- Grades are a teacher's subjective judgment of a student's performance based on criteria like exams, classwork, and projects. Grades serve several functions like guiding students' education plans and helping schools and employers evaluate students. - There are different types of grading systems like percentages or pass/fail. Problems can include grade inflation or questionable practices. Effective grading focuses on mastery, avoids competition, and keeps students informed of their progress. A good reporting system is clear, understood by students and teachers, and promotes learning while being efficient.

1. MODULE 9
GRADING AND REPORTING PRACTICES

2. LESSON 1
NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF GRADE / MARKS

3. NATURE OF GRADES/MARK
• GRADES ARE TEACHER’S JUDGMENT ON THE
PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS BASED ON CERTAIN
CRITERIA. IT CAN BE SUBJECTIVE FROM TIME TO TIME,
AND ARE ALSO RELATIVE FROM ONE SCHOOL TO
ANOTHER SCHOOL, FROM ONE TEACHER TO
ANOTHER, AND FROM ONE STUDENT TO ANOTHER.

4. VARIABLES
• Periodical Examination
• Class Standing
• Projects

5. FUNCTIONS OF GRADES/MARKS
• To help guide students and the parents with respect
to future educational plans.
• To help the school decide upon a students
readiness to enroll in certain selective programs or
courses
• To help higher educational levels appraise an
applicants acceptability or the program offered.
• To help a potential employer decide on the
suitability of the student for certain jobs and
academic skills.

6. TYPES OF GRADES
• Percentage system (75-100)- It implies precision of
judgment that is hardly attainable by most
measuring instrument.
• Pass or fail- it is good for survey subjects or
vocational courses and higher level courses. It
encourages students to take the courses they
would otherwise not take because of a fear of
lowering their grade point average or general
average.

7. COMMON GRADING-RELATED
PROBLEMS
• Grade inflation- refers to an increase in grade point
average without a concomitant increase in
achievement.
• Questionable Grading Practices- grading practices
are clearly matters of opinion, no strong evidence
confirms neither their value nor the harm they
cause.

8. GUIDANCE FOR EFFECTIVE GRADING
• Grade on the basis of students mastery of
knowledge and skills.
• Avoid grading systems that put students in
competition with their classmates and limit the
number of high grades.
• Try not to overemphasize grades.
• Keep students informed of their progress.

9. CRITERIA FOR A MARKING- REPORTING
SYSYTEM
• Is the system based on a of clear statement of
education objectives?
• Is he system understood both by those making the
reports and those to whom they are communicated?
• Does the system desirably affect the students learning?
• Is the system detailed enough to be diagnostic but still
compact enough to be operational?
• Does the system promote desirable public relation?
• Is the system reasonably economical in terms of
teachers time?

10. MODES OF COMPUTING FINAL GRADES
• Averaging Grading System- treats the students
performance in each grading period
independently.
• Cumulative Grading System- believes that the
performance of students to a large extent is
affected by their past performances.

11. THANK YOU !