The document discusses the typical elements that make up the cross-section of a road, including the traveled way, roadway, shoulders, median, kerb, drainage channels, and right-of-way. It describes the purposes and design considerations for each element. Key factors in selecting the appropriate cross-section include traffic volume, composition and size of vehicles, presence of other road users, climatic conditions, and surrounding land development. The cross-section must provide adequate drainage while balancing mobility needs with physical constraints.
Intersections & Interchanges ( Highway Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses different types of intersections and interchanges, including their key elements and design considerations. It describes at-grade intersections, channelization techniques, and different interchange configurations like diamonds, cloverleafs, and trumpets. The document also covers factors in curb radius, turn lane, and sight distance design, and provides examples of determining sufficient sight distance at intersections.
The document summarizes information presented in a WisDOT webinar on reduced conflict intersection designs. It discusses the Intersection Design and Operations Task Force, which aims to disseminate information on emerging intersection concepts. It provides overviews and considerations for diverging diamond interchanges, J-turn intersections, and references design guidance documents. Intersection designs discussed include reduced conflict points to increase safety compared to traditional designs.
This document provides an overview of interchange design, including the types, components, and design considerations. It discusses diamond, cloverleaf, and directional interchange configurations. Key aspects covered include ramp design specifications, lane balancing, weaving areas, and factors that influence the selection of interchange type such as traffic volume and roadway classification. Design speed, horizontal and vertical alignment, cross-section, capacity, and sight distance are some of the ramp design considerations outlined.
This document discusses the key concepts of geometric design of highways. It defines geometric design as dealing with the visible dimensions and layout of a highway. The goals of geometric design are to maximize comfort, safety and economy while providing efficient traffic operation. Some key factors that influence geometric design are design speed, topography, traffic, environment and cost. The document outlines various elements of highway cross-sections including the carriageway, shoulders, roadway width, right of way and median. It also discusses horizontal and vertical alignment, types of alignment, and considerations for factors like gradient, sight distance and curves.
The document discusses the typical elements that make up the cross-section of a road, including the traveled way, roadway, median, shoulders, kerb, traffic barriers, drainage channels, and side slopes. It provides details on the purpose and design considerations for each element, such as recommended widths for different road types. The key factors in selecting appropriate cross-section elements are the expected traffic volumes and composition, as well as safety and physical constraints of the area where the road is located.
Introduction to transportation engineeringCivil Zone
Transportation engineering involves the planning, design, and management of transportation facilities to provide safe and efficient movement of people and goods. A key aspect of transportation engineering is road design. Some essential elements of a typical road cross-section include the traveled way for vehicles, shoulders for stopped vehicles and bicycles, medians to separate opposing traffic, drainage channels to remove surface water, and barriers or guardrails to prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway. Transportation engineers must consider all of these elements and their widths, slopes, and designs to develop roadways that are effective and safe for users.
This document discusses various elements of road design including medians, kerbs, and road margins. It describes the functions of medians as dividing opposing traffic lanes to prevent head-on collisions and optionally serving other purposes like channelizing traffic. Kerbs delineate the roadway and come in different heights and designs for various purposes. Road margins include shoulders for emergency stopping, footpaths, guardrails, and embankment slopes designed for safety and stability.
Traffic islands, signals, signs and road markings help control and guide traffic flow. There are different types of islands like divisional, channelizing and pedestrian loading islands. Traffic signals alternately direct traffic to stop and go. Regulatory, warning and informational signs communicate rules and hazards. Road markings delineate lanes and provide guidance using lines, words and colors. Together, these visual aids play an important role in road safety and efficient traffic management.
Intersections & Interchanges ( Highway Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses different types of intersections and interchanges, including their key elements and design considerations. It describes at-grade intersections, channelization techniques, and different interchange configurations like diamonds, cloverleafs, and trumpets. The document also covers factors in curb radius, turn lane, and sight distance design, and provides examples of determining sufficient sight distance at intersections.
The document summarizes information presented in a WisDOT webinar on reduced conflict intersection designs. It discusses the Intersection Design and Operations Task Force, which aims to disseminate information on emerging intersection concepts. It provides overviews and considerations for diverging diamond interchanges, J-turn intersections, and references design guidance documents. Intersection designs discussed include reduced conflict points to increase safety compared to traditional designs.
This document provides an overview of interchange design, including the types, components, and design considerations. It discusses diamond, cloverleaf, and directional interchange configurations. Key aspects covered include ramp design specifications, lane balancing, weaving areas, and factors that influence the selection of interchange type such as traffic volume and roadway classification. Design speed, horizontal and vertical alignment, cross-section, capacity, and sight distance are some of the ramp design considerations outlined.
This document discusses the key concepts of geometric design of highways. It defines geometric design as dealing with the visible dimensions and layout of a highway. The goals of geometric design are to maximize comfort, safety and economy while providing efficient traffic operation. Some key factors that influence geometric design are design speed, topography, traffic, environment and cost. The document outlines various elements of highway cross-sections including the carriageway, shoulders, roadway width, right of way and median. It also discusses horizontal and vertical alignment, types of alignment, and considerations for factors like gradient, sight distance and curves.
The document discusses the typical elements that make up the cross-section of a road, including the traveled way, roadway, median, shoulders, kerb, traffic barriers, drainage channels, and side slopes. It provides details on the purpose and design considerations for each element, such as recommended widths for different road types. The key factors in selecting appropriate cross-section elements are the expected traffic volumes and composition, as well as safety and physical constraints of the area where the road is located.
Introduction to transportation engineeringCivil Zone
Transportation engineering involves the planning, design, and management of transportation facilities to provide safe and efficient movement of people and goods. A key aspect of transportation engineering is road design. Some essential elements of a typical road cross-section include the traveled way for vehicles, shoulders for stopped vehicles and bicycles, medians to separate opposing traffic, drainage channels to remove surface water, and barriers or guardrails to prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway. Transportation engineers must consider all of these elements and their widths, slopes, and designs to develop roadways that are effective and safe for users.
This document discusses various elements of road design including medians, kerbs, and road margins. It describes the functions of medians as dividing opposing traffic lanes to prevent head-on collisions and optionally serving other purposes like channelizing traffic. Kerbs delineate the roadway and come in different heights and designs for various purposes. Road margins include shoulders for emergency stopping, footpaths, guardrails, and embankment slopes designed for safety and stability.
Traffic islands, signals, signs and road markings help control and guide traffic flow. There are different types of islands like divisional, channelizing and pedestrian loading islands. Traffic signals alternately direct traffic to stop and go. Regulatory, warning and informational signs communicate rules and hazards. Road markings delineate lanes and provide guidance using lines, words and colors. Together, these visual aids play an important role in road safety and efficient traffic management.
Description about the categories of intersection and various aspects while designing a intersection for public use and enhancement in current transportation system
Grade separators are transportation infrastructure that allow different transportation axes like roads, railways, and footpaths to cross without disrupting traffic flow. They work by aligning intersections at different heights using bridges, tunnels, or a combination. Common types include overpasses, underpasses, stack interchanges, cloverleaf interchanges, and single-point urban interchanges. While grade separators improve traffic flow, they are also very expensive to construct and can be unpopular due to their large size and impact on surrounding areas.
This slide is for the young minds who are keen to knew about the intersection.This presentation demonstrate everything about intersection .All rights are reserved by the authors,this is for only educational purposes and as per IRC guidelines.
The document discusses the geometric design of highways. It covers key elements like cross-section design, horizontal and vertical alignment, sight distance considerations. Factors affecting design like design speed, traffic, and topography are also covered. Elements of cross-section like carriageway, formation width, and right of way are described. Horizontal alignment includes design of super elevation, transition curves, and setback distance. Sight distance standards for stopping, overtaking are provided.
The document discusses various aspects of freeway design including widening curves, using islands, types of interchanges, and entrance and exit design. It describes the purposes of islands in design and different types of interchanges such as cloverleaf, stack, turbine, and others. Ramp designs and the functions of two-way, three-way, and four-way interchanges are also covered.
The document discusses several key aspects of highway design, including:
- The cross slope, which provides drainage away from the center line at a 1-2% grade. Steeper slopes drain water more rapidly.
- Highway medians, which separate opposing traffic and provide space for turns, emergencies, and future lanes. Wider medians are preferable but land costs can be a limitation.
- The grade line, which establishes the longitudinal slope and height of the highway. Terrain, drainage, and sight distances must be considered when setting the grade line.
Types of intersection of road and design parameters of road intersectionwaiseee
This document provides information about types of road intersections and design parameters. It discusses two main types of intersections: grade-separated intersections which use bridges or tunnels to separate opposing traffic, and at-grade intersections where traffic crosses at the same level. Several specific intersection designs are described such as diamond, cloverleaf, and roundabout. Key design parameters for pedestrians, bicyclists, vehicles, and traffic control are also outlined.
Road junction design, parking and signal designAkshay Galav
This document provides an introduction to road junction design, parking, and signal design. It discusses the principles of road junction design, including using right angles where possible and avoiding acute intersections. Roundabouts are recommended when more than three roads intersect. Parking is classified as on-street, off-street, or based on operations like parallel, angle, or right-angle. Traffic signals are used to control vehicle movement and include regulatory, warning, informative, and different types of control like fixed time, fully actuated, and semi-actuated signals. Illustrative examples of different junctions and parking lot designs are also included.
This document discusses different types of road intersections and design considerations. It describes two main types of intersections - grade-separated, which use overpasses or underpasses to eliminate conflicts, and at-grade intersections. Some key intersection types are described, including diamond, cloverleaf, and directional interchanges. Design elements like capacity, traffic control, and accommodation of pedestrians and bicycles are also covered. The objective of grade-separated intersections is to eliminate conflicts while accommodating turning movements. Channelization is discussed as a way to reduce the conflict area at intersections.
6-Cross Section Elements ( Transportation and Traffic Engineering Dr. Sheriff...Hossam Shafiq I
The document discusses the various elements that make up highway cross sections, including travel lanes, shoulders, medians, roadside barriers, curbs, gutters, guard rails, sidewalks, and slopes. It provides details on the typical purposes, dimensions, and design considerations for each element on both rural and urban roadways. Examples of cross section diagrams are also included to illustrate how the different elements come together.
This document discusses intersections and their design. It defines an intersection as the area where two roads cross each other, noting they concentrate travel and involve conflicts between motor vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians. The document outlines requirements for intersection design including safety, adequate capacity, visibility and minimizing delays. It discusses basic design considerations like human factors, traffic needs, physical elements and economics. It also defines intersection terminology, types of movements, conflict points, signalization approaches, and types of intersections such as three-way, four-way and multi-leg intersections as well as interchanges.
Medians and median barriers serve several functions including separating opposite traffic streams, reserving space for future development, and reducing headlight glare. Median barriers are required if the median width is less than 5 meters and the minimum width is 1.5 meters. Problems with medians include traffic restrictions if broken, pedestrian accidents if uncrossable barriers are provided, and increased collision chances with broken medians acting as openings. Proper maintenance of ends and broken medians along with impact-absorbing barrier materials and clear visibility at openings can help address these issues. Kerbs facilitate drainage and lateral pavement support while discouraging driving on sidewalks, though breaks can lead to pavement deterioration if not properly maintained. Median gaps provide pedestrian refuge and lane changes
Lec 07 Intersection Design (Transportation Engineering Dr.Lina Shbeeb)Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses different types of intersections and how they are designed. There are three main categories of intersections: grade separated without ramps, grade separated with ramps, and at-grade. At-grade intersections are further broken down into T-intersections, four-leg intersections, and multi-leg intersections with five or more approaches. Proper channelization of intersections is important to increase capacity and safety by separating conflicting traffic movements. Traffic islands can be used to control and direct traffic, divide opposing flows, or provide pedestrian refuge.
1-Introduction & Concepts-Traffic ( Transportation and Traffic Engineering Dr...Hossam Shafiq I
Traffic engineering aims to achieve efficient operation, safety, economic design and minimize environmental impact. Highway design considers factors like traffic volume, design speed, vehicle type, terrain, and level of service. Design hourly volume is used for calculations and is typically the 30th highest hourly volume. The design vehicle is the largest vehicle expected to frequently use the road and determines design standards. A highway cross section includes travel lanes, shoulders, medians, barriers, curbs, gutters, sidewalks and slopes. Right of way width must accommodate all highway elements and potential future expansion.
Highway & road geomatric and its component Sumit Kumar
Highway engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, operating and maintaining roads, bridges and tunnels to ensure safe transportation. It is a branch of civil engineering. Road geometry refers to the proper planning and design of visible dimensions like lane width, shoulders, slopes, and curves to provide optimum speed, comfort and safety at minimum cost. Key elements of road geometry include right of way, formation width, carriageway, shoulders, side slopes, medians, kerbs, camber and gradient. There are two main types of pavement: flexible pavement made of asphalt layers on a gravel base, and rigid pavement typically made of concrete slabs suitable for airports and highways.
at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross.
THIS AREA IS DESIGNATED FOR THE VEHICLES TO TURN TO Different Direction.
VEHICLES MOVING IN DIFFERENT DIRECTION WANT TO OCCUPY SAME SPACE AT SAME TIME.
1) Traffic management techniques include ramp metering, which uses traffic lights to control the flow of vehicles entering highways and maintain steady traffic flow.
2) Physical changes to roads, such as converting two-way streets to one-way streets, road markings, and tidal flow lanes that change direction during peak hours, can improve traffic flow.
3) Providing information through signs helps guide drivers and encourages alternatives to single-occupancy vehicles, such as high-occupancy vehicle lanes that prioritize cars with multiple passengers.
1) The document discusses various cross-sectional elements of road design including pavement surface characteristics like friction, unevenness, drainage, and light reflection. It also discusses camber, carriageway width, and types of kerbs and shoulders.
2) It describes different types of sight distances required for road design like stopping sight distance, intermediate sight distance, overtaking sight distance, and headlight sight distance.
3) The document provides formulas to calculate minimum stopping sight distance and overtaking sight distance based on factors like vehicle speed, braking capability, gradient, and required safety spacing between vehicles.
The document discusses various aspects of traffic regulation and control including driver controls, vehicle controls, traffic flow regulations, and general controls as per the Motor Vehicle Act. It describes different types of traffic control devices like signs, signals, markings, and islands. Specific topics covered include one-way streets, advantages and disadvantages of one-way systems, types of regulatory signs like stop, give way, prohibitory, no parking signs. Warning and informative signs are also explained.
Road cross-section elements include basic elements like carriageway width, central reservations, shoulders, and laybys, as well as ancillary elements like safety fences and noise barriers. Carriageway width is influenced by factors like traffic volume and speed. Central reservations provide separation and space for turning. Shoulders offer refuge and recovery space. Camber slopes the road for drainage. Side slopes of cuttings and embankments are typically 1 in 2 or 1 in 3. Noise barriers and safety fences help mitigate noise and crashes.
Elements of a Typical Cross-section of Road and Highway drainagenslinkprecinctprojec
The document discusses the typical elements that make up the cross-section of a road, including the traveled way, roadway, median, shoulders, kerbs, drainage channels, and side slopes. It provides guidelines for the selection and dimensions of these elements based on factors like traffic volume, presence of other road users, climate, and surrounding environment. The key components are the traveled way for vehicle movement, shoulders for safety and drainage, medians to separate opposing traffic, and drainage systems to remove surface water from the roadway using transverse and longitudinal slopes and channels.
The document discusses the various elements that make up the cross section of a road, including:
- Right of way, traveled way/carriage way, road way, median, shoulder, curb/kerb, traffic barriers, bicycle and pedestrian facilities, drainage channels, and side slopes.
It provides details on the purpose and design standards for each element, such as recommended widths for different road types. For example, it recommends a minimum shoulder width of 2.5m and notes their purpose is to serve as an emergency lane.
The document also includes examples of typical cross section diagrams for a highway in Pakistan, showing how the various elements come together in road design.
Description about the categories of intersection and various aspects while designing a intersection for public use and enhancement in current transportation system
Grade separators are transportation infrastructure that allow different transportation axes like roads, railways, and footpaths to cross without disrupting traffic flow. They work by aligning intersections at different heights using bridges, tunnels, or a combination. Common types include overpasses, underpasses, stack interchanges, cloverleaf interchanges, and single-point urban interchanges. While grade separators improve traffic flow, they are also very expensive to construct and can be unpopular due to their large size and impact on surrounding areas.
This slide is for the young minds who are keen to knew about the intersection.This presentation demonstrate everything about intersection .All rights are reserved by the authors,this is for only educational purposes and as per IRC guidelines.
The document discusses the geometric design of highways. It covers key elements like cross-section design, horizontal and vertical alignment, sight distance considerations. Factors affecting design like design speed, traffic, and topography are also covered. Elements of cross-section like carriageway, formation width, and right of way are described. Horizontal alignment includes design of super elevation, transition curves, and setback distance. Sight distance standards for stopping, overtaking are provided.
The document discusses various aspects of freeway design including widening curves, using islands, types of interchanges, and entrance and exit design. It describes the purposes of islands in design and different types of interchanges such as cloverleaf, stack, turbine, and others. Ramp designs and the functions of two-way, three-way, and four-way interchanges are also covered.
The document discusses several key aspects of highway design, including:
- The cross slope, which provides drainage away from the center line at a 1-2% grade. Steeper slopes drain water more rapidly.
- Highway medians, which separate opposing traffic and provide space for turns, emergencies, and future lanes. Wider medians are preferable but land costs can be a limitation.
- The grade line, which establishes the longitudinal slope and height of the highway. Terrain, drainage, and sight distances must be considered when setting the grade line.
Types of intersection of road and design parameters of road intersectionwaiseee
This document provides information about types of road intersections and design parameters. It discusses two main types of intersections: grade-separated intersections which use bridges or tunnels to separate opposing traffic, and at-grade intersections where traffic crosses at the same level. Several specific intersection designs are described such as diamond, cloverleaf, and roundabout. Key design parameters for pedestrians, bicyclists, vehicles, and traffic control are also outlined.
Road junction design, parking and signal designAkshay Galav
This document provides an introduction to road junction design, parking, and signal design. It discusses the principles of road junction design, including using right angles where possible and avoiding acute intersections. Roundabouts are recommended when more than three roads intersect. Parking is classified as on-street, off-street, or based on operations like parallel, angle, or right-angle. Traffic signals are used to control vehicle movement and include regulatory, warning, informative, and different types of control like fixed time, fully actuated, and semi-actuated signals. Illustrative examples of different junctions and parking lot designs are also included.
This document discusses different types of road intersections and design considerations. It describes two main types of intersections - grade-separated, which use overpasses or underpasses to eliminate conflicts, and at-grade intersections. Some key intersection types are described, including diamond, cloverleaf, and directional interchanges. Design elements like capacity, traffic control, and accommodation of pedestrians and bicycles are also covered. The objective of grade-separated intersections is to eliminate conflicts while accommodating turning movements. Channelization is discussed as a way to reduce the conflict area at intersections.
6-Cross Section Elements ( Transportation and Traffic Engineering Dr. Sheriff...Hossam Shafiq I
The document discusses the various elements that make up highway cross sections, including travel lanes, shoulders, medians, roadside barriers, curbs, gutters, guard rails, sidewalks, and slopes. It provides details on the typical purposes, dimensions, and design considerations for each element on both rural and urban roadways. Examples of cross section diagrams are also included to illustrate how the different elements come together.
This document discusses intersections and their design. It defines an intersection as the area where two roads cross each other, noting they concentrate travel and involve conflicts between motor vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians. The document outlines requirements for intersection design including safety, adequate capacity, visibility and minimizing delays. It discusses basic design considerations like human factors, traffic needs, physical elements and economics. It also defines intersection terminology, types of movements, conflict points, signalization approaches, and types of intersections such as three-way, four-way and multi-leg intersections as well as interchanges.
Medians and median barriers serve several functions including separating opposite traffic streams, reserving space for future development, and reducing headlight glare. Median barriers are required if the median width is less than 5 meters and the minimum width is 1.5 meters. Problems with medians include traffic restrictions if broken, pedestrian accidents if uncrossable barriers are provided, and increased collision chances with broken medians acting as openings. Proper maintenance of ends and broken medians along with impact-absorbing barrier materials and clear visibility at openings can help address these issues. Kerbs facilitate drainage and lateral pavement support while discouraging driving on sidewalks, though breaks can lead to pavement deterioration if not properly maintained. Median gaps provide pedestrian refuge and lane changes
Lec 07 Intersection Design (Transportation Engineering Dr.Lina Shbeeb)Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses different types of intersections and how they are designed. There are three main categories of intersections: grade separated without ramps, grade separated with ramps, and at-grade. At-grade intersections are further broken down into T-intersections, four-leg intersections, and multi-leg intersections with five or more approaches. Proper channelization of intersections is important to increase capacity and safety by separating conflicting traffic movements. Traffic islands can be used to control and direct traffic, divide opposing flows, or provide pedestrian refuge.
1-Introduction & Concepts-Traffic ( Transportation and Traffic Engineering Dr...Hossam Shafiq I
Traffic engineering aims to achieve efficient operation, safety, economic design and minimize environmental impact. Highway design considers factors like traffic volume, design speed, vehicle type, terrain, and level of service. Design hourly volume is used for calculations and is typically the 30th highest hourly volume. The design vehicle is the largest vehicle expected to frequently use the road and determines design standards. A highway cross section includes travel lanes, shoulders, medians, barriers, curbs, gutters, sidewalks and slopes. Right of way width must accommodate all highway elements and potential future expansion.
Highway & road geomatric and its component Sumit Kumar
Highway engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, operating and maintaining roads, bridges and tunnels to ensure safe transportation. It is a branch of civil engineering. Road geometry refers to the proper planning and design of visible dimensions like lane width, shoulders, slopes, and curves to provide optimum speed, comfort and safety at minimum cost. Key elements of road geometry include right of way, formation width, carriageway, shoulders, side slopes, medians, kerbs, camber and gradient. There are two main types of pavement: flexible pavement made of asphalt layers on a gravel base, and rigid pavement typically made of concrete slabs suitable for airports and highways.
at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross.
THIS AREA IS DESIGNATED FOR THE VEHICLES TO TURN TO Different Direction.
VEHICLES MOVING IN DIFFERENT DIRECTION WANT TO OCCUPY SAME SPACE AT SAME TIME.
1) Traffic management techniques include ramp metering, which uses traffic lights to control the flow of vehicles entering highways and maintain steady traffic flow.
2) Physical changes to roads, such as converting two-way streets to one-way streets, road markings, and tidal flow lanes that change direction during peak hours, can improve traffic flow.
3) Providing information through signs helps guide drivers and encourages alternatives to single-occupancy vehicles, such as high-occupancy vehicle lanes that prioritize cars with multiple passengers.
1) The document discusses various cross-sectional elements of road design including pavement surface characteristics like friction, unevenness, drainage, and light reflection. It also discusses camber, carriageway width, and types of kerbs and shoulders.
2) It describes different types of sight distances required for road design like stopping sight distance, intermediate sight distance, overtaking sight distance, and headlight sight distance.
3) The document provides formulas to calculate minimum stopping sight distance and overtaking sight distance based on factors like vehicle speed, braking capability, gradient, and required safety spacing between vehicles.
The document discusses various aspects of traffic regulation and control including driver controls, vehicle controls, traffic flow regulations, and general controls as per the Motor Vehicle Act. It describes different types of traffic control devices like signs, signals, markings, and islands. Specific topics covered include one-way streets, advantages and disadvantages of one-way systems, types of regulatory signs like stop, give way, prohibitory, no parking signs. Warning and informative signs are also explained.
Road cross-section elements include basic elements like carriageway width, central reservations, shoulders, and laybys, as well as ancillary elements like safety fences and noise barriers. Carriageway width is influenced by factors like traffic volume and speed. Central reservations provide separation and space for turning. Shoulders offer refuge and recovery space. Camber slopes the road for drainage. Side slopes of cuttings and embankments are typically 1 in 2 or 1 in 3. Noise barriers and safety fences help mitigate noise and crashes.
Elements of a Typical Cross-section of Road and Highway drainagenslinkprecinctprojec
The document discusses the typical elements that make up the cross-section of a road, including the traveled way, roadway, median, shoulders, kerbs, drainage channels, and side slopes. It provides guidelines for the selection and dimensions of these elements based on factors like traffic volume, presence of other road users, climate, and surrounding environment. The key components are the traveled way for vehicle movement, shoulders for safety and drainage, medians to separate opposing traffic, and drainage systems to remove surface water from the roadway using transverse and longitudinal slopes and channels.
The document discusses the various elements that make up the cross section of a road, including:
- Right of way, traveled way/carriage way, road way, median, shoulder, curb/kerb, traffic barriers, bicycle and pedestrian facilities, drainage channels, and side slopes.
It provides details on the purpose and design standards for each element, such as recommended widths for different road types. For example, it recommends a minimum shoulder width of 2.5m and notes their purpose is to serve as an emergency lane.
The document also includes examples of typical cross section diagrams for a highway in Pakistan, showing how the various elements come together in road design.
This document provides information on the geometric design of highways. It discusses the key elements of highway design including the width of the carriageway and roadway, right of way, shoulders, side slopes, medians, and design speed. The objectives of geometric design are to optimize efficiency, safety, and cost while minimizing environmental impacts. Standard widths and specifications for elements like carriageways, medians, and shoulders are provided based on highway class and roadway conditions.
Chapter 3.pptx highway one civil engineeringabdi beder
The document discusses the elements of highway cross-sections and road safety. It describes typical cross-section elements such as the right of way, carriageway, shoulders, medians, footpaths, and barriers. It also discusses factors to consider when selecting cross-section elements like traffic volume, safety, and development along the highway. The document then covers road safety, defining it and providing accident statistics. It discusses factors that can contribute to crashes like driver actions, vehicle mechanical issues, road geometry, and environmental conditions.
The document discusses key concepts in geometric highway design including objectives to maximize safety, comfort, and economy while minimizing environmental impacts. It covers highway classification based on location, function, and designation. Characteristics like traffic volumes, design speed, design vehicles, and cross-section elements like lanes, shoulders, medians, and right-of-way are described. The objectives are to design a safe and efficient system addressing community and environmental needs.
The document discusses several key aspects of highway design including design speed, factors that influence design speed, typical design speed ranges for different roadway types and terrains, highway cross-sections, road shoulders, cut and fill slopes. It provides details on design speed definition and how it is used to determine geometric features. It also lists common roadway types and their definitions, and provides tables outlining typical design speed ranges.
This document discusses different types of intersections and their design elements. It begins by introducing intersections at grade, which can be unchannelized, channelized, or rotaries. Traffic islands are then discussed as a way to channelize traffic and reduce conflict areas. Grade separated intersections such as overpasses and underpasses are also covered. Specific intersection types like T-intersections, diamonds, and cloverleafs are defined. Requirements like visibility, capacity, and right of way considerations are outlined for the different intersection designs.
This document discusses highway geometric design, including factors that influence design, cross-sectional elements of roads, and sight distance requirements. It describes how design speed, topography, vehicles, humans, traffic, environment, and economics impact geometric design. Cross-sectional elements like camber, carriageway width, kerbs, shoulders, and right-of-way are explained. Sight distance is defined as the visibility of the road ahead that allows safe driving.
This document provides details about typical cross-sections of roads and highways, including pavement surfaces and drainage elements. It discusses the importance of friction between wheels and pavement, pavement smoothness, light reflection characteristics, and drainage. It also describes typical layers in flexible pavements like seal coats, surface courses, binder courses, and subgrades. Finally, it outlines other cross-section elements such as shoulders, medians, footpaths, barriers, and bus bays.
This document provides details about typical cross-sections of roads and highways, including pavement surfaces and drainage elements. It discusses the importance of friction between wheels and pavement, pavement smoothness, light reflection characteristics, and drainage. It also describes typical layers in flexible pavements like seal coats, surface courses, binder courses, and subgrades. Finally, it outlines other cross-section elements such as shoulders, medians, footpaths, barriers, and bus bays.
The document discusses different types of road intersections and design considerations. It describes two main types - grade-separated intersections which use overpasses or underpasses to eliminate conflicts, and at-grade intersections where roads intersect on the same level. Some key intersection types are discussed including diamonds, cloverleafs, and roundabouts. Design elements like capacity, traffic control, sight distances, and vehicle turning radii are also covered.
The document discusses key considerations for highway design including consistency, definitions of highway types, and design standards. Consistency is the most important rule, requiring that elements conform to driver expectations. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) establishes authoritative design publications and definitions. Design should consider traffic volume, origin-destination studies, accidents, and capacity. Standards include minimum lane widths of 3.0-7.2 meters depending on the road type, with wider pavements and shoulders associated with fewer accidents.
This document provides an overview of transportation engineering. It defines transportation engineering as a branch of civil engineering involved in planning, designing, operating, and maintaining transportation systems such as roadways, railways, airways and waterways. It then describes different modes of transportation including various types of roads, railways, airports and waterways. For each mode, it discusses their classification, components, advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to introduce the key concepts in transportation engineering.
The document discusses various factors in highway geometric design, including cross-sectional elements that influence safety and comfort. It describes design considerations for elements like camber, which provides drainage and friction; carriageway width, which depends on traffic lanes and vehicle size; and kerbs, shoulders, and right-of-way width, which should accommodate all road features and allow for future expansion. Cross-sectional characteristics are important to the performance and lifespan of highways.
This document discusses several key considerations for highway geometric design, including:
1. Friction, unevenness, and light reflecting characteristics of pavement surfaces which impact vehicle operation and safety.
2. Cross slope or camber of pavement to drain surface water away, with recommended values between 1 in 25 to 1 in 60 depending on pavement type and rainfall.
3. Elements that form the road margins like shoulders, guard rails, footpaths, driveways, and parking/bus lanes to separate modes and improve safety/access.
The document discusses highway geometric design and its key elements. It describes that geometric design deals with dimensions and layout of visible highway features, alignments, sight distances, and intersections. It aims to provide efficient traffic operations with maximum safety at reasonable cost. The key factors discussed are design speed, terrain type, traffic factors, and environmental factors. It also describes various cross section elements like carriageway width, medians, shoulders, footpaths, and their design standards.
The document discusses the Indian Road Congress (IRC), which is the apex body for highway engineers in India. It was established in 1934 to promote road development in the country. The IRC provides a forum for highway engineers to discuss issues related to road construction and maintenance. It also develops standard specifications and practices. The document then discusses the classification of roads in India according to the IRC into national highways, state highways, major district roads, other district roads and village roads. It provides details on the normal right of way widths for different road classifications and terrains. It also discusses other concepts related to road engineering like formation level, camber, gradients, etc.
Mass-haul diagrams (MHDs) are used to calculate cut and fill volumes and estimate material hauling needs for construction projects. MHDs graphically display cumulative cut and fill volumes along the project centerline. They are used to determine balancing points where cut and fill volumes offset, how much material needs to be imported or exported, and the most economical hauling methods. An example MHD analysis identifies a project's maximum haul distance and calculates how much borrow material is needed to make up the excess fill volume.
This document discusses hydraulic machines and provides details on hydraulic turbines and pumps. It covers the basic principles and components of common turbine types like Pelton wheels, Francis turbines and Kaplan turbines. It also examines the workings of centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. Specific topics covered include pump classifications, components, operating characteristics, efficiencies, heads and losses. Diagrams of turbine and pump examples are included to illustrate key concepts.
Levelling, also known as heighting, is the process of determining relative height differences between points on the Earth's surface. If the height of one point is known relative to a datum, then the heights of other points can be found relative to the same datum. This is done using a leveling instrument, leveling staff, and following standard procedures such as taking backsight and foresight readings. Care must be taken to eliminate errors from things like atmospheric refraction. Results are typically recorded in a level book or form and can be reduced using methods like height of instrument or rise and fall.
The document discusses different coordinate systems used in land surveying. It describes 2D and 3D coordinate systems including cartesian and polar coordinate systems. The 2D cartesian system uses perpendicular x and y axes to locate points, with the x-axis running north-south and y-axis east-west. The 3D cartesian system extends this to three dimensions using an origin at the Earth's center. The document also covers converting between cartesian and polar coordinates, and fundamental calculations in surveying like join and polar computations.
The document discusses different types of electrical wiring systems used in homes. It describes cleat wiring, which uses PVC-insulated wires held by cleats on walls and ceilings. Cleat wiring is a temporary system not suitable for homes. Conduit wiring routes wires through plastic or metal pipes hidden inside walls. Surface conduit wiring mounts pipes externally while concealed conduit wiring hides pipes internally. Conduit wiring is durable, safe from damage and fire, and suitable for both homes and industry. The document also covers wire specifications and different types of switches used in electrical installations.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a plumbing course. The objectives are to teach students how to cut and fix cold water pipes, install sanitary fittings and drains, and perform basic arc and gas welding and electrical installations. The course will be taught through lectures, tutorials, practical exercises, and assignments. Key topics include plumbing methods and materials, common welding techniques, and basic electrical installation principles. Student performance will be evaluated through tests, assignments, and an end-of-semester exam consisting of questions on plumbing, welding, and electrical installation.
Mechanics deals with the motion and rest of bodies under forces. It has developed from analyzing rigid bodies under gravity to more complex systems like robots, aircraft, and spacecraft experiencing various forces. Mechanics is divided into statics which studies equilibrium, and dynamics which studies motion. Fundamental concepts include length, time, mass, displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, and force. Forces can be represented graphically and act through a line of action with a magnitude and direction. Newton's laws form the basis of mechanics.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
2. Road
• A way or path over which cyclists,
vehicles and pedestrians can pass
lawfully.
• Roads are normally used for
transportation within a country.
3. Advantages of Roads
• Nearest to the man, as for going to airport,
harbor or railway station.
• Can be used by all types of vehicles from
cycles to trailers.
• Can lead to any remote area and road
users have freedom of movement.
• Vehicle movements are not time bound,
roads are open to traffic for 24 hours.
6. Cross-Section Elements
The cross section of a road includes some
or all of the following elements:
• Traveled way
• Roadway
• Median
• Shoulder
• Kerb
• Traffic Barriers
• Bicycle and pedestrian facilities
• Drainage channels and side slopes
9. Selection of appropriate
cross-section elements
In selecting the appropriate cross-section
elements and dimensions, designers need
to consider a number of factors:
• Volume and composition (percent trucks,
buses, and recreational vehicles) of the
vehicular traffic expected to use the facility
• The likelihood that cyclists and pedestrians
will use the route
• Climatic conditions
10. Selection of appropriate
cross-section elements
• The presence of natural or human made
obstructions adjacent to the roadway (e.g.,
rock cliffs, large trees, wetlands, buildings,
power lines)
• Type and intensity of development along the
section of the highway facility that is being
designed
• Safety of the users
The most appropriate design is the one that
balances the mobility needs of the people
using the facility (motorists, pedestrians, or
cyclists) with the physical constraints of the
corridor within which the facility is located.
11. Right of Way
• The right of way can be described generally
as the publicly owned area of land that
encompasses all the various cross-section
elements.
• The right of way is the land set aside for use
as a highway corridor.
• Rights of way are purchased prior to the
construction of a new road, and usually
enough extra land is purchased.
• Sometimes, rights of way are left vacant after
the initial roadway facility is constructed to
allow for future highway expansion.
12. Right of Way
Requirements of area for right of way
are as follows:
• For 2 lane road = 150 ft width of area
• For 4 lane road = 250 ft width of area
• For 8 lane road = 300 ft width of area
13. Traveled Way or Carriage Way
• The portion of the roadway provided for
the movement of vehicles, exclusive of
shoulders.
• Number of lanes on a traveled way are
decided on the basis of expected traffic
volumes and appropriate level of
service required for the facility.
14. Traveled Way or Carriage Way
• Lane width strongly influences traffic
safety and comfort
• Lane width ranges from 2.7-3.6 m
with 3.6 m lane predominant on high-
type highways
• Two-lane two-way highways with the
3.6 m lane provide safe clearance
between large commercial vehicles
15. Dual Carriage Way
When traffic volumes are quite heavy,
carriageway may be divided into two
parts by providing a median strip and
each portion of the carriage way is
reserved for traffic moving in opposite
direction.
16. Road Way
• The portion of a highway provided for
vehicular use.
• It includes both carriageway and
shoulders.
17. Formation Width
• It is the sum of widths of carriage way,
shoulders and median strips if provided.
• In case of embankments, it is measured
as the top width.
• In case of cutting, it is the bottom width
of the cutting from which side drains are
excluded.
19. Functions of shoulders
• accommodation of stopped vehicles
(disabled vehicles, bus stops)
• emergency use
• lateral support for the pavement
• space for roadside facilities
• space for bicycles and pedestrians
• driving comfort (freedom from strain)
• improvement in sight distance
• improvement in capacity
20. Width of shoulders
• Low-type roads -- minimum 0.6 m,
recommended 1.8-2.4 m
• Shoulder provided for bicycles -- minimum
1.2 m wide
• High-type roads -- minimum 3.0 m,
recommended 3.6 m
• Shoulders should be continuous.
• Shoulders on bridges should have the
same width as on the approach sections.
21. Median or Traffic Separators
• It is the physical or painted separation
provided on divided highways between
two adjacent roadways.
• Medians can also be used to isolate
slow and fast moving traffic in the same
direction.
• Width of medians ranges from
1.2 to 24 m.
25. Function of medians
• separate opposing traffic
• recovery area for out-of-control
vehicles
• stopping area
• storage of right-turning and U-turning
vehicles
• minimize headlight glare
• provision for future lanes
26. Kerb
• It is the dividing line between carriageway
and footpath.
27. Functions of Kerbs
• drainage control
• roadway edge delineation
• right-of-way reduction
• delineation of pedestrian walkways
• reduction in maintenance operation
• Assistance in roadside development
28. Types of Kerbs
• Class I Kerb: Height 7-9 cms
• Class II Kerb: Height 15-20 cms
• Barrier: 23-45 cms
• Submerged: provide lateral stability
29. Foot Path or side Walk
• Foot paths are provided in Urban
roads
• These are raised strips constructed
along both the edges of roads.
• Their minimum recommended width
is 1.3 m.
32. Bicycle and Parking lane
• Bicycle lane is a portion of the
roadway designated by striping,
signing, and/or pavement markings
for preferential or exclusive use by
bicycles and/or other non-motorized
vehicles.
• Parking lane is an additional lane
provided on Urban roads and streets
for on-street parking.
35. Traffic Barriers
A longitudinal barrier, including bridge rail,
or an impact attenuator used to
• Redirect vehicles from hazards located
within an established Design Clear Zone
• To prevent median crossovers
• To prevent errant vehicles from going over
the side of a bridge structure
• To protect workers (occasionally)
• To protect pedestrians, or bicyclists from
vehicular traffic
38. Drainage Channels and
Side slopes
• Drainage channels and side slopes are
provided along the length of road for storm
water drainage etc.
39. Drainage Channels and
Side slopes
Drainage channels should:
• have adequate capacity for the design
runoff,
• minimize damage to the highway caused
by unusual storm water,
• minimize risk for motorists,
• be resistant to the high speed water flows
where expected,
• prevent sedimentation of the particles
carried by water.
40. Drainage Channels and
Side slopes
Side slopes should
• insure the stability of the roadway
• provide opportunity for recovery of an out-
of-control vehicle
42. Highway Drainage
• A means by which surface water is
removed from pavement and ROW
• Redirects water into appropriately
designed channels
• Eventually discharges into natural
water systems
43. Inadequate Drainage
• Damage to highway structures
• Loss of capacity
• Visibility problems with spray and
retro-reflectivity
• Safety problems, reduced friction and
hydroplaning
44. Highway Drainage
• Transverse slopes
– Removes water from pavement surface
– Facilitated by cross-section elements
(cross-slope, shoulder slope)
• Longitudinal slopes
– Minimum gradient to maintain adequate
slope in longitudinal channels
• Longitudinal channels
– Ditches along side of road to collect
surface water after run-off
48. Drainage System
Three phases
1. To Estimate the quantity of water to
reach the system
2. Hydraulic design of system elements
3. Comparison of different materials to
serve the purpose
Steep slopes provide good hydraulic
capacity and lower ROW costs, but
reduces safety and increases
erosion and maintenance costs
49. Hydrologic Analysis
Q = CIA (english) or Q = 0.0028CIA (metric)
Q = runoff (ft3/sec) or (m3/sec)
C = coefficient representing ratio or runoff to
rainfall
I = intensity of rainfall (in/hour or mm/hour)
A = drainage area (acres or hectares)
50. Undivided traveled ways (two- and multilane)
on tangents and flat curves have a crown in the
middle and slope downward toward both edges
(camber). The downward cross slope may be a
plane or rounded section (parabolic), or a
combination of the two.
One-way traveled ways on divided highways
may be crowned separately or may have a
unidirectional cross slope/cross fall.
Transverse Slope
54. Crowns vs. Unidirectional Slopes
Type of
Roadway
Pros Cons
Crowned
separately
•rapid drainage during
rainstorms
•difference between low
and high points is
minimal
•inlets and underground
drainage (drainage towards
the median)
•difficult design of at-grade
intersection elevation
•use of such sections
should be limited to regions
with high rainfall
Unidirectional
cross slopes
•more comfortable for
drivers changing lanes
•drainage away from the
median saves inlets and
drains
•simplifies treatment of
intersections
•drainage is slower
•difference between low
and high points of the cross
section is larger
55. Contradictory design controls
A steep lateral slope reduces water ponding and the width of the
water flow along the curb.
A flat lateral slope reduces vehicles' drift towards the low edge.
Recommended design controls
Lateral drift of vehicles at high speed is barely perceptible on
cross slopes up to 2%. The slope of 1.5-2.0% is acceptable on
high-speed highways. In the areas of intense rainfall a
maximum cross slope is 2.5%.
Crown section
Change in the cross slope of 3-4% causes swaying of high body
vehicles. Rounded crowns reduce discomfort.
Cross Slopes on Tangents
56. Curbed Highways
The minimum slop values of 1.5-2 % in areas with
intense rainfalls will cause wide sheet of water on
the curbed traveled way.
Possible improvements:
• parabolic cross section with increasing cross slope
towards the outer edges,
• gutter along the curb with the cross slope larger
than on the traveled way,
• on multilane traveled way, cross slope broken
along traffic lane edges, increasing from the
minimum value on the innermost lane up to the
maximum value on the outermost lane. This
solution is used on uncurbed sections as well.
57.
58. Drainage Channels and
Sideslopes
Design considerations of highway drainage
includes
• safety
• good appearance
• control of pollutants
• economy in maintenance
This can be achieved by applying
• flat side slopes
• wide drainage channels
• rounding
60. Drainage Channels
Drainage channels should:
• have adequate capacity for the design
runoff,
• minimize damage to the highway caused
by unusual storm water,
• minimize risk for motorists,
• be resistant to the high speed water flows
where expected,
• prevent sedimentation of the particles
carried by water.
61. Side slopes
Side slopes should:
• insure the stability of the roadway
• provide opportunity for recovery of an out-of-control
vehicles
62. Roadside Channels
• Steep sides improve hydraulic efficiency and reduce right of
way costs
• Flatter sides improve slope stability and traffic safety, reduce
maintenance costs
• Side slopes 1:4 or flatter provides a good chance of recovery
for errant vehicles and relax drivers' tension (roadside channel
is visible to drivers)
• Side slopes of 1:5 or 1:6 are recommended in the flat areas
• Intercepting channels have a flat cross section form by a dike
made with borrow material
• Median drainage channels are shallow depressed areas with
inlets
• Flumes are open channels or pipes used to connect
intercepting channels or shoulder curbs with roadside channels
• Channel lining prevents channels erosion caused by fast
stream of water.
Examples: grass (where possible), concrete, stone etc.
63. Side slopes
Safety consideration
• Rounded hinge point reduces the chance of an errant vehicle
becoming airborne
• Fore slopes 1:6 or flatter can be negotiated by errant vehicles
• Fore slopes 1:3 with liberal rounding provide a good chance
for recovery
• Slopes steeper than 1:3 can be used only where justified by
local conditions. The use of roadside barriers should be
considered
Maintenance consideration
• Flat and well-rounded side slopes simplify establishment of
turf and its maintenance
• Slopes 1:3 or flatter enable the use of motorized equipment
64. Side slopes
Other rules
Flat, well-rounded side slopes create a streamlined
cross section. Advantages for the streamlined
cross sections are:
• natural, pleasant appearance,
• improved traffic safety,
• snow drift prevented,
• easy maintenance.
Retaining walls should be considered where slopes
would be steeper than 1:2.
Standard slope for rock cuts is 2:1. In good-quality
rock, slopes ranges from 6:1.