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Preparing for the second assignment. 1. The report   marking criteria 2. An overview of POLC
Preliminaries - 10% ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Introduction – 20% ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Discussion – 40% Identifies, discusses  and evaluates……   a range of selected theories and concepts from two management functions that address/respond to events/issues Conclusion – 10% Draws logical deductions, sums up the main points, refers to underlying themes and may identify unresolved issues Recommendations -10% Suggested course of action with clear and specific action statements (justification not needed here) Academic sources – 5% >2 or  Text + 2, +5, +6 relevant journal  articles YOU MUST STILL CITE SOURCES AND DO A REFERENCE LIST Language & grammar – 5%
The 4 functions of management Figure 18.1
Planning
Why do managers plan? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of plans Figure 7.1
Organising
Organising Design Table 10.2
Organisational designs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Organising people  The HRM process Figure 11.2
Leading
Managers versus leaders ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Leaders Motivate ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Process Theories of Motivation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Controlling
What is control? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
To get started ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Next ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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More detailed hints on Assignment 2

Editor's Notes

  1. Control is important to managers because it is the final link in the functional chain of management. It is the only way managers know whether organisational goals are being met and why they are, or why they are not. Control is critical in its relation to planning and delegation. Planning - Management is an ongoing process, and controlling activities provides the critical link back to planning. If managers did not control they would not know whether their objectives and plans were on target and what future actions to take. Many managers are reluctant to delegate . This reluctance to delegate, however can be reduced if managers develop an effective control system. Such a control system can provide information and feedback on the performance of subordinates to whom they have delegated their authority. As the final link in management functions: Planning Controls let managers know whether their goals and plans are on target and what future actions to take. Empowering employees Control systems provide managers with information and feedback on employee performance. Protecting the workplace Controls enhance physical security and help minimize workplace disruptions.
  2. Think of examples of corporate collapses. Consider the extent to which lack of planning may have been a contributing factor to the problems.
  3. Identify examples of organisations that appear to fall under either of these categories.
  4. Simple structure Low departmentalization, wide spans of control, centralised authority, little formalization Functional structure Departmentalization by function Operations, finance, human resources, and product research and development Divisional structure Composed of separate business units or divisions with limited autonomy under the coordination and control the parent corporation. Simple structure is an organisational design with low departmentalisation, wide spans of control, authority centralised in a single person and little formalisation. It is most widely used by small businesses in which the owner and manager are one and the same. Consider how a large organisation may at least simulate a simple structure. Discuss under what circumstances this may be appropriate. Team structures The entire organisation is made up of work groups or self-managed teams of empowered employees. Matrix and project structures Specialists for different functional departments are assigned to work on projects led by project managers. Matrix participants have two managers. Project structures Employees work continuously on projects; moving on to another project as each project is completed. The term ‘boundaryless organisation’ was coined by General Electric’s chairman, Jack Welch, to describe an organisation whose design is not defined by, or limited to, the boundaries imposed by a predefined structure. Many of today’s organisations are finding that they can operate most effectively in today’s environment by remaining flexible and unstructured: the ideal structure for them is not having a rigid, predefined structure. The boundaryless organisation seeks to eliminate the chain of command , to have limitless spans of control and to replace departments with empowered teams . The need to respond to complex, rapidly changing and highly competitive global environments has created the necessity for an organisation structure that can adapt quickly in response to environmental factors. The Boundaryless organisation A flexible and unstructured organisational design that is intended to break down external barriers between the organisation and its customers and suppliers. Removes internal (horizontal) boundaries: Eliminates the chain of command Has limitless spans of control Uses empowered teams rather than departments Eliminates external boundaries: Uses virtual, network, and modular organisational structures to get closer to stakeholders. The learning organisation An organisation that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change through the practice of knowledge management by employees. Characteristics of a learning organisation: A learning organisation is one that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change because all members take an active role in identifying and resolving work-related issues. In a learning organisation employees are continually acquiring and sharing new knowledge and are willing to apply that knowledge in making decisions or performing their work. Important characteristics of learning organisations revolve around organisational design, information sharing, leadership and culture. Organisation design In learning organisations boundaries are minimised or eliminated, teams are involved in cross sharing of ideas and collaboration and they are empowered to make decisions about their work or resolving issues. Organisational culture In a learning organisation the culture is one where individuals recognise a shared vision, there is a strong sense of community, caring for each other and trust. Information sharing A critical element of a learning environment is information. This means it must be shared openly, in a timely manner and in as accurate a form as possible. Leadership Learning organisations need leaders who facilitate the creation of a shared vision and as well support and encourage the collaborative environment necessary for a learning organisation to be successful. This requires strong and committed leadership.
  5. Motivation is defined as the willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organisational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need. Employee performance is a function of ability and motivation. Ability is addressed in selection and training procedures. Motivation is developed through a complex interaction of job design, performance appraisal, pay and rewards, and the actions of superiors. Effort is a measure of intensity. To be effective, effort must be channeled and focused to reach organisational and individual goals.
  6. All managers need to be involved in the control process even if their units are performing as planned. Managers cannot really know whether their units are performing properly until they have evaluated what activities have been done and have compared the actual performance with the desired standard. An effective control system ensures that activities are completed in ways that lead to the attainment of the organisational goals.