8. 1. CAPSULE
• Dimiliki oleh beberapa khamir
• Komponen ekstraseluler, lendir, menutupi bagian luar
dinding sel
• Polysaccharide and hetero polysaccharide
• Hydrophobic
2. Matriks Dinding Sel
Lapisan tipis pada sel yang belum matang menjadi lebih tebal pada
sel yang sudah matang
Waktu generasi 1-6 jam
- glucan/Cellulose 3-35 %
- mannan 0-30 %
- protein 6-8 %
- variated chitin 0-2 %
- lipid < 8-13,5 %
9. 3. CITOPLASMA MEMBRANE
• Ketebalan + 8 m
• Terdiri dari protein, asam ribonukleat & lipid
• Fungsi: Transportasi nutrisi & pembuangan produk sisa metabolisme
4. NUCLEUS
• Dikelilingi oleh membran inti (pori-pori)
• Pada pembelahan/pembungaan → kromosom terbagi menjadi 2
5. VACUOLA
• Mengandung cairan transparan
• > 1, dengan berbagai ukuran
10. 6. MITOCHONDRIA
• P 0,4-0,6 m diameter 0,2-0,3 m
• Respiration process
7. GLOBULA LIPID
• umlah dan berbagai ukuran
8.SITOPLASMA
• Mengandung glikogen
• Asam ribonukleat & protein (terutama di ribosom)
11. MORFOLOGI KAPANG
Mempunyai Miselium mudah diamati pada mulanya
berwarna putih selanjutnya akan berwarna sesuai dengan
jenis kapangnya (warna spora)
12. KAPANG yang menguntungkan
• Aspergillus oryzae: tape, kecap, tauco
• Aspergillus niger: asam sitrat, asam glukonat, enzim
amilase
• Aspergillus wentii: enzim pectinase
• Mucor rouxii: pemecahan pati menjadi gula
• Neurospora sitophila: oncom merah
• Penicillium notatum: penghasil penicillin
• P. camemberti, P. roqueforti: penghasil keju
• Rhizopus oryzae, R. oligosporus: tempe, oncom putih
• Volvariella volvacea: jamur merang
14. MICOTOXIN
*Aflatoxin (Aspergillus flavus): kacang polong, jagung,
sereal
*Eslanditoxin (Penicillium islandicum): beras
*Patulin (Aspergillus clavatus): pada apel dan produk
olahan apel
*Sterigmatosistin (Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus flavus):
susu, biji-bijian, kopi, dan keju
*Tricotesen (Fusarium tricinchum): jagung dan sereal
Toxin gejala penyakit
sometimes - fatal
- carcinogenic
- hallucinogenic
15. Fungi termasuk mikrobia:
chemoheterotroph/kemoorganotrof
Nutrition Sources :
• Senyawa karbon dan energi dari proses asimilasi dan metabolisme
senyawa organik.
• Nitrogen - organic (pepton)
- an organic (ammonium & nitrate)
• Mineral (P, K, Mg) macro element
Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo micro element
semuanya diambil dari substrat.
Vitamin synthesis on their bioactivities / not from substrate, menunjukkan
bahwa beberapa vitamin dapat disintesis oleh organisme tergantung pada kegiatan
biologisnya, sementara yang lain harus diperoleh dari substrat, seperti tiamin dan
biotin.
Water
16. Physical / Area Condition
1. Aeration :
Kapang aerob
Khamir aerob & facultative anaerobe
CO2 inhibit of growth
17. 2. Light
as a chemoheterotroph tidak tergantung pada
cahaya
- mempengaru produksi spora
(asexual & sexual)
3. Temperature
optimum 25-30o C
psikotrof (5-10 C), mesophilic, thermophilic (40-45 C)
18. 4. pH
Kapang tumbuh optimal pada pH 6-6,8 ; Range
pertumbuhan: pH 2-8,5
Khamir tumbuh pada pH 4-4,5, range 4,5-7
5. Aktivitas air (Aw)
Kapang < khamir < bacteria
Khamir : 0,65-0,96
19. PHYSIOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS
• Tumbuh baik dalam kondisi air yang cukup
• Tumbuh dalam medium dengan kadar gula atau garam yang
tinggi
• Aw 0,88-0,94 (osmophylic 0,62-0,65)
Aw rice & cereal < 14 %
• Optimal temperature 25o C – 30o C, max. temperature
35o C – 47o C some can grow at 0o C
• pH 4,0 – 4,5
20. REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
Some ways : 1. budding
2. fission
vegetative reproduction
3. sporulation
- asexual spore
- sexual spore called generative reproduction
SPORE
ASEXUAL SEXUAL
• Sporangiospore
• conidiospore
• Arthrospore/oidospore
• Klamidospore
• Ascospore
• Basidiospore
• Zygospore
• Oospore
21. 1. Cell budding (Pertunasan)
duct formed from vacuole near nucleus cell wall bane.
cell wall bane thinning protoplasm protruding goes out, and bigger (component is
nucleus + cytoplasm) growth forming with new cells
if size is almost = with the host goes separated or stay sticking & forming new bud
Categories of budding:
• Multilateral: bud appear surround the tip of the cell at cylinder &
oval formed cell
• At all cell surface circle formed cell
• Polar: just at one tip & Bipolar: at two tips lemon formed cell
• Trigonopsis: bud at three tips of the cell (triangular form)
• Pseudomicellium: if the bud don't liberated from its mother and
continue budding
22. 2. Cell fission
firstly, ‘bengkak/memanjang’ inti terpisah
menjadi 2 → septa terbentuk (2 lapisan) → terpisah atau
membentuk miselium seperti rantai
3. bud fission
Tunas terbentuk (tempat penempelan) → septa
terbentuk → terpisah
4. Production of asexual spore:
arthrospore, blastospore, and klamidospore
5. Production of sexual spore:
basidiospore and ascospore
23.
24. Budding (Pertunasan)
Sebagian Sitoplasma sel induk
memisahkan diri dan masuk ke dalam sel
anakan.
G1: sebuah sel tanpa tunas dengan inti
bulat kemudian muncul tunas awal dan sel
membentuk huruf S.
S : Tunas besar, membentuk cicin pada
leher tunas
G2: sel bertunas dengan inti pada leher
tunas.
M : Pembelahan mitosis,
27. 1. Sporangiospore
• Spore formed because
cell protoplasm divide
itself, formed small
groups in sporangium
pocket that placed on
the tip of
sporangiophore on
hyphae has non septate.
• Ex/ Rhizopus sp.
Mucor sp.
28. 2. CONIDIOSPORE
-Spore formed because the
tips of hyphae split.
-Conidia formed at the tip
of hyphae.
-Pillar hyphae called
Conidiophore.
Ex/ Penicillium sp.
Aspergillus sp.
29. 3. ARTHROSPORE
• Spore formed because a part of
hyphae is broken & the wall
thicken but not expand.
ex/ Geotrichum
Coccidioides
Trichosporon
30. 4. CLAMIDOSPORE
• Spore formed because
part of hyphae expand &
create thick wall.
• Rest phase
• Many found at old
hyphae.
ex/ Candida albicans
Epidermophyton
31. 5. BLASTOSPORE
• Spore which created from budding
on yeast cell & the bud not
liberated from its mother
ex/ Rhodotorula sp.
Blastomyces
dermatitidis
33. 2. BASIDIOSPORE
• Spore producted by basidia. Basidium exist on the tip of hyphae
expanding that formed like vase/club
ex/ Cryptococcus neoformans
34. 3. ZYGOSPORE
• Big thick-walled spore
that formed if the tip of
two swollen hyphae
(gametangia) fuse
(merged)
ex/ Rhizopus
Mucor
35. 4. OOSPORE
• Spore that formed inside
oogonium because
female gamet (oospher)
fertilized by male gamet
(antheredium) oospore
• Inside each oogonium
exist > 1 oospher
36. Klasifikasi dan Identifikasi Fungi
a. Morphology characteristics
1. vegetative reproduction
2. vegetative cell form, size, colour
b. Culture characteristics:
growing characteristics in liquid media, dense
media
c. Physiology characteristics
d. Sexual reproduction
37. Klasifikasi Fungi
A. Schizomycetes
a. Actinomyces (anaerobe) Pseudomycetes
b. Nocardia (aerobe) (false fungi)
B. Mycomycetes (mucous fungus)
C. Eumycetes (true fungi)
1. Phycomycetes (Zygomycetes & Oomycetes)
hyphae non septate
*2. Ascomycetes
*3. Basidiomycetes
*4. Deuteromycetes (fungi imperfecti)
asexual spore, sexual spore
Pathogenic generally
* hyphae septate
38. Khamir differ to 3 main classes:
• Ascomycetes class: spore grow inside ascus
• Basidiomycetes class: spore formed inside bacidium
• Deuteromycetes class: not produce sexual spore called
Fungi Imperfecti
THE USAGE OF KHAMIR IN INDUSTRY
Sacharomyces, Hansenula, Candida on making tape, brem
Sach. cerevisae on making bread, beer, and wine
39. Ciri-ciri Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes
Miselium
Spora aseksual
Spora seksual
Habitat alamiah
Aseptat
Sporangiospora
Zigospora,oospore
Air, tanah, hewan
Septat
Konidia
Askospora
Tanah, tumbuhan,
hewan
Septat
Konidia
Basidiospora
Tanah, tumbuhan
Septat
Konidia
Tidak diketahui
Tanah,tumbuhan,h
ewan