The document discusses molecular markers and genetic markers used in plant breeding. It describes the three main types of genetic markers - morphological, biochemical, and molecular or DNA markers. Molecular markers, also known as DNA markers, are useful tools in plant breeding for assessing diversity and genetic mapping.

4. PCRPCR..
PCRPCR..
Molecular MarkersMolecular Markers..
DNA MarkersDNA Markers
DNA MarkersDNA Markers

5. Genetic MarkersGenetic Markers..
11Morphological MarkersMorphological Markers..
22Biochemical MarkersBiochemical Markers..
33Molecular or DNA MarkersMolecular or DNA Markers..

6. Molecular MarkersMolecular Markers
Plant BreedingPlant Breeding

7. ‫تتتتتت‬ ‫تتتتت‬ -‫ت‬‫تتتتتت‬ ‫تتتتت‬ -‫ت‬
Plant BreedingPlant Breeding::

8. Steps of Plant BreedingSteps of Plant Breeding
The following are the major activities of plant breedingThe following are the major activities of plant breeding::
1- Creation of variation1- Creation of variation
2- Selection2- Selection
3- Evaluation3- Evaluation
4- Multiplication4- Multiplication
5- Distribution of the new variety5- Distribution of the new variety

9. ..
P = G + E + (GxEP = G + E + (GxE((

10. Genetic MarkersGenetic Markers
‫للللللل‬ -‫ل‬‫للللللل‬ -‫ل‬
‫لللللللل‬‫لللللللل‬Genetic MarkersGenetic Markers::

11. Morphological MarkersMorphological Markers..
Biochemical MarkersBiochemical Markers..
Molecular or DNA MarkersMolecular or DNA Markers..

12. Morphological MarkersMorphological Markers::

13. Biochemical MarkersBiochemical Markers::
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14. Molecular or DNA MarkersMolecular or DNA Markers::
DNADNA
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DiversityDiversity((..
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MappingMapping.(.(