The Medieval Church had a powerful influence in medieval Europe for several reasons. The Church became one of the most influential institutions as it provided order, security, and education when governments were weak after the fall of Rome. As the Church grew more powerful in the 11th century, popes gained influence over both religious and political affairs on the continent. They began actively reforming and governing the Church, bringing them into conflict with other leaders, but also increasing their own authority. The Church came to play a central role in both the spiritual and daily lives of medieval Europeans.

1. The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval Church

2. Main IdeasMain Ideas
• What was the nature and influence of religion in theWhat was the nature and influence of religion in the
Middle Ages?Middle Ages?
• Why did the Church become powerful and importantWhy did the Church become powerful and important
in the Middle Ages?in the Middle Ages?
• ReformReform and changes swept through the Christianand changes swept through the Christian
Church, one of the most influential institutions inChurch, one of the most influential institutions in
medieval Europe.medieval Europe.
• PopesPopes gained influence over peoplegained influence over people’’s religious lives,s religious lives,
also over European politicsalso over European politics

3. Goals and Objectives:Goals and Objectives:
Goal 5 – The Church in the Middle AgesGoal 5 – The Church in the Middle Ages
•The student will evaluate the role of theThe student will evaluate the role of the
Christian church in the culture of medievalChristian church in the culture of medieval
Europe.Europe.
• 5.015.01  Evaluate the civil role of the Christian church inEvaluate the civil role of the Christian church in
medieval Europe.medieval Europe.
• 5.035.03  Summarize the nature of canon law of the ChristianSummarize the nature of canon law of the Christian
church and its role in the culture of medieval Europe.church and its role in the culture of medieval Europe.
• 5.045.04  Detail the various monastic movements includingDetail the various monastic movements including
but not limited to the Benedictines, Augustinians, Cluniacs,but not limited to the Benedictines, Augustinians, Cluniacs,
Cistercians, Dominicans, and Franciscans of medievalCistercians, Dominicans, and Franciscans of medieval
Europe and their impact on the culture of the ChristianEurope and their impact on the culture of the Christian
church and Europe.church and Europe.
• 5.055.05  Trace the Christian Crusades including but notTrace the Christian Crusades including but not
limited to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Crusades.limited to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Crusades.
• 5.065.06  Assess the causes and effects of the ChristianAssess the causes and effects of the Christian
Crusades on medieval Europe and the Middle East.Crusades on medieval Europe and the Middle East.

4. IntroductionIntroduction
• By 500 AD,By 500 AD, Germanic InvasionsGermanic Invasions had all buthad all but
destroyed the urban world of the Roman Empiredestroyed the urban world of the Roman Empire
• Trade DeclinedTrade Declined
• Cities, bridges, and roads fell into disrepair and disuse.Cities, bridges, and roads fell into disrepair and disuse.
• Law and Order Vanished, and education almostLaw and Order Vanished, and education almost
disappeareddisappeared
• Money was no longer usedMoney was no longer used
• For most, life did not extend beyond the tiny villagesFor most, life did not extend beyond the tiny villages
where they were born, lived and diedwhere they were born, lived and died
• Dark Ages!!!!Dark Ages!!!!

5. • People turned to church for order andPeople turned to church for order and
security.security.
• Germanic people called the FranksGermanic people called the Franks
were led by Clovis, who converted towere led by Clovis, who converted to
Christianity.Christianity.
• The Church adapts to the ruralThe Church adapts to the rural
conditions of Western Europe. Theconditions of Western Europe. The
Church built religious communitiesChurch built religious communities
called monasteries.called monasteries.

6. Dark AgesDark Ages
• Western Europe was so backward because ofWestern Europe was so backward because of
this decline that the early part of this period wasthis decline that the early part of this period was
once call the Dark Agesonce call the Dark Ages
• MedievalMedieval-- Latin for Middle AgeLatin for Middle Age
• Transition between ancient and modern timesTransition between ancient and modern times
• Out of this violent medieval period, or MiddleOut of this violent medieval period, or Middle
Ages, a dynamic civilization arose.Ages, a dynamic civilization arose.
• Combined elements classical and Germanic culturesCombined elements classical and Germanic cultures
with Christian beliefswith Christian beliefs

13. Notre Dame:
Gothic Architecture

16. Medieval Life ReviewMedieval Life Review
• FeudalismFeudalism - highly decentralized form of- highly decentralized form of
government that developed in western Europe.government that developed in western Europe.
• Stressed alliances of mutual protection betweenStressed alliances of mutual protection between
monarchs and nobles of various degrees of power.monarchs and nobles of various degrees of power.
• Land given to nobles in exchange for loyalty and militaryLand given to nobles in exchange for loyalty and military
aidaid
• With the land came peasants to farm itWith the land came peasants to farm it
• Nobles also had powers over land usually reserved forNobles also had powers over land usually reserved for
governmentsgovernments

17. FeudalismFeudalism
• A political, economic, and socialA political, economic, and social
system in which land was allocated insystem in which land was allocated in
exchange for services; roles andexchange for services; roles and
obligations were clearly defined forobligations were clearly defined for
all participantsall participants
• Grew out of Roman practices ofGrew out of Roman practices of
clientage/patronageclientage/patronage
• Originally developed as a means ofOriginally developed as a means of
protection and defense fromprotection and defense from
invasionsinvasions
• FeudalismFeudalism appeared in Europe duringappeared in Europe during
the 700s in the areas we know nowthe 700s in the areas we know now
asas France and GermanyFrance and Germany, as weak, as weak
governments sought solutions to thegovernments sought solutions to the
question of how to provide securityquestion of how to provide security
with limited resources. By the 1000s,with limited resources. By the 1000s,
most of western Europe practicedmost of western Europe practiced
some form of feudalism.some form of feudalism.
A French vassal receiving a feudal
grant from the king

18. Roles in the FeudalRoles in the Feudal
SystemSystem
• LordLord
• VassalVassal
• FiefFief
• ManorManor
• SerfSerf
Feudal serfs
Monarch
Nobles
Lesser Nobles/Knights
Peasants

19. RolesRoles
• Lord—Lord—A landowner, usually a noble, although sometimesA landowner, usually a noble, although sometimes
lords were bishopslords were bishops
• Vassal—Vassal—A person (usually a soldier) given a piece of land byA person (usually a soldier) given a piece of land by
the lordthe lord
• Fief—Fief—The land itself that is givenThe land itself that is given
• ManorManor (sometimes referred to in the context of the(sometimes referred to in the context of the
““manorial systemmanorial system””))——A basic unit of land, usually bigA basic unit of land, usually big
enough for the supervision of a single noble or knightenough for the supervision of a single noble or knight

20. KnightsKnights
Statue of a
medieval knight
 Knights tended to be vassals of nobles. In exchange for land, they
would swear an oath of fealty to the noble and agree to fight for
them and protect them.
 A knight’s training was rigorous and took a great deal of time: boys
were often chosen to be knights early in life so that training could
begin.
 Age 7: served as a “page,” an attendant in the personal service of
an individual knight; given basic lessons in horsemanship and
basic hand-to-hand fighting skills
 Age 14: successful students would be granted the title of
“squire,” included sword privileges and increasingly difficult
physical challenges and tasks such as assisting a knight in battle
 Age 21: formally qualified to become a knight
 Knights were supposed to live by a code of behavior known as
chivalry, which required them to remain loyal to their lords, fight
with honor, treat all with justice, and act politely towards women

21. The Medieval TournamentThe Medieval Tournament
Means of practicing military skillsMeans of practicing military skills
 Knights practiced their military skills in exercises known as
“tournaments”—mock battles that involved both real weapons
and actual combat
 Another popular sport in late medieval Europe was jousting,
which involved two knights charging each other on horseback
and attempting to dismount one another.

22. CastlesCastles
• Centers of noble life – serving as homes and fortressesCenters of noble life – serving as homes and fortresses
• Building a castle was often a lifelong pursuit for nobles;Building a castle was often a lifelong pursuit for nobles; some castles would even take severalsome castles would even take several
generations to completegenerations to complete. Castles were usually constructed by serfs and masons (. Castles were usually constructed by serfs and masons (craftsmencraftsmen
who worked with stone).who worked with stone). Once erected, these buildings would serve a number of purposes:Once erected, these buildings would serve a number of purposes:
Purposes:Purposes:
• IntimidationIntimidation——Castles were often built in the spirit of competition with other nobles, friendlyCastles were often built in the spirit of competition with other nobles, friendly
or otherwise. A large castle could serve as a sign of a nobleor otherwise. A large castle could serve as a sign of a noble’’s strength, esteem, or power.s strength, esteem, or power.
Castles were often placed on the highest point in a region so they could be seen from greatCastles were often placed on the highest point in a region so they could be seen from great
distances.distances.
• Military defenseMilitary defense——Castles were most certainly built with military use in mind. They hadCastles were most certainly built with military use in mind. They had
clever defensive designs, incorporating elements such as moats, large watchtowers, and highclever defensive designs, incorporating elements such as moats, large watchtowers, and high
walls. Castles were sometimes built on the outer regions of a noblewalls. Castles were sometimes built on the outer regions of a noble’’s land grant as a means ofs land grant as a means of
encroaching on another nobleencroaching on another noble’’s territory.s territory.
• ResidenceResidence——Nobles and their families lived in castles. The castles of the higher nobles wereNobles and their families lived in castles. The castles of the higher nobles were
often lavishly decorated, with rich tapestries on the walls, grand halls, and music rooms.often lavishly decorated, with rich tapestries on the walls, grand halls, and music rooms.
• Castles were dark, lit only by torches and fireplaces. The rooms were large and drafty becauseCastles were dark, lit only by torches and fireplaces. The rooms were large and drafty because
windows did not have glass in them.windows did not have glass in them.
Warwick Castle, England

23. • Medieval castles were designed in response toMedieval castles were designed in response to
the weaponry they had to withstand. Woodenthe weaponry they had to withstand. Wooden
castles were easily destroyed by the burningcastles were easily destroyed by the burning
missiles slung by siege weapons.missiles slung by siege weapons.
• Castles began to be built with stone and theirCastles began to be built with stone and their
walls were built higher and thicker—exposedwalls were built higher and thicker—exposed
walls could be as thick as 33 feet.walls could be as thick as 33 feet.
• Rectangular towers were rounded off to deflectRectangular towers were rounded off to deflect
missiles.missiles.
• As protection against battering rams, castle doorsAs protection against battering rams, castle doors
were reinforced with one or more iron grilles andwere reinforced with one or more iron grilles and
sometimes a second door.sometimes a second door.

24. Rectangular towers were
rounded off to deflect
missiles.
As protection against
battering rams, castle doors
were reinforced with one or
more iron grilles and
sometimes a second door.

25. Christian beliefsChristian beliefs
Christian Beliefs
• Manorialism, feudalism
encouraged local loyalties
• Christian beliefs brought
people across Europe together
in spiritual community of
Christendom
– Creation of a “churchly
kingdom”
• Religion touched almost every
aspect of Christians’ lives

26. Why was medievalWhy was medieval
clergy influential?clergy influential?
Religious CeremonyReligious Ceremony
• Major life events marked byMajor life events marked by
religious ceremoniesreligious ceremonies
• Monks acted as peacemakers,Monks acted as peacemakers,
prayed for safety of rulers, armiesprayed for safety of rulers, armies
• Church officials served as teachers,Church officials served as teachers,
record keepersrecord keepers
• Church leaders, or clergy,Church leaders, or clergy,
usually the only ones educatedusually the only ones educated
and literate during this timeand literate during this time
• Clergy peopleClergy people’’s main connections main connection
to church, had great influenceto church, had great influence
Christian church had strong influence over daily lives of
most Europeans; clergy were the people's link to the
church

27. Why was medievalWhy was medieval
clergy influential?clergy influential?
Growth of the ChurchGrowth of the Church
• Around 1000, influence ofAround 1000, influence of
church increased dramaticallychurch increased dramatically
• Great upwelling ofGreat upwelling of pietypiety, level, level
of devotion, in Europeof devotion, in Europe
• Members of Christian churchMembers of Christian church
became more devoutbecame more devout
(religious)(religious)
• Participation in religiousParticipation in religious
services increasedservices increased, thousands, thousands
flocked to monasteries, joinedflocked to monasteries, joined
religious ordersreligious orders

28. The Pope in the Middle AgesThe Pope in the Middle Ages
Popes as Political FiguresPopes as Political Figures
• Pope is head of Roman CatholicPope is head of Roman Catholic
Church and spiritual leaderChurch and spiritual leader
• During Middle Ages, they becameDuring Middle Ages, they became
powerful political figurespowerful political figures
• Gregory I (590) moves power ofGregory I (590) moves power of
pope intopope into secularsecular (everyday) world(everyday) world
—used Church money to build—used Church money to build
roads, help poor, raise armiesroads, help poor, raise armies
• Negotiates peace treaties withNegotiates peace treaties with
invaders like the Lombardsinvaders like the Lombards

29. Growth of the PopeGrowth of the Pope’’s Powers Power
• 900s-1000s, pope had little900s-1000s, pope had little
authorityauthority
• Considered head ofConsidered head of
church, but local bishopschurch, but local bishops
made most importantmade most important
religious decisionsreligious decisions
• Papacy not held in highPapacy not held in high
regardregard
• Few popes noted forFew popes noted for
religious devotion; mostreligious devotion; most
were nobles concernedwere nobles concerned
with increasing own powerwith increasing own power
• 1049, first of series of1049, first of series of
clever, capable popesclever, capable popes
dedicated todedicated to reformingreforming
papacy came to power,papacy came to power,
Leo IXLeo IX
• Believed that EuropeBelieved that Europe’’ss
clergy had becomeclergy had become
corrupt, wanted to reformcorrupt, wanted to reform
itit
• Concerned withConcerned with simonysimony,,
buying and selling ofbuying and selling of
church offices by bishopschurch offices by bishops
Not only were Europe’s common people inspired by a new sense
of piety, many clergy members sought ways to improve

30. Power and ConflictPower and Conflict
• Bishops guilty of bad offensesBishops guilty of bad offenses
excommunicatedexcommunicated, cast out of church, cast out of church
• No greater punishment for ChristiansNo greater punishment for Christians
in Middle Ages—it meant they couldin Middle Ages—it meant they could
not be savednot be saved
• Leo became more active in governingLeo became more active in governing
church than other popes in pastchurch than other popes in past
• conflict with political, religious leadersconflict with political, religious leaders
• Many bishops believed pope had noMany bishops believed pope had no
authority to tell them how to actauthority to tell them how to act
• One who rejected LeoOne who rejected Leo’’ss
authority, bishop ofauthority, bishop of
ConstantinopleConstantinople
• 1054, Leo excommunicated1054, Leo excommunicated
bishop, split Christian Church inbishop, split Christian Church in
two (two (schismschism))
• Those who agreed Leo calledThose who agreed Leo called
Roman Catholics (WEST)Roman Catholics (WEST)
• Those who sided with bishop,Those who sided with bishop,
Eastern Orthodox (EAST—Eastern Orthodox (EAST—
Byzantine)Byzantine)

31. In what ways did popes becomeIn what ways did popes become
stronger in the Middle Ages?stronger in the Middle Ages?
• Pope became head of hugePope became head of huge
network of ecclesiastical courts,network of ecclesiastical courts,
heard cases on religious, moralheard cases on religious, moral
mattersmatters
• Pope also ruled territories, likePope also ruled territories, like
Papal StatesPapal States
• Had ability to raise armies toHad ability to raise armies to
defend territoriesdefend territories
• Several popes hired Normans toSeveral popes hired Normans to
fight warsfight wars
• Crusades against MuslimsCrusades against Muslims
launched by popeslaunched by popes
• TheThe Investiture ControversyInvestiture Controversy
between Pope Gregory VII andbetween Pope Gregory VII and
Henry IV of Germany (HolyHenry IV of Germany (Holy
Roman Empire)Roman Empire)
• eliminated corrupt clergy,eliminated corrupt clergy,
appointed bishops, becameappointed bishops, became
political leaders, built armies,political leaders, built armies,
ruled territoryruled territory

32. The Catholic ChurchThe Catholic Church
Expands Its PowerExpands Its Power
• The Church becomesThe Church becomes
more of a politicalmore of a political
entityentity
• Struggles withStruggles with
monarchsmonarchs
• Gregory VII andGregory VII and
Henry IVHenry IV
• Expanded landExpanded land
ownershipownership Henry IV of
Germany
Pope Gregory VII

33. The Church ExpandsThe Church Expands
continuedcontinued
• As the Catholic Church grew in popularity and worshippers, Popes worked toAs the Catholic Church grew in popularity and worshippers, Popes worked to
increase the Churchincrease the Church’’s power as a political entity.s power as a political entity.
• In 1075, a controversy erupted when Pope Gregory VII insisted that the Church, notIn 1075, a controversy erupted when Pope Gregory VII insisted that the Church, not
the kings, should control appointment of archbishops, bishops, and other clergy.the kings, should control appointment of archbishops, bishops, and other clergy.
• Henry IV of Germany disagreedHenry IV of Germany disagreed and, after the two men exchanged bitter letters, theand, after the two men exchanged bitter letters, the
pope excommunicated him.pope excommunicated him.
• The pope also threatened to excommunicate any German clergyThe pope also threatened to excommunicate any German clergy who did not obeywho did not obey
him. Because much of Henryhim. Because much of Henry’’s army came from lands administered by the Church,s army came from lands administered by the Church,
he was vulnerable to attack from powerful nobles.he was vulnerable to attack from powerful nobles.
• Henry went to Italy to seek papal forgiveness, while at the same time, the popeHenry went to Italy to seek papal forgiveness, while at the same time, the pope
started a journey to Germany to install a new king. They met at a castle in Canossa,started a journey to Germany to install a new king. They met at a castle in Canossa,
Italy, where Henry stood in the snow for three days before Gregory forgave him.Italy, where Henry stood in the snow for three days before Gregory forgave him.
Though this episode resulted inThough this episode resulted in a dramatic collapse of royal power,a dramatic collapse of royal power, the pope wasthe pope was
unable to control other European monarchs in the same manner. Theunable to control other European monarchs in the same manner. The rivalryrivalry
between Church and statebetween Church and state continued for centuries; however, there was no questioncontinued for centuries; however, there was no question
that Europe was united in the Christian faith.that Europe was united in the Christian faith.

34. The Monastic MovementThe Monastic Movement
• A Christian movement called monasticism, whichA Christian movement called monasticism, which
had begun in the 3rd century, became more popularhad begun in the 3rd century, became more popular
in the 5th century.in the 5th century.
• Arose as a reaction against the increasingArose as a reaction against the increasing
““worldlinessworldliness”” of the Churchof the Church
• Monasteries: secluded religious communitiesMonasteries: secluded religious communities
• Men in these communities were called monks andMen in these communities were called monks and
women were known as nuns. They lived simplewomen were known as nuns. They lived simple
lives, often in basic communal dwellings.lives, often in basic communal dwellings.
• The most prevalent model of the time wasThe most prevalent model of the time was
BenedictineBenedictine monasticism, modeled after the life ofmonasticism, modeled after the life of
Saint Benedict of Nursia (480Saint Benedict of Nursia (480––543).543).
• involved taking three vows: chastity, poverty, andinvolved taking three vows: chastity, poverty, and
obedience.obedience.
• Most monks lived highly structured lives and engagedMost monks lived highly structured lives and engaged
in activities such as producing copies of classicalin activities such as producing copies of classical
works (which they did by writing out the completeworks (which they did by writing out the complete
work by hand), reading, studying, and manual laborwork by hand), reading, studying, and manual labor
—especially farming, which would often serve as the—especially farming, which would often serve as the
main source of economic support for a monasterymain source of economic support for a monastery..
St. Benedict

35. Medieval ChurchMedieval Church
• TheThe decline of Rome led the church to assume many political anddecline of Rome led the church to assume many political and
social taskssocial tasks
• Bishop of Rome, now the Pope, became the strongest political leader inBishop of Rome, now the Pope, became the strongest political leader in
W. Europe.W. Europe.
• The Pope claimed spiritual authority over all ChristiansThe Pope claimed spiritual authority over all Christians
• After the fall of Rome…the church takes on the central authorityAfter the fall of Rome…the church takes on the central authority
• Church taught all were sinnersChurch taught all were sinners
• Only way to receive grace was throughOnly way to receive grace was through sacramentssacraments
• Most people did not understand ritualsMost people did not understand rituals
• Priest spoke in Latin and most could not read or writePriest spoke in Latin and most could not read or write
• Much was learned from statues, paintings and stained glass windows thatMuch was learned from statues, paintings and stained glass windows that
adorned most churchesadorned most churches

36. Church OrganizationChurch Organization
• Same as early Christian ChurchSame as early Christian Church
• Remember the hierarchy?Remember the hierarchy?
• Secular ClergySecular Clergy
• PopePope
• BishopBishop
• PriestsPriests
• Regular Clergy- included Monks and Nuns that livedRegular Clergy- included Monks and Nuns that lived
away from the rest of societyaway from the rest of society

37. BenedictBenedict’’s Rules Rule
• Founded a monastery at Monte CassinoFounded a monastery at Monte Cassino
• Became a model for monks in other communitiesBecame a model for monks in other communities
• Rules for work, meditation and prayerRules for work, meditation and prayer
• Monastic Rule:Monastic Rule:
• Monks dressed simply (robes)Monks dressed simply (robes)
• Rule of silenceRule of silence
• Women- known as NunsWomen- known as Nuns
• Influences in Monastics:Influences in Monastics:
• Provided school for youngProvided school for young
• Hospitals for sickHospitals for sick
• Food for needyFood for needy
• Some became missionariesSome became missionaries
• Missionary Efforts:Missionary Efforts:
• Pope Gregory I adopted the Benedictine Rule to spread Christianity to all of EuropePope Gregory I adopted the Benedictine Rule to spread Christianity to all of Europe
• Mid 1000s AD- Most western Europeans had become CatholicMid 1000s AD- Most western Europeans had become Catholic

38. Power of ChurchPower of Church
• Many Bishops and Abbots were nobles who received landMany Bishops and Abbots were nobles who received land
• Local lords began to control many church offices and lands-Local lords began to control many church offices and lands-
contrary to church tradition- appointing leaderscontrary to church tradition- appointing leaders
• Signs of corruptionSigns of corruption
Church Reforms:Church Reforms:
• Many devout Christians called for reforms –began in monasteriesMany devout Christians called for reforms –began in monasteries
• Goal of reforms = Free Church from control of feudal lordsGoal of reforms = Free Church from control of feudal lords
• Pope would be chosen by cardinalsPope would be chosen by cardinals
• Pope would appoint bishops and other officialsPope would appoint bishops and other officials

39. Fighting HeresyFighting Heresy
• Pope Innocent III- condemned drunkenness, feasting, and dancingPope Innocent III- condemned drunkenness, feasting, and dancing
among clergyamong clergy
• Stop spread of heresy (denial of basic church teachings)Stop spread of heresy (denial of basic church teachings)
• Convert first/ crush laterConvert first/ crush later
The InquisitionThe Inquisition
• Court set up to seek out and punish hereticsCourt set up to seek out and punish heretics
• Many accused without proofMany accused without proof
• Punishments- prison or deathPunishments- prison or death
End of European MonasteryEnd of European Monastery
After decline of Rome…no central authority existed until theAfter decline of Rome…no central authority existed until the
1100ADs when many European monarchs began building1100ADs when many European monarchs began building
strong statesstrong states

40. EnglandEngland
• Alfred the Great united the Anglo-Saxons kingdomsAlfred the Great united the Anglo-Saxons kingdoms
• United kingdom=EnglandUnited kingdom=England
• William the Conqueror won the throneWilliam the Conqueror won the throne
• Began to strengthen powers of monarchyBegan to strengthen powers of monarchy
• Magna CartaMagna Carta (Thomas Becket)(Thomas Becket)
• Placed clearPlaced clear limitslimits of royal powerof royal power
• *Government becoming increasingly representative*Government becoming increasingly representative
• Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire
• GermanyGermany’’s central government remained weaks central government remained weak
• Pope and monarchs struggle for power and territory for yearsPope and monarchs struggle for power and territory for years

41. • The best known Medieval King wasThe best known Medieval King was
Charlemagne,Charlemagne, who ruled over a large empire inwho ruled over a large empire in
what is now France, Germany and parts of Italy.what is now France, Germany and parts of Italy.
• Charlemagne encouraged learning and set upCharlemagne encouraged learning and set up
schools.schools.
• He also rescued the Pope from RomanHe also rescued the Pope from Roman
attackers, thereby spreading his empire andattackers, thereby spreading his empire and
Christianity.Christianity.
Charlemagne’s capital, Aachen, in Germany.

42. • Feudalism and the manor
system created divisions
among people. Shared beliefs
in the teachings of the Church
bonded people together.
– Priests and other religious
officials administered the
sacraments, or important
religious ceremonies.
– Kings and peasants were
subject to canon law, or the
law of the Church, in matters
such as marriage and
religious practices.
A crown from the Holy Roman Empire.

43. A crown from the Holy Roman Empire. • After the death of
Charlemagne, the Holy
Roman Empire was the
strongest kingdom that
arose from the ruins of his
empire.
– When Pope Leo III crowned
Charlemagne emperor in
800, he unknowingly set the
stage for future conflicts
between popes and
emperors.
– Otto I, a German leader,
allies with the church and
creates the Holy Romany
Empire.

44. Otto I

45. Formation of Western Europe
800 to 1500 AD

46. Beginnings of the CrusadesBeginnings of the Crusades
• Muslim Seljuk Turks conqueredMuslim Seljuk Turks conquered
nearly all Byzantine provinces in Asianearly all Byzantine provinces in Asia
Minor.Minor.
• In 1071, Jerusalem was conquered byIn 1071, Jerusalem was conquered by
the Seljuk Turks.the Seljuk Turks.
• In 1093,In 1093, Byzantine emperor Alexius IByzantine emperor Alexius I
wrote a letter to Pope Urban IIwrote a letter to Pope Urban II
asking him and western Europe toasking him and western Europe to
join his war against the Muslimjoin his war against the Muslim
Turks, so that the Holy Land couldTurks, so that the Holy Land could
be controlled by Christians oncebe controlled by Christians once
again.again.

47. Pope Urban IIPope Urban II
• 1095: Pope Urban II1095: Pope Urban II’’s speechs speech
• Promised spiritual rewardsPromised spiritual rewards
• Thousands responded to the call for religiousThousands responded to the call for religious
warriorswarriors
• Pope Urban II (1042Pope Urban II (1042––1099) sparked the1099) sparked the
First Crusade by making a dramaticFirst Crusade by making a dramatic
plea to a crowd in France in 1095 forplea to a crowd in France in 1095 for
warriors to organize and travel to thewarriors to organize and travel to the
Middle East to liberate the Holy LandsMiddle East to liberate the Holy Lands
from the Muslims.from the Muslims.
• The Pope promised spiritual rewardsThe Pope promised spiritual rewards
for the fighters, including forgivenessfor the fighters, including forgiveness
of their sins in exchange for theirof their sins in exchange for their
service. The speech was so effectiveservice. The speech was so effective
that thousands of soldiers marchedthat thousands of soldiers marched
East the next year to retake the HolyEast the next year to retake the Holy
Lands.Lands.
Pope Urban
II calling
for the
Crusades

49. Beginnings of the CrusadesBeginnings of the Crusades
• The letter to the pope begged forThe letter to the pope begged for
help, so that the Holy Sepulcher,help, so that the Holy Sepulcher,
ChristChrist’’s tomb in Jerusalem, woulds tomb in Jerusalem, would
not be destroyed.not be destroyed.
• At the Council of Clermont, Pope UrbanAt the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban
II declared a holy war in the East and theII declared a holy war in the East and the
Truce of God in the West.Truce of God in the West.
• The pope called for this crusade, or holyThe pope called for this crusade, or holy
war, to help the Byzantine Empire, towar, to help the Byzantine Empire, to
assert his own leadership in the West, andassert his own leadership in the West, and
to get the Christians in western Europe toto get the Christians in western Europe to
stop fighting each other.stop fighting each other.

50. Beginnings of the CrusadesBeginnings of the Crusades
• Pope Urban II called for thePope Urban II called for the
crusades in a famous speech.crusades in a famous speech.
• In this speech, he referred to theIn this speech, he referred to the
Muslims asMuslims as ““wickedwicked”” and promisedand promised
forgiveness of sins and heaven toforgiveness of sins and heaven to
anyone who fought against them.anyone who fought against them.

51. The CrusadesThe Crusades
• The First Crusade consisted mostly ofThe First Crusade consisted mostly of
poor people, including serfs, whopoor people, including serfs, who
lacked supplies, equipment, weapons,lacked supplies, equipment, weapons,
and training.and training.
• Many peasantsMany peasants joined the crusade tojoined the crusade to
gain new lands and riches,gain new lands and riches, as there hadas there had
been many crop failures. Serfs wanted tobeen many crop failures. Serfs wanted to
escape feudalism.escape feudalism.
• Even criminals and debtors joined theEven criminals and debtors joined the
crusade in order to escape punishments.crusade in order to escape punishments.
• Many of the people in the First CrusadeMany of the people in the First Crusade
died on the way to Constantinople due todied on the way to Constantinople due to
a lack of food and clashes with othersa lack of food and clashes with others
along the way.along the way.

52. The CrusadesThe Crusades
• In 1099, crusaders conquered Jerusalem and forced JewsIn 1099, crusaders conquered Jerusalem and forced Jews
and Muslims to convert to Christianity, leave the city, orand Muslims to convert to Christianity, leave the city, or
die.die.
• Fighting continued in the Holy Land between crusadersFighting continued in the Holy Land between crusaders
and Muslims, who were fighting in the name of Allah.and Muslims, who were fighting in the name of Allah.
• Led by Saladin, sultan of Egypt, the Muslims conqueredLed by Saladin, sultan of Egypt, the Muslims conquered
Jerusalem and most of the Holy Land in 1187.Jerusalem and most of the Holy Land in 1187.

53. The CrusadesThe Crusades
• TheThe King of England, Richard theKing of England, Richard the
Lion-Hearted, led the Third CrusadeLion-Hearted, led the Third Crusade
against Saladin.against Saladin.
• Rather than fight,Rather than fight, theythey agreed to aagreed to a
peace treaty.peace treaty.
• Under the treaty, European pilgrims wouldUnder the treaty, European pilgrims would
be allowed to safely visit the Holy Land,be allowed to safely visit the Holy Land,
which would remain under the control ofwhich would remain under the control of
the Muslims.the Muslims.
• Many new trade routes opened between theMany new trade routes opened between the
East and the West.East and the West.

54. The Crusades Continue…The Crusades Continue…
• In the Fourth Crusade, crusaders attacked and plunderedIn the Fourth Crusade, crusaders attacked and plundered
Constantinople, the city they had originally come to protect!Constantinople, the city they had originally come to protect!
• For the next 68 years, four more crusades were fought, butFor the next 68 years, four more crusades were fought, but
the Holy Land remained under Muslim control.the Holy Land remained under Muslim control.
• Crusaders had ruined much of the
land through which they traveled,
including many farms.
• Many knights that returned home
had lost their horses and money.
• Many crusaders never made it
home, leaving western Europe with
many widows and fatherless
children.

55. Results of theResults of the
Crusades?Crusades?
The result of the Crusades is
hard to determine…
-Land gained from the
Crusades was later taken back.
-Europe lost many men in the
Crusades, but for what?
-Did they win anything?
Trade relations
New technology
Borrow culture

56. England Develops
• By the early 800s, there were many smallBy the early 800s, there were many small
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms throughout theAnglo-Saxon kingdoms throughout the
former Roman province Britain.former Roman province Britain.
• For centuries, invaders from variousFor centuries, invaders from various
regions in Europe landed on Englishregions in Europe landed on English
shores. Many of them stayed, bringingshores. Many of them stayed, bringing
their own ways and changing Englishtheir own ways and changing English
culture.culture.
• 800800’’s -- Danish Vikings invaded. It wasns -- Danish Vikings invaded. It wasn’’t untilt until
Alfred the GreatAlfred the Great, king from 871-899, managed, king from 871-899, managed
to turn back the Vikings.to turn back the Vikings.
• Alfred united the kingdoms of Britain under oneAlfred united the kingdoms of Britain under one
rule, calling it England (rule, calling it England (““Land of the AnglesLand of the Angles””).).

57. The InquisitionThe Inquisition
• New orders: Franciscans and DominicansNew orders: Franciscans and Dominicans
• TheThe InquisitionInquisition: special court established by: special court established by
the Church to combat heresythe Church to combat heresy
• Members depended on charity to supportMembers depended on charity to support
them so that they could devote all their timethem so that they could devote all their time
to preaching and aiding the poor andto preaching and aiding the poor and
downtrodden.downtrodden.
• The orders were also a response to theThe orders were also a response to the
growing number ofgrowing number of hereticsheretics who werewho were
interested in ideas contrary to Churchinterested in ideas contrary to Church
doctrine.doctrine.
• They hoped that providing examples ofThey hoped that providing examples of
religious men and women leadingreligious men and women leading ““godlygodly”” liveslives
in service to the community would draw peoplein service to the community would draw people
back to the Church.back to the Church.
• Accused hereticsAccused heretics were brought before thewere brought before the
Inquisition and if they admitted error, theyInquisition and if they admitted error, they
would be released after a penance waswould be released after a penance was
administered.administered.
• If they were slow, or uncooperative, theyIf they were slow, or uncooperative, they
would be tortured. A convicted heretic waswould be tortured. A convicted heretic was
burned at the stake.burned at the stake.
A suspected
heretic being
tortured by
the Inquisition