Indian Railways is one of the largest railway networks in the world, comprising over 115,000 km of track. The presentation discusses the components of railway tracks, including rails, sleepers, ballast, and sub-ballast. It also covers different types of gauges used in India and various structures like bridges, stations, tunnels, and culverts. Common defects in railway tracks like high joints, blowing joints, and heaved tracks are explained along with their causes such as overpacking of sleepers, sinking of sleepers, and poor drainage. The conclusion states that problems in construction and maintenance of various railway structures will be explored further in the next semester.

1. PRESENTATION
ON
Gu ided By
HADIYA KIRAN
Problems in
construction &
meintenance of
Railway track,
structures & it’s
remedial measures

2. Indian Railways is an Indian state-owned
enterprise, owned and operated by the
government of India through the Ministry
of Railways. It is one of the world's largest
railway networks comprising 115,000 km
(71,000 mi) of track over a route of
65,000 km (40,000 mi) and 7,500 stations.
ABOUT INDIAN
RAILWAY

3. In India first railway was built between Mumbai
and Thane in 1852 and the first passenger train
ran between the two stations, covering a
distance of 34 km, on April 16, 1853.

4. ZONES OF INDIAN RAILWAY
1. EASTERN RAILWAY
2. SOUTH CENTRAL RAIWAY
3. NORTHEN RAILWAY
4. NORTH EASTERN RAILWAY
5. SOUTHERN RAILWAY
6. CENTRAL RAILWAY
7. WESTERN RAILWAY
8. NORTH EAST FRONTIER
RAILWAY
9. SOUTH CENTRAL RAILWAY

6. CENTRAL RAILWAY
HEADQUARTERS CHATRAPATI
SHIVAJI TERMINUS,MUMBAI
INDIAN RAILWAYS
HEADQUARTERS DELHI
WESTERN RAILWAY
HEADQUARTERS, MUMBAI
SOUTHERN RAILWAY
HEADQUARTERS, CHENNAI

7. RAIL GAUGE
The clear horizontal distance between the
inner faces of the two rails forming a track is known as
gauge.

8. TYPES OF GAUGES PREVALENT IN
INDIA
1. Broad gauge (1676 mm)
When the clear horizontal distance between the
inner faces of two parallel rails forming a track is 1676 mm ,
the gauge is called as broad gauge.
2. Meter gauge (1000 mm)
When the clear horizontal distance between
the inner faces of two parallel rails forming a track is 1000
mm , the gauge is called as meter gauge.
3. Narrow gauge (762 mm or 610 mm)
When the clear horizontal distance between
the inner faces of two parallel rails forming a track is 762 mm
, the gauge is called as narrow gauge.

9.  The components parts of a permanent way
(railway track) are:
1. Rails
2. Sleepers
3. Ballast
4. Sub ballast
5. Embankment

15.  Rails are made of steel. They are rolled I sections.
 They are fixed to the sleepers by various
fastening and rest on sleepers.
 To provide a hard, smooth and continuous level
surface for the movement of trains.
 To serve as lateral guide to the running wheels.
 To transmit moving loads to the sleepers.

16. Sleepers
The members laid transversely under the
rail for supporting and fixing them at the gauge
distance apart are known as sleepers.
Sleepers

21.  To support the rail firmly and evenly.
 To hold the rails to proper gauge.
 To distribute the load coming on the rails over a
large area.
 To act as an elastic medium between the rail and
the ballast and to absorb the vibrations of the
trains.
 To maintain alignment of the track.
 Sleeper also add stability of the permanent way.

22. Ballast
The material placed in between the sleeper and the
top of the formation is known as the ballast.
Ballast

24.  To provide hard and level base for the sleepers
to rest on.
 To hold the sleeper in place during the passage
of trains.
 To transmit and distribute the load from the
sleepers to the formation.
 To drain the rain water quickly.
 To import some degree of elasticity to the tack.

25.  A layer of moorum, gravel or small
aggregates is provided between the ballast and
earth embankment to drain off the water
immediately. It is sub ballast.

26.  Embankment is also known as the formation. It
is prepared by levelling the ground and necessary
cutting or filling. The Embankment is provided
side slopes of 1:2.

27. Coning of wheels
"Coning of wheels" is what allows a train to
take a turn without slipping off its tracks.

28. Fish plate
A fish plate is a metal or wooden plate
that is bolted to the sides at the ends of two
rails or beams, to join them.
Spikes
A rail spike (also known as a cut spike or
crampon) is a large nail with an offset head that is
used to secure rails and base plates to railroad ties in
the track.
Rails Fixtures and Fastening
Bearing plate
These are the plates which are provided in
between the flat footed rails and wooden sleepers
Bolts
Bolts are used for connecting fish plates to the rails
at rail joint, bearing plates and chairs to wooden sleepers
etc.

36. 1. Railway Bridges
2. Railway Stations
3. Railway Tunnels
4. Railway Culvert

38. The Anjikhad Railway Bridge is the part of the Jammu, Udhampur, Srinagar,
Baramulla Railway Link will be the second project of the Kashmir railway
will be the second highest railway structure in the world with an height of
186 m (610 ft) above the river bed.
ANJIKHA BRIDGE

39. .

41. The Panvalnadi bridge across the river Panval in the Konkan region of
Ratnagiri district in the state of Maharashtra is presently the tallest rail
bridge in India and Asia’s third highest Viaduct. The Konkan railway
route is one of the most beautiful rail route in India runs along the west
coast of India and majestic Western Ghats and passes through the over
2,000 bridges and 91 tunnels.
Panvalnadi bridge

45. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus is an historic railway station in
Mumbai and is the busiest and best railway station in India. It is
now known simply as CST and serving as a terminal for both
long-distance trains and commuter trains of the Mumbai
Suburban Railway.
Chhatrapati Shivaji :

46. Gorakhpur Railway Station is very important junction of
Northern Indian railway and became the world’s Longest
Railway platform with a length of 1,366. m. Image Source:
staticflickr
Gorakhpur Railway Station :

47. New Delhi Metro Station is a station on the Yellow Line of
the Delhi Metro located within walking distance to the
Indian Railways New Delhi station. Yellow Line is one of the
lines of the Delhi Metro, a rapid transit system in Delhi.
New Delhi Metro Station :

48. Chennai Central railway station is one of the most important
railway hubs in South India and 138-year-old building of the
railway station is one of the most prominent landmarks of
Chennai.
Chennai Central railway station :

49. Kolkata Metro is the first underground railway to be built in
India and has Underground mass Rapid Transit Urban
Railway network. The Commuters are using the city’s lifeline-
the Kolkata Metro Railway.
Kolkata Metro :

51. Karbude Tunnel is the longest rail tunnel in India located on the Konkan Railway
route near Ratnagiri in Maharashtra. The Karbude tunnel is 6.5 km long and one
of the India’s biggest engineering marvels. Ratnagiri region is full of lush greenery
and more, it is well famous for for different varieties of Mangoes. Konkan Railway
runs from Mangalore in Karnataka to Mumbai in Maharashtra through Goa, along
the west coast of India and Western Ghats.
Karbude Tunnel:

52. The yellow line of Delhi metro is the second longest metro line among other rapid
transit system in Delhi and connects Jahangirpuri in Delhi to HUDA City Centre
in Gurgaon. The 45 km long line mostly underground and also known for Chawri
Bazar station, deepest station of the Delhi Metro 98 ft below ground level. Yellow
Line has longest metro tunnel in India with total length of around 30-35 km (Not
Sure) with 34 metro stations.
The yellow line of Delhi metro :

53. The Phase I of Namma Metro or Bangalore metro has two lines Purple
Line and Green Line. Purple Lines has 4.88 km long underground tunnel
and Green line has 4 km long tunnel equipped with all the
latest technologies and system.
Namma Metro

54. The East-West Metro or Line 2 of Kolkata Metro will have 8.9 km
underground and 5.77 km elevated travel connecting Kolkata with
Howrah. Tuneel will have a underwater metro line over the Hooghly
River and it will be the first underwater metro in India.
The East-West Metro :

56. A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar
obstruction.Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made
from a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material. A structure that carries water above
land is known as an aqueduct.Culverts may be used to form a bridge-like structure to
carry traffic. Culverts come in many sizes and shapes including round, elliptical, flat-
bottomed,pear-shaped, and box-like constructions. Culverts may be made of concrete,
galvanized steel, aluminum, or plastic, typically high density polyethylene.
Steel culvert with a plunge pool below

57. Safe and stable stream crossings can accommodate wildlife and protect stream health
while reducing expensive erosion and structural damage.Undersized and poorly placed
culverts can cause problems for water quality and aquatic organisms. Poorly designed
culverts can degrade water quality via scour and erosion and also restrict aquatic
organisms from being able to move freely between upstream and downstream habitat.
Fish are a common victim in the loss of habitat due to poorly designed crossing
structures. Culverts that offer adequate aquatic organism passage reduce impediments
to movement of fish, wildlife and other aquatic life that require instream passage. These
structures are less likely to fail in medium to large scale rain and snow melt events.[citation
needed]
Environmental impacts

58. In the coastal plains of Queensland (north-east Australia), torrentialrains during the
wet season place a heavy demand on culverts. The naturalslope of the flood plains is
often very small and little fall (or head loss) is permissible in the culverts. Professors
Gordon R. McKay and Colin J. Apelt developed and patented the design procedure of
minimum energy loss culverts waterways which yield small afflux. Colin J. Apelt,
(emeritus) professor of civil engineeringat the University of Queensland, presented an
authoritativereview of the topic (1983)[2] and a well-documenteddocumentary
(1994).[3]
.
Minimum energy loss culverts

59.  Defects
1.High joint or Riding joint.
2.Variation in rail tilt.
3.Blowing joints.
4.Pumping joints.
5.Hogging of joints.
6.Center bound track.
7.Heaved track.
8.Non-squared sleeper.

60. CAUSES
1. Over packing of sleepers at joint.
2. Sinking of sleeper in between the joints.
3. Over tightening of fish plate bolts.
4. Improper gap between two rails.
5. Loose and dusty ballast.
6. Thin layer of ballast.
7. Weak sleepers.
8. Poor drainage.
9. Dirty ballast.
10. Excess gap between two rails.
11. Loose bolts of fish plate.
12. Inadequate packing of ballast below sleepers.
13. More packing of ballast, below sleepers at their centre.
14. Inadequate drainage.
15. Improper an inadequate drainage system.
16. Creep along the rails.

61. CONCLUSION:-
In This Semester We studied Different
Type Of Structures Related To Railway & Find Out
Problem In Construction & Maintenance Of Railway Tracks.
In Next Semester We Will Find Out
Problem Related To Construction & Maintenance Of Railway
Bridges,Railway Tunnels,Railway station &Culverts &Try To
Find out Solution For The Same.