational theories
• Discuss Adam’s equity theory
• Explain Reinforcement theory
• Demonstrate Goal setting theory
6. ADAMS EQUITY THEORY
6
• The theory was suggested by Adams (1965) and is
based on Social Exchange theory
• The equity theory states that people are motivated if
they are treated equitably, and receive what they
consider fair for their effort and costs.
• According to this theory, people compare their
contribution to work, costs of their actions and the
benefits that will result to the contribution and
benefits of the reference person.
7. CONT…
7
• At the workplace the workers put inputs into the job, such
as education, experience, effort, energy, and expect to
get some outcomes such as salary, reward, promotion,
verbal recognition, and interesting and challenging work
each in equal amounts
8. APPLICATION ON DAILY LIFE
CONT…
8
• At the workplace
• Offices
• Teachers
• Schools
• Every official work place
9. INEQUITY
CONT…
9
• Reduce his/her inputs, efforts, quantity or quality of
his/her work
• Try to increase his/her outputs (ask for better mark,
or pay raising)
• Adjust his/her perception of reference person or
his/her outcomes or inputs (re-evaluate his/her or the
reference person's effort or outcome)
• Change the reference person
• Quit the situation
10. LOCKE'S GOAL-SETTING THEORY
10
• Locke's (1990) goal setting theory is an integrative
model of motivation just like the expectancy theory.
• It emphasizes that setting specific, challenging
performance goals and the commitment to these
goals are key determinants of motivation. Goals
describe a desired future, and these established
goals can drive the behaviour. Achieving the goals,
the goal accomplishment further motivates
individuals to perform.
11. CONT…
11
• We can distinguish goals according to specificity,
difficulty and acceptance.
• A specific goal can be measured and lead to higher
performance than a very general goal like “Try to do
your best!”
• A difficult, but realistic goal can be more motivational
than easy or extremely difficult ones.
• The acceptance of the goal is very important as well,
therefore involvement in the goal setting is
recommended
12. GUIDELINES FOR GOAL-SETTING
CONT…
12
• Set challenging but attainable goals. Too easy or too
difficult/unrealistic goals don’t motivate us.
• Set specific and measurable goals. These can focus
toward what you want, and can measure the
progress toward the goal
• Support elements should be provided:for example,
encouragement, needed materials, resources, and
moral support.
• Knowledge of results is essential – so goals need to
be quantifiable and there needs to be feedback
13. CONT…
13
• Goal commitment should be obtained:if people don’t
commit to the goals, then they will not put effort
toward reaching the goals, even specific, or
challenging ones.
• Strategies to achieve this could include participation
in the goal setting process, use of extrinsic rewards
(bonuses), and encouraging intrinsic motivation
through providing workers with feedback about goal
attainment. Pressure to achieve goals is not useful
because it can result in dishonesty and superficial
performance.
14. APPLICATION ON DAILY LIFE
CONT…
14
• Goal-setting is a useful theory which can be applied
in several fields, from sport to a wide range of work
settings.
15. REINFORCEMENT THEORY
15
• The Reinforcement theory, based on Skinner's
operant conditioning theory, says that behaviour can
be formed by its consequences (Gordon, 1987)
Reinforcement
positive
negative
16. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
CONT…
16
• For example praise, appreciation, a good mark/grade,
trophy, money, promotion or any other reward can increase
the possibility of the rewarded behaviours' repetition.
• If a student gets positive verbal feedback and a good grade
for his test, this reinforcement encourages the performance
of the behaviour to recur. If the teacher doesn’t tell precisely
what he expects, then the positive reinforcements can drive
the behaviour closer to the preferred. For example, when a
student who is usually late to class gets positive feedback
when he arrives on time, the student becomes more and
more punctual. Positive reinforcement motivates to get the
anticipated reinforcement of required behaviour
17. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
CONT…
17
• When we give a meal to a hungry person if he behaves
in a certain manner/way.In this case the meal is a
negative reinforcement because it eliminates the
unpleasant state (hunger).
• Reinforcement punishment can be undesired
reinforcement, or reinforce undesired behaviour.
• For example, if a student is always late to class and thus
he gets negative verbal feedback and also always has to
tidy up the classroom at the end of the day, in this case
the undesirable behaviour is reinforced with an
undesirable reinforcer. The punishment declines the
tendency to be late
18. APPLICATION ON DAILY LIFE
CONT…
18
• Praise
• Appreciation
• a good mark/grade
• Trophy
• Money
• promotion or any other reward can increase the possibility of
the rewarded behaviours' repetition