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- 1. The Cardiovascular System : Blood Achadiah Rachmawati
- 2. 2 Components of Whole Blood
- 3. 3 Components of Whole Blood
- 4. 4
- 8. 8 Percentages of Leukocytes 97% Hb 1% 2%
- 9. 9 Macrophages • Macrophages are the chief phagocytic cells • Free macrophages wander throughout a region in search of cellular debris • Kupffer cells (liver) and microglia (brain) are fixed macrophages
- 10. 10 Hematopoiesis
- 11. 11 Bone Marrow
- 12. AP Biology Circulatory Systems Achadiah Rachmawati
- 13. 13
- 14. AP Biology 14 Exchange of materials ▪ Animal cells exchange material across their cell membrane ◆ fuels for energy ◆ nutrients ◆ oxygen ◆ waste (urea, CO2) ▪ If you are a 1-cell organism that’s easy! ▪ If you are many-celled that’s harder
- 15. AP Biology 15 Overcoming limitations of diffusion O2 CHO CHO aa aa CH CO2 NH3 aa O2 CH aa CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 O2 aa CH aa CHO O2 ▪ Diffusion is not adequate for moving material across more than 1-cell barrier
- 16. AP Biology 16 In circulation… ▪ What needs to be transported ◆ nutrients & fuels ▪ from digestive system ◆ respiratory gases ▪ O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills ◆ intracellular waste ▪ waste products from cells water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea) ◆ protective agents ▪ immune defenses white blood cells & antibodies ▪ blood clotting agents ◆ regulatory molecules ▪ hormones
- 17. AP Biology 17 Circulatory systems ▪ All animals have: ◆ circulatory fluid = “blood” ◆ tubes = blood vessels ◆ muscular pump = heart open closed hemolymph blood
- 18. AP Biology 18 Open circulatory system ▪ Taxonomy ◆ invertebrates ▪ insects, arthropods, mollusks ▪ Structure ◆ no separation between blood & interstitial fluid ▪ hemolymph
- 19. AP Biology 19 Closed circulatory system ▪ Taxonomy ◆ invertebrates ▪ earthworms, squid, octopuses ◆ vertebrates ▪ Structure ◆ blood confined to vessels & separate from interstitial fluid ▪ 1 or more hearts ▪ large vessels to smaller vessels ▪ material diffuses between vessels & interstitial fluid closed system = higher pressures
- 20. AP Biology 20 Vertebrate circulatory system ▪ Adaptations in closed system ◆ number of heart chambers differs 4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich & oxygen- poor blood; maintains high pressure What’s the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart? 2 3 4 low pressure to body low O2 to body high pressure & high O2 to body
- 21. AP Biology 21 Evolution of vertebrate circulatory system fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals A A V V V V V A A A A A V 2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber Birds AND mammals! Wassssup?!
- 22. AP Biology 22 Evolution of 4-chambered heart convergent evolution ▪ Selective forces ◆ body size ▪ protection from predation ▪ bigger body = bigger stomach for herbivores ◆ endothermy ▪ can colonize more habitats ◆ flight ▪ decrease predation & increase prey capture ▪ Effect of higher metabolic rate ◆ greater need for energy, fuels, O2, waste removal ▪ endothermic animals need 10x energy ▪ need to deliver 10x fuel & O2 to cells
- 23. AP Biology 23 Vertebrate cardiovascular system ▪ Chambered heart ◆ atrium = receive blood ◆ ventricle = pump blood out ▪ Blood vessels ◆ arteries = carry blood away from heart ▪ arterioles ◆ veins = return blood to heart ▪ venules ◆ capillaries = point of exchange, thin wall ▪ capillary beds = networks of capillaries
- 26. AP Biology 26 Blood vessels arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins artery arterioles venules veins
- 27. AP Biology 27 Arteries: Built for high pressure pump ▪ Arteries ◆ thicker walls ▪ provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood ◆ narrower diameter ◆ elasticity ▪ elastic recoil helps maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes
- 28. AP Biology 28 Veins: Built for low pressure flow ▪ Veins ◆ thinner-walled ◆ wider diameter ▪ blood travels back to heart at low velocity & pressure ▪ lower pressure distant from heart blood must flow by skeletal muscle contractions when we move ◼ squeeze blood through veins ◆ valves ▪ in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to flow only toward heart Open valve Blood flows toward heart Closed valve
- 29. AP Biology 29 Capillaryies: Built for exchange ▪ Capillaries ◆ very thin walls ▪ lack 2 outer wall layers ▪ only endothelium enhances exchange across capillary
- 30. AP Biology 30 Controlling blood flow to tissues ▪ Blood flow in capillaries controlled by pre-capillary sphincters ▪ supply varies as blood is needed ▪ after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases ▪ during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive tract to skeletal muscles ◆ capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled to capacity sphincters open sphincters closed Why?
- 31. AP Biology 31 Exchange across capillary walls Arteriole Blood flow Venule Lymphatic capillary Interstitial fluid Fluid & solutes flows out of capillaries to tissues due to blood pressure ▪ “bulk flow” Interstitial fluid flows back into capillaries due to osmosis ▪ plasma proteins osmotic pressure in capillary BP > OP BP < OP 15% fluid returns via lymph 85% fluid returns to capillaries What about edema? Capillary
- 32. AP Biology 32 Lymphatic system ▪ Parallel circulatory system ◆ transports white blood cells ▪ defending against infection ◆ collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood ▪ maintains volume & protein concentration of blood ▪ drains into circulatory system near junction of vena cava & right atrium
- 33. AP Biology 33 Lymph System
- 34. AP Biology 34 Mammalian circulation What do blue vs. red areas represent? pulmonary systemic systemic
- 35. AP Biology 35 Mammalian heart Coronary arteries to neck & head & arms
- 36. AP Biology 36 Coronary arteries bypass surgery
- 37. AP Biology 37 AV SL AV Heart valves ▪ 4 valves in the heart ◆ flaps of connective tissue ◆ prevent backflow ▪ Atrioventricular (AV) valve ◆ between atrium & ventricle ◆ keeps blood from flowing back into atria when ventricles contract ▪ “lub” ▪ Semilunar valves ◆ between ventricle & arteries ◆ prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles while they are relaxing ▪ “dub”
- 38. AP Biology 38 AV SL AV Lub-dub, lub-dub ▪ Heart sounds ◆ closing of valves ◆ “Lub” ▪ recoil of blood against closed AV valves ◆ “Dub” ▪ recoil of blood against semilunar valves ▪ Heart murmur ◆ defect in valves causes hissing sound when stream of blood squirts backward through valve
- 39. AP Biology 39 Cardiac cycle systolic ________ diastolic pump (peak pressure) _________________ fill (minimum pressure) ▪ 1 complete sequence of pumping ◆ heart contracts & pumps ◆ heart relaxes & chambers fill ◆ contraction phase ▪ systole ▪ ventricles pumps blood out ◆ relaxation phase ▪ diastole ▪ atria refill with blood
- 40. AP Biology 40 Measurement of blood pressure ▪ High Blood Pressure (hypertension) ◆ if top number (systolic pumping) > 150 ◆ if bottom number (diastolic filling) > 90
- 41. AP Biology Bloody well ask some questions, already!
- 42. AP Biology 42 Tugas Individu ▪ Jelaskan haematopoeisis pada hewan ternak [sapi, kambing, kelinci dan unggas (burung dan ayam)]! Lengkapi dengan bagan dari pustaka! ▪ Bagaimana sistim sirkulasi darah pada hewan- hewan ternak tersebut! Lengkapi dengan bagan dari pustaka! ▪ Bagaimana sistim immune pada hewan-hewan ternak tersebut! Lengkapi dengan bagan dari pustaka!
- 43. AP Biology 43 Tugas Individu ▪ Tugas ditulis tangan (tulisan harus jelas terbaca) pada kertas folio bergaris menggunakan ballpoint tinta biru (bukan spidol)! ▪ Jawaban harus disertai dengan min. 5 (lima) pustaka tahun 1990–2009. ▪ Apabila ada jawaban yang sama, maka nilai akan dibagi dengan jumlah jawaban yang sama. ▪ Tugas dikumpulkan pada hari Senin, 30 Maret 2009 paling lambat jam 11.00 WIB melalui Ketua Klas dan diserahkan secara kolektif pada Dosen.
- 44. 44