The document discusses the mole concept, including essential definitions and the significance of Avogadro's contributions, such as Avogadro's law and the Avogadro constant. It also covers key topics like isotopes, Boyle's law, Charles's law, and provides an overview of chemical elements and their properties. Finally, it highlights the relationship between atoms and molecules in the context of chemistry.

1. Mole
Concept
Important
Terminologies,
Definitions and
Postulations
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3. MOLE- symbol- mol
It is often more convenient for
us to group objects into
defined units of measure
for calculations.

4. Units of Measure
For example cement and sand are
usually measured in standardised
measuring pots or by standardised
dices having a known and commonly
agreed weight.

5. Countable V Uncountable
Roses and pebbles commonly
sold in units of 12, a dozen

6. Know the units or each substance
prepare a table.
Sl No. Substance Units Symbol Remarks
1 Sugar Grams G Lucid Solid
2 Kerosene Oil Litre L Liquid
3 Oxygen Litre L gas

7. The Unit of Mole
Chemists use the unit of a mole to
group atoms, molecules, or other
things into workable units.

8. Avogadro
If you have a mole of something, that
means that you have
602,204,500,000,000,000,000,000 of it.

9. Amedeo Avogadro
Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo
Avogadro,
(/ˌɑːvəˈɡɑːdroʊ/)
Count of Quaregna and Cerreto (9 August
1776 – 9 July 1856), was an Italian scientist,
most noted for his contribution to molecular
theory now known as Avogadro's law

10. Avogadro’s Law states that equal volumes of
gases under the same conditions of temperature
and pressure will contain equal numbers of
molecules. In tribute to him, the number of
elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions or
other particles) in 1 mole of a substance,
6.022140857(74)×1023, is known as the Avogadro
constant, one of the seven SI base units and
represented by NA.

11. Avogadro
• Born 9 August 1776
• Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia
• Died 9 July 1856 (aged 79)
• Turin, Piedmont-Sardinia
• Nationality Italian
• Fields Physics
• Institutions University of Turin
• Known for Avogadro's law
Avogadro constant
Avogadro's number
Signature

12. Avogadro’s Number

13. Avogadro’s Number
The Avogadro constant 6.022 1023
is defined as the number of atoms
in exactly 12 g of carbon-12

14. Carbon 12
Carbon-12 is the more abundant of the two
stable isotopes of carbon, amounting to 98.93%
of the element carbon; its abundance is due to
the triple-alpha process by which it is created in
stars. Carbon-12 is of particular importance in its
use as the standard from which atomic masses
of all nuclides are measured: its mass number is
12 by definition and contains 6 protons, 6
neutrons and 6 electrons.

15. Isotope
Any of two or more forms of a chemical element,
having the same number of protons in the nucleus,
or the same atomic number, but having different
numbers of neutrons in the nucleus, or different
atomic weights. There are 275 isotopes of the 81
stable elements, in addition to over 800 radioactive
isotopes, and every element has known isotopic
forms. Isotopes of a single element possess almost
identical properties.

16. Isotopes of Carbon
• Carbon (6C) has 15 known isotopes, from 8C to 22C, of
which 12C and 13C are stable. The longest-lived
radioisotope is 14C, with a half-life of 5,700 years.
This is also the only carbon radioisotope found in
nature—trace quantities are formed cosmogenically
by the reaction 14N + 1n → 14C + 1H. The most
stable artificial radioisotope is 11C, which has a half-
life of 20.334 minutes. All other radioisotopes have
half-lives under 20 seconds, most less than 200
milliseconds. The least stable isotope is 8C, with a
half-life of 2.0 x 10−21 s.

17. Boyle’s Law
Boyle's Law states that Volume of a given
mass of dry gas is inversely proportional
to its pressure at a constant temperature

18. Charles's Law
Charlse's Law is Volume of a given mass of
a dry gas is directly proportional to its
absolute (kelvin) temperature, if the
pressure is kept constant

19. Guy-Lussac's Law
of combining Volumes
Guy-Lussac's Law of combining Volumes
states that when gases react, they do so in
volumes which bear a simple ratio to one
another, and to the volume of gaseous
product, provided that all the volumes are
measured at the same temperature and
pressure.

20. Chemical Element
A chemical element or element is a species of
atoms having the same number of protons in their
atomic nuclei (i.e. the same atomic number, or Z).
There are 118 elements that have been identified,
of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with
the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There
are 80 elements that have at least one stable
isotope and 38 that have exclusively radioactive
isotopes, which decay over time into other
elements. Iron is the most abundant element (by
mass) making up Earth, while oxygen is the most
common element in the Earth's crust.

21. Atom
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of
ordinary matter that has the properties of a
chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and
plasma is composed of neutral or ionized
atoms. Atoms are very small; typical sizes are
around 100 picometers (a ten-billionth of a
meter, in the short scale).

22. Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group
of two or more atoms held together by
chemical bonds. Molecules are
distinguished from ions by their lack of
electrical charge

28. Lot more to it
We’ll discuss it all in
our next sessions

29. THANK
YOU
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