Surveying is considered as one of the oldest field of Civil Engineering. As days passes we can see lot of improvements in technology. In this ppt we can able to see latest instruments used for surveying

1. ADVANCED SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS
AJEY KUMAR V G
M.Tech- Construction Technology
BMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

2. Surveying?
Surveying is the science and art of
determining the relative positions of points
above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface and
locating the points in the field.

3. The work of the surveyor consists of 5 phases
1. Decision Making – selecting method, equipment and final point
locations.
2. Fieldwork & Data Collection – making measurements and recording
data in the field.
3. Computing & Data Processing – preparing calculations
based upon the recorded data to determine locations in a
useable form.
4. Mapping or Data Representation – plotting data to produce a map,
plat, or chart in the proper form.
5. Stakeout – locating and establishing monuments or stakes in the
proper locations in the field.

4. Different categories of Surveying
1. Plane Surveying – surveying with the reference base for
fieldwork and computations are assumed to be a flat
horizontal surface.
2. Geodetic Surveying – surveying technique to determine
relative positions of widely spaced points, lengths, and
directions which require the consideration of the size and
shape of the earth. (Takes the earth’s curvature into
account.)

5. Types of surveying
1. Photogrammetry – mapping utilizing data obtained by camera or
other sensors carried in airplanes or satellites.
2. Boundary Surveying – establishing property corners, boundaries, and
areas of land parcels.
3. Engineering Surveying – providing points and elevations for the
building Civil Engineering projects
4. Topographic Surveying – collecting data and preparing maps showing
the locations of natural man-made features and elevations of points of
the ground.
5. Route Surveys – topographic and other surveys for long – narrow
projects associated with Civil Engineering projects (Highways,
railroads, pipelines)
6. Hydrographic Surveying – mapping of shorelines and the bottom of
bodies of water.

6. Instruments used for surveying past decades
• Chain.
• Ranging.
• Cross Staff.
• Steel band.
• Tape.
• Plane tables.
• Compass.
• Levelling.
• Theodolites. (Vernier &
Micrometer)
• Tacheometer.

8. • By the 1970’s, relatively small, lightweight and easy-to-use
electronic distance measuring devices, called EDM’s were in use.
• The advance of technology and miniaturization of electronic
components enabled the building of theodolites that measure
angles electronically, called Electronic Theodolite
• Combination of an electronic theodolite and electronic distance
meter, and software running on an external laptop computer
known as a data collector, called Total Station
• The Global Positioning System (GPS) was designed for military
applications. Its primary purpose was to allow soldiers to keep
track of their position and to assist in guiding weapons to their
targets
• A computerized data base management system for capture,
storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data, called GIS

9. Advanced surveying equipments
• Electronic Theodolite
• EDM – Electronic distance measurement eqp.
• Auto Level.
• Digital Level.
• Laser Level.
• Laser Distance meter
• Total station.
• GPS – global positioning system.

11. 1.Electronic Thoedolite
• For precise surveys the vernier
theodolites are replaced by modern
theodolites such as optical and
electronic theodolites.
• The electronic theodolites have
optical system to scan both
horizontal and vertical circles and
display them digitally on a screen

12. 2. EDM (Electronic Distance meter)
1. EDM is Electronic Distance meter
2. Measurement of distance is done by a
modulated microwave or infrared
carrier signal
3. The distance is determined by emitting
and receiving multiple frequencies, and
determining the integer number of
wavelengths to the target for each
frequency.

13. Principle of EDM
• The general principle involves sending a modulated Electro-magnetic
(EM) beam from one transmitter at the master station to a reflector at
the remote station and receiving it back at the master station.
• The instrument measures slope distance between transmitter and receiver
by modulating the continuous carrier wave at different frequencies, and
then measuring the phase difference at the master station between the
outgoing and the incoming signals. This establishes the following
relationship for a double distance (2D):

14. • Measurement with EDMI involves four basic steps:
(a) Set up
(b) Aim
(c) Measure
(d) Record
• Setting up: The instrument is centered over a station by
means of tribrach. Reflector prisms are set over the
remote station on tribrach.
OPERATION WITH EDMI

15. ERROR IN MEASUREMENT WITH
EDMI
1. Instrument errors :
• centering at the master and slave station.
• pointing/sighting of reflector.
• entry of correct values of prevailing atmospheric
conditions.

16. 2. Atmospheric errors :
Meteorological conditions (temperature, pressure,
humidity, etc.) have to be taken into account to
correct for the systematic error arising due to this.
These errors can be removed by applying an
appropriate atmospheric correction model that takes
care of different meteorological parameters from the
standard one.
3. Instrumental error :
Consists of three components - scale error, zero error
and cyclic error. These are systematic in nature

17. 3. Auto Level
• Now most commonly used levelling instruments are - Auto level.
• Auto level, as name sounds it has a auto level compensator and
corrects automatically if instrument goes out of level within it’s
range.
• With auto level:-
1. Survey work can be done fast,
2. Less chances of error,
3. Magnification available is more,
4. Range is more,
5. Image is erect so less chances of error.

18. 4. Digital Level
• They are not popular instead auto levels are more
extensively used.
• The Trimble DiNi Digital Level : Determine
accurate height information 60% faster than with
automatic leveling
• Eliminate errors and reduce rework with digital
readings
• Transfer data to the office easily
• Measure to a field of just 30 cm

19. 5. Laser Level
• The word laser is an acronym for Light
Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation and is the name applied to an intense
beam of highly monochromatic, coherent light.
• Laser rangefinders use these relationships to
calculate Distance
• Distance = speed of light * (time/2)
• The time refers to time of pulse to go from the
instrument to the tree and back again
• By using this Laser distance meter we can
calculate the distance, area and volume
accurately
• We can use this in night also

20. 6. GPS – Global Positioning System.
What is GPS?
 GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System,
is the only system today able to show you your
exact position on the Earth anytime, in any
weather, anywhere.
 Global Positioning System – A network of
satellites (24 total – 21 in use, 3 spares) that
continuously transmit coded information which
makes it possible to precisely identify locations
on earth by measuring distance from the
satellites.

24. 7.EDM + Theodolite
• EDM is used to measure the horizontal
distances.
• Some EDM are attached with electronics
theodolite which has the adapter system.
• Some are advanced models which itself reads
the distance without theodolite

25. 8.Total Station
• A Total station integrates the functions
of a Electronic theodolite for
measuring angles, an EDM for
measuring distances, digital data and a
data recorder
• Angles and distances, coordinates and
height differences and many other items
can be computed, displayed and stored
into internal memory.

26. Features of Total Station
• Total solution for surveying work,
• Most accurate and user friendly,
• Gives position of a point (x, y and z) w. r. t.
known point (base point),
• Compatibility with computers,
• Measures distance and angles and displays
coordinates,
• Auto level compensator is available,
• Can work in lesser visibility also,
• Can measure distances even without prismatic
target for lesser distances,
• Is water proof,
• On board software are available,
• Can be used for curve layout after feeding data

27. Features of Total Station
• New total stations have atmospheric
correction, and auto-focus.
• In addition, these series incorporates a
quick distance measuring mode and a
high data storage capacity for increased
productivity.
• The new Total station gives the unique
opportunity for long range distance
monitoring of up to 9000m to a single
prism.
• Using the scan functionality of software
allows fully automated monitoring of the
prism in direction of the line of sight.

28. Parts of Total Station

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30. USES:-
Total Stations can be used for:
• General purpose angle measurement
• General purpose distance measurement
• Provision of control surveys
• Contour and detail mapping
• Setting out and construction work

31. STORAGE
• Most TS have on-board storage of records using
PCMCIA memory cards of different capacity. The
card memory unit can be connected to any external
computer or to a special card reader for data transfer.
• The observations can also be downloaded directly
into intelligent electronic data loggers. Both systems
can be used in reverse to load information into the
instruments.
• Some instruments and/or data loggers can be
interfaced directly with a computer for immediate
processing and plotting of the data (Kavanagh, 2003).

32. FIELD OPERATION WITH TS
• Various field operations in TS are in the form of wide
variety of programs integrated with microprocessor
and implemented with the help of data collector.
• All these programs need that the instrument station
and at least one reference station be identified so that
all subsequent stations can be identified in terms of
(X, Y, Z). Typical programs include the following
functions:

33. • Point location
• Missing line measurement (MLM)
• Resection
• Remote distance and elevation measurement
• Offset measurements
• Layout or setting out operation
• Area computation
• For details on above functions, one can refer to the
user manual of any TS.

34. Different Types of TS and
accessories
• Trimble(5600IR)

37. Factors influencing the use of Total Stations:
• A clear line of sight between the instrument
and the measured points is essential.
• The precision of the instrument is dependent
on the raw repeatabilities of the direction and
distance measurements.
• A well defined measurement point or
target/prism is required to obtain optimal
precision and accuracy.
• The accuracy of direction and distance
measurement is subject to a number of
instrumental errors and the correct field
procedures.

38. Auxiliary Equipment Required
• Targets or Prisms to accurately define the
target point of a direction measurement.
• A data recorder if one is not integrated into
the total station.
• A download cable and software on a PC to
capture and process the captured digital data
to produce contour and detail maps.

39. Normal Accuracy and ranges of total
stations
 Angular accuracy up to 1”
 Distance measured with laser up to 2 KM
 Distance measured with infrared rays up to 4KM.( with single prism)
 Capable of storing up to 20,000 points.

40. Basic Principle of Total Stations
 These instruments are measuring the distances of prism
poles mounted with prisms with the help of Laser beam or
Infrared rays.
 These signals are emitted by the instrument EDM and
reflected back to instruments by the prism mounted on the
prism poles.
 The time interval between emission and reception helps to
calculate the distance as the speed of these signals are
precisely known. D = (t/2) x v
 D-Distance, t-Total time taken, v-Velocity

41. Setting up of Total Station
Centering:
• Place the legs at equal intervals and the
head is approximately level
• Fix the tripod shoes in the ground
• Place the instrument on the tripod stand
• Supporting the instrument with one hand,
tighten the centering screw on the
bottom of the unit
• Looking through the optical plummet eye
piece
• focus on the Surveying point

42. Levelling:
• Adjust the foot screws to center the surveying
• point in the optical plummet reticule
• Center the bubble in the circular level by shortening o by
lengthening the tripod leg
• Turn the leveling screws until the bubble is centered i
the center circle
• Loosen the horizontal clamp to turn the upper part of the
instrument until the plate level is parallel to a line between
leveling foot screws A & B
• Center the air bubble using leveling foot screws A &
simultaneously
• Turn the upper part of the instrument through 900
• The plate level is now perpendicular to the foot screws
A & B
• Center the air bubble using leveling foot screw C

43.  Eliminating parallax
• This is the relative displacement of the target image with respect to the reticle
when the observer’s head is moved slightly before the eyepiece.
• Parallax can be removed by focusing the reticle
Format of Storage in Total Station
1. Point Id
2. Easting (x – Coordinate)
3. Northing (y – Coordinate)
4. Elevation (z-Coordinate)
5. Point code [String like
TR for tree CW for
compound wall etc]

44. Remote Elevated Measurement (REM)
 An REM is a function used to
measure the height to a point
where a target cannot be directly
installed such as power lines,
overhead cables etc.,

45. 9.REMOTE SENSING
• Science and art of obtaining information about an
object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of
data acquired by a device that is not in contact with
the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation

46. REMOTE SENSING SYESTEM
• Atypical remote sensing system consists of the
following sub-systems:
(a) scene
(b) sensor
(c) processing (ground) segment
• Various stages in these sub-systems are indicated in
the next figure.
• The electro-magnetic (EM) energy forms the
fundamental component of a RS system

48. APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING
Agriculture:-
• Crop condition assessment.
• Crop yield estimation
Urban Planning:-
• Infrastructure mapping.
• Land use change detection.
• Future urban expansion planning

49. IN CYCLONE:
Cyclone Lehar by KALPANA 1 Cyclone Helen by Mangalayan
Example:
MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS RESCUE RECOVERY SATELLITES USED:
Risk modelling;
vulnerability analysis.
Early warning;
long-range climate
modelling
Identifying escape routes;
crisis mapping;
impact assessment;
cyclone monitoring;
storm surge predictions.
Damage assessment;
spatial planning.
KALPANA-1;
INSAT-3A; QuikScat
radar; Meteosat

50. IN EARTHQUAKES:
The World Agency of Planetary Monitoring and Earthquake Risk Reduction (WAPMERR) uses remote sensing
to improve knowledge of building stocks — for example the number and height of buildings. High resolution imagery can
also help hazard mapping to guide building codes and disaster preparedness strategies.
MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS RESCUE RECOVERY SATELLITES USED
Building stock assessment;
hazard mapping.
Measuring strain
accumulation.
Planning routes for search
and rescue;
damage assessment;
evacuationplanning;
deformationmapping.
Damage assessment;
identifying sites for
rehabilitation.
PALSAR; IKONOS
2; InSAR; SPOT;
IRS

51. IN FLOODS:
Sentinel Asia — a team of 51 organisations from 18 countries — delivers remote sensing data via the Internet as
easy-to-interpret information for both early warning and flood damage assessment across Asia.
It uses the Dartmouth Flood Observatory's (DFO's) River Watch flood detection and measurement system, based on
AMSR-E data, to map flood hazards and warn disaster managers and residents in flood-prone areas when rivers are likely
to burst their banks.
Flood In Uttarakhand Flood In Assam
MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS RESCUE RECOVERY SATELLITES USED
Mapping flood-prone
areas;
delineating flood-plains;
land-use mapping.
Flood detection;
early warning;
rainfall mapping.
Flood mapping;
evacuation planning;
damage assessment.
Damage assessment;
spatial planning.
Tropical Rainfall
Monitoring Mission;
AMSR-E; KALPANA I;

52. IN OTHER DISASTERS:
PREPAREDNESS RECOVERYDISASTER MITIGATION RESCUE SATELLITES USED
DROUGHT Risk modelling;
vulnerability analysis;
land and water
managementplanning.
Weather forecasting;
vegetation monitoring;
crop water requirement
mapping;
early warning.
Monitoring
vegetation;
damage assessment.
Informing
drought
mitigation.
FEWS NET; AVHRR;
MODIS; SPOT
VOLCANO Risk modelling;
hazardmapping;
digital elevation models.
Emissions monitoring;
thermal alerts.
Mapping lava flows;
evacuation planning.
Damage
assessment;
spatial planning.
MODIS and AVHRR;
Hyperion
FIRE Mapping fire-prone
areas;
monitoringfuel load;
risk modelling.
Fire detection;
predicting spread/direction of
fire;
early warning.
Coordinatingfire
fighting efforts.
Damage
assessment.
MODIS; SERVIR;
Sentinel Asia; AFIS
LANDSLIDE Risk modelling;
hazard mapping;
digital elevation
models.
Monitoringrainfall and slope
stability.
Mapping affected
areas;
Damage
assessment;
spatial planning;
suggesting
management
practices.
PALSAR; IKONOS
2; InSAR; SPOT;
IRS

53. 10.LiDAR
LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging, also LADAR) is
an optical remote sensing technology that can
measure the distance to, or other properties of a
target by illuminating the target with light, often
using pulses from a laser..

54. Basic Principle
• LiDAR is fundamentally a distance technology. From an airplane
or helicopter, LiDAR systems actively sends light energy to the
ground. This pulse hits the ground and returns to the sensor.
• Basically, it measures how long it takes for the emitted light to
return back to the sensor. In the end, it gets a variable distance
to the Earth.

56. 11.Drones(UAV) in surveying
• An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly
known as a drone, is an aircraft without a
human pilot onboard. UAVs are a component of
an unmanned aircraft system (UAS); which
include a UAV, a ground-based controller, and a
system of communications between the two.
• Drone technology allows for safe mapping of
terrains and property, producing high-quality
surveying results that equal or surpass traditional
methods, and is a cost-efficient way to complete
more projects in less time.

57. Advantages of drone surveying
 Risk Reduction - Safety and accidents related to falling due to rugged terrain or
land elevations can add to construction budgets and impact construction
workflow.
 Faster Acquisition of Data - While 'time is money', in the construction industry
time is generally not valued over and above the quality of data - because in the
long run, quality information will save time and money.
 Improved Data Resolution - For construction projects that may have used
manned helicopters or planes to retrieve topographic data, drones can fly closer
to the ground surface and supply much-improved data resolution for aerial
surveying and photography.
 Access to Unreachable Locations - The most common use for drone surveyance
is in measuring locations where vehicles and personnel can not otherwise access.