Moisture Mapping of Freeze Dryer
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BTLThe moisture content within a freeze dried material has a direct effect on the glass transition (Tg) of the material. Moisture content across a shelf or batch may vary, causing discrepencies or even stability issues.
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The Importance of Critical Temperatures in the Freeze Drying of Pharmaceuticals
What are critical temperatures and why are they important to the freeze drying process? An introduction to formulation analysis.
Use Of Freeze Drying Microscopy To Determine Critical Parameters
Freeze-drying microscopy (FDM) allows observation of materials during freeze-drying at the microscopic level. FDM can determine critical parameters like collapse temperature and eutectic temperature prior to lyophilization. It does this by observing changes in sample structure as the temperature is varied, such as when the sample collapses or melts. FDM provides visual information on various freeze-drying phenomena that can be useful for formulation and process development.
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freeze drying
Freeze drying, also known as lyophilization, is a process used to preserve thermolabile materials such as foods, biological products, and pharmaceuticals. It works by freezing the material and then reducing the pressure and adding heat to allow the frozen solvent, such as water, to sublimate from the solid phase to gas phase without passing through the liquid phase. The process involves three main stages - freezing, primary drying where sublimation occurs, and secondary drying where remaining bound water is removed. Freeze drying preserves materials by removing water while retaining the material's structure, allowing heat-sensitive substances to be dried and stored without refrigeration.
Freeze Drying (Lyophilization)- Pharmaceutical Engineering
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Equipments
References
Definition
A stabilizing process in which a substance is first frozen and then the quantity of the solvent is reduced, first by sublimation (primary drying stage) and then desorption (secondary drying stage) to values that will no longer support biological activity or chemical reactions.
History
Freeze drying was first actively developed during WORLD WAR II transport of serum.
The main aim was to store the products without refrigeration and to remove moisture from thermolabile compounds.
Atlas in 1961 built 6 production freeze drying cabinet for Nestle group in Germany, Holland.
Principle
Lyophilization is carried out using a simple principle of physics sublimation. Sublimation is the transition of a substance from the solid to the vapour state, without first passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Lyophilization is performed at temperature and pressure conditions below the triple point, to enable sublimation of ice.
The entire process is performed at low temperature and pressure by applying vacuum, hence is suited for drying of thermolabile compounds.
The concentration gradient of water vapour between the drying front and condenser is the driving force for removal of water during lyophilization.
Freeze drying - lyophilization
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Recommended
The Importance of Critical Temperatures in the Freeze Drying of Pharmaceuticals
What are critical temperatures and why are they important to the freeze drying process? An introduction to formulation analysis.
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Freeze-drying microscopy (FDM) allows observation of materials during freeze-drying at the microscopic level. FDM can determine critical parameters like collapse temperature and eutectic temperature prior to lyophilization. It does this by observing changes in sample structure as the temperature is varied, such as when the sample collapses or melts. FDM provides visual information on various freeze-drying phenomena that can be useful for formulation and process development.
Alternatives To Lyophilization Visiongain Lyo Searles
1. The document discusses alternatives to lyophilization for drying pharmaceuticals and biologics, including spray drying, bubble drying, spray-freeze drying, stirred freeze drying, and foam drying.
2. It provides details on various drying processes and technologies such as Aktiv-Dry bubble drying and Niro spray drying systems. Case studies are presented on drying different materials like vaccines, antibodies, and insulin using these alternative methods.
3. Comparative results from studies drying live virus vaccines and monoclonal antibodies using lyophilization, spray drying, and foam drying are described, showing in some cases alternatives like foam drying produced more stable products.
Lyophilization Technology (Freez Drying)
A stabilizing process in which a substance is first frozen and then the quantity of the solvent is reduced, first by sublimation (primary drying stage) and then desorption (secondary drying stage) to values that will no longer support biological activity or chemical reactions
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freeze drying
Freeze drying, also known as lyophilization, is a process used to preserve thermolabile materials such as foods, biological products, and pharmaceuticals. It works by freezing the material and then reducing the pressure and adding heat to allow the frozen solvent, such as water, to sublimate from the solid phase to gas phase without passing through the liquid phase. The process involves three main stages - freezing, primary drying where sublimation occurs, and secondary drying where remaining bound water is removed. Freeze drying preserves materials by removing water while retaining the material's structure, allowing heat-sensitive substances to be dried and stored without refrigeration.
Freeze Drying (Lyophilization)- Pharmaceutical Engineering
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Equipments
References
Definition
A stabilizing process in which a substance is first frozen and then the quantity of the solvent is reduced, first by sublimation (primary drying stage) and then desorption (secondary drying stage) to values that will no longer support biological activity or chemical reactions.
History
Freeze drying was first actively developed during WORLD WAR II transport of serum.
The main aim was to store the products without refrigeration and to remove moisture from thermolabile compounds.
Atlas in 1961 built 6 production freeze drying cabinet for Nestle group in Germany, Holland.
Principle
Lyophilization is carried out using a simple principle of physics sublimation. Sublimation is the transition of a substance from the solid to the vapour state, without first passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Lyophilization is performed at temperature and pressure conditions below the triple point, to enable sublimation of ice.
The entire process is performed at low temperature and pressure by applying vacuum, hence is suited for drying of thermolabile compounds.
The concentration gradient of water vapour between the drying front and condenser is the driving force for removal of water during lyophilization.
Freeze drying - lyophilization
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Lyophilization
Lyophilization, also known as freeze drying, is a process used to preserve thermolabile materials such as pharmaceuticals and food by removing water from the materials after they are frozen. The process involves freezing the material, reducing pressure to allow the frozen water to sublimate directly from the solid phase to gas phase, and then using low temperatures and pressure to remove remaining water. Freeze drying allows heat-sensitive materials to be dried without significant damage and results in a material that can be stored without refrigeration and reconstituted by adding water. Common applications of lyophilization include preserving vaccines, plasma, bacteria, and thermolabile pharmaceuticals to extend their shelf life.
Lyophilization
Lyophilization, or freeze drying, is a process used to preserve thermolabile pharmaceutical products and biological materials. It works by freezing the product and then reducing pressure to allow the frozen water in the product to sublime from a solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase. This allows heat-sensitive materials to be dried without excessive heat damage. The process involves freezing the product, primary drying where ice is removed by sublimation under vacuum, and secondary drying where remaining bound water is removed by desorption. Freeze drying is useful for preserving materials like vaccines, blood products, enzymes and other biologics as it prevents degradation and improves stability at low temperatures.
Lyophilization process
Lyophilizer history, Lyophilization and it's validation aspects are discussed in this slide. Triple point, temperature maping etc.
Freeze drying
Freeze dryers work by first freezing the material and then using sublimation to turn frozen water directly into a gas. The key parts are drying chambers, heating coils, a vapor condensing system, and a vacuum pump. Freeze drying preserves the quality, shape, and rehydration properties of materials like foods and biological samples since it occurs below the freezing point and does not require melting. Its applications include heat-sensitive materials like foods, pharmaceuticals, and biological cultures.
Lyophlization
Lyophilization, also known as freeze drying, is a process that removes water from a material through sublimation while preserving its structure and composition. It works by first freezing the material and then reducing the pressure and increasing the temperature to allow the frozen water to change directly from solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase. A simple lyophilizer freezes materials on heated shelves, lowers the chamber pressure to 0.06 atmospheres using a vacuum pump, causing the frozen water to sublimate into a gas and condense on a freezing coil outside the chamber. Lyophilization is used to preserve bacterial and viral cultures, dry numerous products, and store water-damaged materials like manuscripts.
Lyophilization technology
Lyophilization, or freeze drying, is a process that removes water from a frozen product under vacuum conditions, allowing ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing through the liquid phase. The process consists of three main steps - freezing, primary drying where ice sublimates under vacuum, and secondary drying to remove residual moisture. Lyophilization is useful for drying thermolabile compounds as it occurs at low temperatures, resulting in a stable dry powder that can be reconstituted for use.
Freeze drying
A process used to increase shelf life of bilogical as well as those drugs having problem in their stability for long term storage
General consideration for process design of lyophilized product
Lyophilization is commonly used to improve stability and shelf life of injectable drugs like proteins, peptides, and liposomes. It involves three steps: freezing, primary drying where ice sublimates under vacuum, and secondary drying to remove bound water. Key considerations for lyophilization process design include excipient selection, filling container and closure system selection, pre-formulation studies, and ensuring the reconstituted product is suitable for injection. Process parameters like freezing rate and temperature, drying temperature and vacuum level must be optimized. Quality attributes of the lyophilized cake and reconstituted drug product are monitored through analytical testing and stability studies.
Freeze drying
This document discusses lyophilization or freeze drying, which is a process used to dehydrate foods and pharmaceuticals. It involves freezing the material, reducing pressure to allow the frozen water to sublimate, and then further drying at a higher temperature to remove bound water. The key stages are pre-freezing, primary drying where ice sublimates, and secondary drying to remove bound water. Freeze drying retains nutrients, flavor, and texture better than other drying methods. It allows for long shelf life but is more expensive than other methods. Common industrial freeze dryers include tray and tunnel dryers.
Lyophillization
This document provides an overview of the freeze drying (lyophilization) process. It discusses the three main steps: freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying. Freezing involves cooling the material below its freezing point. Primary drying occurs under vacuum where water sublimates from the frozen material. Secondary drying removes unfrozen water under higher temperature and lower pressure. The document also describes the components and working of freeze drying equipment, including the refrigeration system, vacuum system, product chamber, and condenser. Common excipients used in lyophilized formulations are discussed, such as bulking agents, stabilizers, and buffers.
A basic-theory-and-brief-history
This document provides an overview of lyophilization technology and freeze drying processes. It discusses:
1) The history of freeze drying including uses in medicine, food, and other industries.
2) How lyophilization works to remove water from pharmaceuticals through sublimation under reduced pressure and temperatures, leaving a dry and stable product.
3) The advantages of lyophilizing pharmaceuticals including improved stability, solubility, and ease of dosing compared to conventional drying methods.
4) Key aspects of the lyophilization process including heat and mass transfer dynamics and how process parameters like temperature, pressure and time impact the sublimation rate.
Lyophilization 1
Lyophilization, or freeze drying, is a process used to preserve thermolabile materials such as pharmaceuticals and foods. It involves freezing the material and then reducing pressure and adding heat to allow the frozen solvent, such as water, to sublime from the solid phase to gas. This avoids damage from melting. Key advantages are retaining structure, heat sensitivity, and allowing storage at room temperature. The process uses vacuum chambers, refrigeration systems, and condensers to freeze and dry the material in stages. Common applications are heat-sensitive drugs and vaccines.
Freeze drying
Freeze drying, also called lyophilization, is a process where material is frozen and then subjected to high vacuum pressure to sublime the frozen water in the form of vapor. It involves pretreating the product, freezing it, primary drying where ice sublimes under low pressure and heat, and secondary drying to remove remaining unfrozen water. Freeze drying retains most of the food's structure, flavor, and nutrients and produces a lightweight product with a long shelf life.
Lyophilization technology
This document discusses lyophilization technology. It defines lyophilization as a process where a substance is first frozen and then dried under vacuum to remove solvent via sublimation and desorption. The document outlines the history, principle, objectives, steps, equipment, advantages and disadvantages of lyophilization. The key steps are freezing the product, applying a vacuum to enable solvent sublimation without passing through liquid phase, and using low temperatures to drive off moisture. Lyophilization allows thermolabile materials to be dried and improves stability, shelf life and reconstitution of products.
What is Lyophilization?
Founded in 1988, Pyramid Laboratories, Inc., is a contract parenteral drug manufacturer and analytical provider that serves both the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Among the Pyramid Laboratories, Inc., offerings is its equipment, including a laboratory-scale lyophilizer as well as a differential scanning calorimeter, along with a team of scientists to optimize the formulation of the product for lyophilization, also known as freeze-drying.
Freeze drying
This document discusses freeze drying (lyophilization), including its principles, stages of the process, methods of freezing materials, advantages, and applications. Freeze drying works by first freezing the material to be preserved and then removing water by sublimation under a vacuum. This preserves the material's structure and composition while removing moisture. Common applications of freeze drying include preserving pharmaceuticals, foods, and biological materials as it results in materials that can be stored at room temperature for extended periods of time.
Sublimation And Desication
Sublimation is a purification process where a solid transitions directly to its gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. It involves precise control of individual purification steps under vacuum or gas flow conditions. Sublimation is commonly used to purify pharmaceuticals and can also be used to create freeze-dried substances or porous drug tablets using a sublimating material like camphor. Another application is sublimating dye onto fabrics to create designs without affecting the fabric's feel or performance.
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The document discusses freeze drying and lyophilizer maintenance. It begins with an introduction to freeze drying and its importance. It then covers the freeze drying process sequence, calibration of lyophilizers, types of maintenance including preventative and corrective, and maintenance of lyophilizer components. Key aspects of maintenance discussed include calibration, cleaning, leak testing, and ensuring proper operation of systems like refrigeration, vacuum pumps and more. Routine maintenance is emphasized as important for reliable performance and quality results from freeze drying.
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Every freeze-drying formulation has a critical temperature. During primary drying the formulation must be kept below this temperature in order to prevent processing defects or complete collapse. Improperly dried products will exhibit reduced levels of activity, decreased solubility, and poor stability - even if they do not look any different.
Freeze drying microscopy enables critical temperatures such as collapse, melting and freezing point to be quickly and easily identified with as little 2ml of the formulation. With this information freeze drying cycles can be designed that are efficient, robust and safe for your product.
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Lyophilization
Lyophilization, also known as freeze drying, is a process used to preserve thermolabile materials such as pharmaceuticals and food by removing water from the materials after they are frozen. The process involves freezing the material, reducing pressure to allow the frozen water to sublimate directly from the solid phase to gas phase, and then using low temperatures and pressure to remove remaining water. Freeze drying allows heat-sensitive materials to be dried without significant damage and results in a material that can be stored without refrigeration and reconstituted by adding water. Common applications of lyophilization include preserving vaccines, plasma, bacteria, and thermolabile pharmaceuticals to extend their shelf life.
Lyophilization
Lyophilization, or freeze drying, is a process used to preserve thermolabile pharmaceutical products and biological materials. It works by freezing the product and then reducing pressure to allow the frozen water in the product to sublime from a solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase. This allows heat-sensitive materials to be dried without excessive heat damage. The process involves freezing the product, primary drying where ice is removed by sublimation under vacuum, and secondary drying where remaining bound water is removed by desorption. Freeze drying is useful for preserving materials like vaccines, blood products, enzymes and other biologics as it prevents degradation and improves stability at low temperatures.
Lyophilization process
Lyophilizer history, Lyophilization and it's validation aspects are discussed in this slide. Triple point, temperature maping etc.
Freeze drying
Freeze dryers work by first freezing the material and then using sublimation to turn frozen water directly into a gas. The key parts are drying chambers, heating coils, a vapor condensing system, and a vacuum pump. Freeze drying preserves the quality, shape, and rehydration properties of materials like foods and biological samples since it occurs below the freezing point and does not require melting. Its applications include heat-sensitive materials like foods, pharmaceuticals, and biological cultures.
Lyophlization
Lyophilization, also known as freeze drying, is a process that removes water from a material through sublimation while preserving its structure and composition. It works by first freezing the material and then reducing the pressure and increasing the temperature to allow the frozen water to change directly from solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase. A simple lyophilizer freezes materials on heated shelves, lowers the chamber pressure to 0.06 atmospheres using a vacuum pump, causing the frozen water to sublimate into a gas and condense on a freezing coil outside the chamber. Lyophilization is used to preserve bacterial and viral cultures, dry numerous products, and store water-damaged materials like manuscripts.
Lyophilization technology
Lyophilization, or freeze drying, is a process that removes water from a frozen product under vacuum conditions, allowing ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing through the liquid phase. The process consists of three main steps - freezing, primary drying where ice sublimates under vacuum, and secondary drying to remove residual moisture. Lyophilization is useful for drying thermolabile compounds as it occurs at low temperatures, resulting in a stable dry powder that can be reconstituted for use.
Freeze drying
A process used to increase shelf life of bilogical as well as those drugs having problem in their stability for long term storage
General consideration for process design of lyophilized product
Lyophilization is commonly used to improve stability and shelf life of injectable drugs like proteins, peptides, and liposomes. It involves three steps: freezing, primary drying where ice sublimates under vacuum, and secondary drying to remove bound water. Key considerations for lyophilization process design include excipient selection, filling container and closure system selection, pre-formulation studies, and ensuring the reconstituted product is suitable for injection. Process parameters like freezing rate and temperature, drying temperature and vacuum level must be optimized. Quality attributes of the lyophilized cake and reconstituted drug product are monitored through analytical testing and stability studies.
Freeze drying
This document discusses lyophilization or freeze drying, which is a process used to dehydrate foods and pharmaceuticals. It involves freezing the material, reducing pressure to allow the frozen water to sublimate, and then further drying at a higher temperature to remove bound water. The key stages are pre-freezing, primary drying where ice sublimates, and secondary drying to remove bound water. Freeze drying retains nutrients, flavor, and texture better than other drying methods. It allows for long shelf life but is more expensive than other methods. Common industrial freeze dryers include tray and tunnel dryers.
Lyophillization
This document provides an overview of the freeze drying (lyophilization) process. It discusses the three main steps: freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying. Freezing involves cooling the material below its freezing point. Primary drying occurs under vacuum where water sublimates from the frozen material. Secondary drying removes unfrozen water under higher temperature and lower pressure. The document also describes the components and working of freeze drying equipment, including the refrigeration system, vacuum system, product chamber, and condenser. Common excipients used in lyophilized formulations are discussed, such as bulking agents, stabilizers, and buffers.
A basic-theory-and-brief-history
This document provides an overview of lyophilization technology and freeze drying processes. It discusses:
1) The history of freeze drying including uses in medicine, food, and other industries.
2) How lyophilization works to remove water from pharmaceuticals through sublimation under reduced pressure and temperatures, leaving a dry and stable product.
3) The advantages of lyophilizing pharmaceuticals including improved stability, solubility, and ease of dosing compared to conventional drying methods.
4) Key aspects of the lyophilization process including heat and mass transfer dynamics and how process parameters like temperature, pressure and time impact the sublimation rate.
Lyophilization 1
Lyophilization, or freeze drying, is a process used to preserve thermolabile materials such as pharmaceuticals and foods. It involves freezing the material and then reducing pressure and adding heat to allow the frozen solvent, such as water, to sublime from the solid phase to gas. This avoids damage from melting. Key advantages are retaining structure, heat sensitivity, and allowing storage at room temperature. The process uses vacuum chambers, refrigeration systems, and condensers to freeze and dry the material in stages. Common applications are heat-sensitive drugs and vaccines.
Freeze drying
Freeze drying, also called lyophilization, is a process where material is frozen and then subjected to high vacuum pressure to sublime the frozen water in the form of vapor. It involves pretreating the product, freezing it, primary drying where ice sublimes under low pressure and heat, and secondary drying to remove remaining unfrozen water. Freeze drying retains most of the food's structure, flavor, and nutrients and produces a lightweight product with a long shelf life.
Lyophilization technology
This document discusses lyophilization technology. It defines lyophilization as a process where a substance is first frozen and then dried under vacuum to remove solvent via sublimation and desorption. The document outlines the history, principle, objectives, steps, equipment, advantages and disadvantages of lyophilization. The key steps are freezing the product, applying a vacuum to enable solvent sublimation without passing through liquid phase, and using low temperatures to drive off moisture. Lyophilization allows thermolabile materials to be dried and improves stability, shelf life and reconstitution of products.
What is Lyophilization?
Founded in 1988, Pyramid Laboratories, Inc., is a contract parenteral drug manufacturer and analytical provider that serves both the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Among the Pyramid Laboratories, Inc., offerings is its equipment, including a laboratory-scale lyophilizer as well as a differential scanning calorimeter, along with a team of scientists to optimize the formulation of the product for lyophilization, also known as freeze-drying.
Freeze drying
This document discusses freeze drying (lyophilization), including its principles, stages of the process, methods of freezing materials, advantages, and applications. Freeze drying works by first freezing the material to be preserved and then removing water by sublimation under a vacuum. This preserves the material's structure and composition while removing moisture. Common applications of freeze drying include preserving pharmaceuticals, foods, and biological materials as it results in materials that can be stored at room temperature for extended periods of time.
Sublimation And Desication
Sublimation is a purification process where a solid transitions directly to its gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. It involves precise control of individual purification steps under vacuum or gas flow conditions. Sublimation is commonly used to purify pharmaceuticals and can also be used to create freeze-dried substances or porous drug tablets using a sublimating material like camphor. Another application is sublimating dye onto fabrics to create designs without affecting the fabric's feel or performance.
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Lyophiliser
The document discusses freeze drying and lyophilizer maintenance. It begins with an introduction to freeze drying and its importance. It then covers the freeze drying process sequence, calibration of lyophilizers, types of maintenance including preventative and corrective, and maintenance of lyophilizer components. Key aspects of maintenance discussed include calibration, cleaning, leak testing, and ensuring proper operation of systems like refrigeration, vacuum pumps and more. Routine maintenance is emphasized as important for reliable performance and quality results from freeze drying.
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General consideration for process design of lyophilized product
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Freeze drying microscopy enables critical temperatures such as collapse, melting and freezing point to be quickly and easily identified with as little 2ml of the formulation. With this information freeze drying cycles can be designed that are efficient, robust and safe for your product.
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Freeze drying is a process that removes water from foods or other materials by freezing the product and then reducing pressure to allow the frozen water to sublimate from the solid to gas phase. It involves freezing, primary drying where the frozen water sublimates, and secondary drying to remove remaining unfrozen water. Freeze drying is useful for preserving foods, pharmaceuticals, and other temperature-sensitive materials as it avoids damaging heat and allows rehydration to the original state.
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freeze drying-1.pdf
Freeze drying, also called lyophilization, involves removing water from a frozen product by turning the ice directly into vapor through sublimation. This allows heat-sensitive materials like proteins and antibiotics to be dried without damage.
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Fe ppt drying
This document discusses various methods of food drying. It begins by explaining the basic principles of drying, including vaporization and diffusion of moisture from the food surface and interior. It then covers the advantages of drying foods, such as long shelf life and ease of storage and transport. Various drying methods are described, including contact, vacuum, freeze and solar drying. The document provides details on each method and discusses their advantages and limitations. It also covers traditional sun drying and newer technologies like microwave, osmotic and superheated steam drying.
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Moisture Mapping of Freeze Dryer
- 1. Moisture mapping using headspace moisture analysis Isobel Cook BSc MRSC Principal Scientist Biopharma Technology Limited – specialists in freeze drying research and development www.btl-solutions.net
- 6. FMS / KF moisture correlation Water can have different association/affinity within the freeze dried material which varies with the formulation For amorphous sucrose the intercept is at 1% w/w by KF Indicate moisture retained in cake when none observed in headspace. This is not unsurprising given the hygroscopicity of sucrose
- 9. Vial heat transfer in a freeze dryer Vapour escapes through gap in stopper Top layer dries first Freeze dryer shelf Heat transfer by direct conduction from the shelf to the vial and product Heat transfer by gaseous convection Heat transfer by radiation from side Walls of the freeze dryer Central vials have greater shielding from side wall radiation This observation can be explained by radiation and shielding effects Edge vial effects bigger at lower temperatures
- 20. Thank you Any questions? Isobel Cook Principal Scientist BSc MRSC Biopharma Technology Limited – specialists in freeze drying research and development www.btl-solutions.net
- 21. Presented during “Emerging Technologies in Freeze Drying”, Cambridge, 11 th May 2011. Event organised by BPS and BTL, www.biopharma.co.uk www.btl-solutions.net
Editor's Notes
- The Tg is the point at which a material can be observed to undergo structural change, this has a direct effect on the
- KF total moisture if 100% soluble in solution
- Need to take into account variable factors where possible
- Frequency 1400nm
- Once a material/system has demonstrated a good KF/HSM correlation then the moisture can be mapped for an entire shelf of a freeze dryer.
- The plot indicates that vials close to the edge as well as the front or back of the shelf have moisture contents below 2% (w/w), while higher moisture values were recorded in the centre of the tray.
- This observation can be explained by radiation and shielding effects; the vials towards the centre of the tray take longer to dry as they receive less radiative heat from the freeze dryer walls/viewing window as they are shielded by the vials around them
- -5 drying, sublimation cooling at ~25degC, variation to do drying at temp of crystallisation, though annealing should have done it
- Lower temp keep below crystalization temp, though annealing should have done it