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The Lost History of Christianity - There's so much more than thought!Frank
Most histories cover the Church's expansion into Europe, America and the rest of the world.
Yet Christianity also developed in the East: in Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, India, China and also Africa.
Detailed summary for the 1st 20 centuries in the History of Christianity.
Starting with the Apostles and how the christian faith spread throughout the world
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1. Early Christianity
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2. Content Goals and Objectives:
Goal 1 – Christianity
0Trace and evaluate the impact of Christianity on
medieval Europe.
0 Define the setting for Christianity during the period
before and after the birth of Christ.
0 Map the spread of Christianity through Roman
Empire during the first three centuries after the
death of Jesus of Nazareth.
0 Summarize the early developments of the Christian
church during the first three centuries after its
creation.
0 Evaluate the contributions of Christian culture to the
culture of medieval Europe.
3. Main Idea
0 A new religion called Christianity developed within the Roman
Empire and gradually spread throughout Roman world.
4. Religion in the Roman Empire
Religion
in Rome was
polytheistic
& based upon the
Greek gods
Romans
worshiped the
gods but people
were not very
emotional about
their religion
5. In 63 B.C., the Romans conquered the Hebrew
kingdom of Judea & allowed “Romanized Jews”
(who showed respect & obeyed Roman laws) to
govern Judea
But, the Hebrews were monotheistic &
many refused to pay respect to the
Roman gods
6. Many Hebrews began to resist Roman
rule & believed that God would send the
Messiah to restore the kingdom to the
Jews
7. The Birth of Jesus & Beginning of Christianity
Sometime between 6
& 4 B.C. in Judea, a
Jew named Jesus was
born; Many
considered Jesus to be
the Messiah
At the age of 30, Jesus
began preaching a
unique version of
Judaism that became
known as Christianity
8. EARLY CHRISTIANITY
0 Roots lie in Judaism, the
teachings of John the
Baptist, Jesus, and the
apostles
0 Earliest converts were
who wished to be
considered Jews
9. A NEW DIRECTION
0 Christians began to emphasize
their separateness
0 Christian leaders decided
Gentiles who converted to
Christianity did not have to
become Jews in order to
become Christians
0 Dangerous because Christianity
was unapproved religion.
0 Roman government by the
time of Nero or Domitian
decided being Christian could
be punishable by death
10. GROWTH
0 Christianity strongest in Asia Minor and Greece
0 Also took hold in Rome and western provinces
0 Hellenistic religions helped pave the way for
success of Christianity
0 Shared similarities with such cults as Isis made
Christianity acceptable
0 Many found Christianity superior to Hellenistic
cults
0 Jesus, a historical rather than a mythological
figure
0 His teachings presented in the Gospels popular.
0 Books were elevated in tone and content
but written in the language of the people
and in a style that many educated people
sneered at
Cult of Isis held
ritual purification
rites and offered
promise of an
afterlife
11. BIG GAP
0 Christian literature composed in
classical rhetoric style after 100 AD
0 Pagan intellectuals still offended by
crude style
0 Huge spiritual gulf between Christian
and pagan because much of Roman
world offended Christians who saw
obscenity, loose sexual morals,
skepticism, materialism and
hedonism everywhere.
St. Jerome confessed that his
first exposure to Jewish literature
and Christian works repelled him
when he compared them to the
polished style of Cicero
12. WIDENING GAP
0 Many early Christians, including St. Paul,
advocated obedience to imperial and local
authorities
0 Began to gradually set up a state within
a state after reign of Nero and generally
came to reject the entire social and
cultural foundation of the empire
0 As a result, they came to be seen by the Roman
government as a threat to the existing order of
things
St. Paul
13. What role did the apostle Paul play in Christianity?
14. The Spread of Christianity
The Apostles, especially
Paul, molded Jesus’
teachings into a new
religion called Christianity
based upon the idea that
Jesus was God’s son & that
he died for man’s sins
The Apostles taught that
Jews & non-Jews were
welcome as Christians
15. After Jesus’ death, Paul helped spread Jesus
teachings throughout the Roman Empire
Christianity spread quickly due to roads,
numerous trade routes, & common language
throughout the Roman Empire
16. CHRISTIANS AND THE FALL OF
THE EMPIRE
0 Christianity grew most rapidly as the empire declined
0 Number of individuals, like Edward Gibbon, argued that
Christianity contributed to decline
0 Point has some validity
0 Loyalty of many Christians was to the Church, not the
Empire
0 Were not upset about prospect of the end of the
Empire
0 But Christianity had nothing to do with other problems
that caused ultimate collapse
0 Civil war, famine, plague, and barbarian invasions
17. NEW PAGAN GODS
0 Traditional religion also changed
during this time of troubles
0 Cult of Sol Invictus
0 United sun god of Emesa with
all other major sun gods
0 Recognized as chief god of the
state by time of emperor
Aurelian
0 Replaced Jupiter at the top
18. THE NEW PAGANISM
0 Mithraism
0 Filled with mystery and
mysticism
0 Spread as rapidly as Christianity
during 3rd
century AD
0 Devotees did speak of Mithra as
the “only god” but they meant
that all the other gods could be
understood through him
0 Paganism did not decline during
this period
Mithra
19. PERSECUTION
0 Great persecutions of Christians
began in 3rd
century AD
0 Started by emperor Decius around
250 and continued until death of
Galerius in 311
0 Christian intolerance of pagan beliefs
bred powerful retaliatory hatred of
Christians
0 Accused Christians of cannibalism,
atheism, and of being haters of
mankind
0 Charged with being sneaky and
with dishonoring the emperor
0 Also blamed with all the evils that
afflicted the state
20. INTELLECTUAL DEBATE
0 Pagan intellectuals began to attack
Christianity
0 Celsus and Porphyry pointed out
inconsistencies, contradictions, and
impossibilities
0 Christian intellectuals responded in kind
0 Origen of Alexandria provided rational-
philosophical basis for Christianity
0 Entire intellectual discourse had little
impact of growth of Christianity
0 It was immune to rational argument
0 Most people adopted Christianity
because they accepted its relatively
simple message on an emotional, not an
intellectual, level
Porphyry
Origen
21. POPULAR HOSTILITY
0 Celsus and Porphyry saw
structure of Christian
Church as dangerous state
within a state.
0 Felt it caused divided
loyalties
0 Neither advocated
persecution of Christians
0 Strong popular aversion to
Christians continued
0 Massacre of Christians at
Lugdunum in 170 AD
22. MOTIVATION FOR PERSECUTIONS
0 Emperors like Trajan, Hadrian, and
Marcus Aurelian deplored the
ignorance and stubbornness of
Christians, but did not think they were
responsible for disasters that afflicted
the state
0 Many later military emperors came
from same stock as superstitious
pagans of Lugdunum believed that
disasters of the age reflected anger of
the gods at Christians
0 Beginning with Decius, they felt duty-
bound to free the state of what they
saw as a sacrilegious, blasphemous,
and dangerous group
23. REVERSAL OF FORTUNE
0 In the end, the persecutions did not
succeed in eradicating Christianity
0 Simply too many Christians and
some were in a position to
protect others
0 Persecutions also created
martyrs who inspired others
0 Came to an end with death of
Galerius and then Constantine
officially protected them
0Constantine credited with being
the first Christian emperor Constantine
24. JULIAN THE APOSTATE
0 Sons of Constantine
followed father’s policy
towards Christians
0 Nephew named Julian the
Apostate became
emperor in 360 and tried
to restore paganism and
weaken Christianity by
reducing privileges of
Christians
25. VICTORY
0 Theodosius became emperor in 379 AD
and proclaimed Christianity to be the
official religion of the state
0 Christians immediately begin to
persecute pagans
0 Destroyed temples or converted
them into churches
0 Church firmed up its organization and
settled theological disputes with a
powerful intellectual vigor
26. MIXED BLESSING FOR THE
EMPIRE
0 Many men of outstanding ability turned
away from public service and joined the
Church
0 St. Ambrose, St. Augustine, and St. Jerome
0 Wealthiest man in the empire, Paulinus of
Nola, sold all his family’s possessions and
became a monk
St. Ambrose
St. Augustine
The religion of the ancient Romans was polytheistic (ideas borrowed from the Greek gods)
Rulers were mostly tolerant of other religions; but they expected everyone who lived in the empire to respect the Roman gods as a sign of loyalty
The Life and Teachings of Jesus
Roman power spread to Judea, the home of the Jews, around 63 B.C. At first the Jewish kingdom remained independent, at least in name. Rome then took control of the Jewish kingdom in A.D. 6 and made it a province of the empire. A number of Jews, however, believed that they would once again be free. According to biblical tradition, God had promised that a savior known as the Messiah would arrive and restore the kingdom of the Jews. Roughly two decades after the beginning of Roman rule, many believed that such a savior had arrived.
Jesus of Nazareth Although the exact date is uncertain, historians believe that sometime around 6 to 4 B.C., a Jew named Jesus was born in the town of Bethlehem in Judea. Jesus was raised in the village of Nazareth in northern Palestine. He was baptized by a prophet known as John the Baptist. As a young man, he took up the trade of carpentry. At the age of 30, Jesus began his public ministry. For the next three years, he preached, taught, did good works, and reportedly performed miracles. His teachings contained many ideas from Jewish tradition, such as monotheism, or belief in only one god, and the principles of the Ten Commandments. Jesus emphasized God’s personal relationship to each human being. He stressed the importance of people’s love for God, their neighbors, their enemies, and even themselves. He also taught that God would end wickedness in the world and would establish an eternal kingdom after death for people who sincerely repented their sins. (Refer to pages 286–287 for more about Christianity.)
A Growing Movement Historical records of the time mention very little about Jesus. The main source of information about his teachings are the Gospels, the first four books of the New Testament of the Bible. Some of the Gospels are thought to have been written by one or more of Jesus’ disciples, or pupils. These 12 men later came to be called apostles. As Jesus preached from town to town, his fame grew. He attracted large crowds, and many people were touched by his message. Because Jesus ignored wealth and status, his message had special appeal to the poor. “
Paul’s Mission One man, the apostle Paul, had enormous influence on Christianity’s development. Paul was a Jew who had never met Jesus and at first was an enemy of Christianity. While traveling to Damascus in Syria, he reportedly had a vision of Christ. He spent the rest of his life spreading and interpreting
Christ’s teachings. The Pax Romana, which made travel and the exchange of ideas fairly safe, provided the ideal conditions for Christianity to spread. Common languages—Latin and Greek—allowed the message to be easily understood. Paul wrote influential letters, called Epistles, to groups of believers. In his teaching, Paul stressed that Jesus was the son of God who died for people’s sins. He also declared that Christianity should welcome all converts, Jew or Gentile (non-Jew). It was this universality that enabled Christianity to become more than just a local religion.