In evolution of memory technology the invention of memristor has colossal impact. It is the memory with resistor as its name indicates its function. The development of memristor as the non-volatile memory device replaces the flash memory and for this reason it is compared to flash memory for the better understanding of the memristor. The demand for high scalability, speed and endurance, the CMOS technology has limitation for the current lithography technology. As the result it is hard to supply the increasing demand for the non-volatile memory with high density. The only hope for the semiconductor industry is memristor by easier way to increase storage density. These larger storage density The increasing demand for high capacity ,high speed and lower priced acts as the force for the research in this field. The performance and the proposing innovation towards the development of the memristor is simulated using the LTspice for new technology.
NanoScale TiO2 based Memory Storage Circuit Element:- MemristorAM Publications
four fundamental circuit variable in which relation between charge and flux linkage first introduce by
Prof. Leon Chua in his Research Proposal at IEEE Transaction on circuit theory based on the symmetric
background. However, using this relation he predicted fourth fundamental element which is known as Memristor.
The first NanoScale TiO2 based physical model of Memristor is proposed by Hewlett-Packard Laboratories. Therefore
new research field emerged out “Analog and Digital circuit designing using Memristor”. Still many faults in physical
model of Memristor which has proposed by HP Laboratories. So many challenging researches going on for making
perfect physical model of Memristor. In this paper we review properties of Memristor, the physics behind fourth
fundamental circuit element as well as we discussed first physical model of Memristor introduced by HP. Some
potential application also discussed here and last we proposed major challenges for Memristor development and
which future work can be carried out using Memristor.
Inductance of transmission line
Flux linkages of one conductor in a group of conductors
Inductance of composite conductor lines
Inductance of 3-phase overhead line
Bundled conductors
Types of conductors, line parameters, calculation of inductance and capacitance of single and double circuit transmission lines, three phase lines with bundle conductors. Skin effect and
proximity effect.
NanoScale TiO2 based Memory Storage Circuit Element:- MemristorAM Publications
four fundamental circuit variable in which relation between charge and flux linkage first introduce by
Prof. Leon Chua in his Research Proposal at IEEE Transaction on circuit theory based on the symmetric
background. However, using this relation he predicted fourth fundamental element which is known as Memristor.
The first NanoScale TiO2 based physical model of Memristor is proposed by Hewlett-Packard Laboratories. Therefore
new research field emerged out “Analog and Digital circuit designing using Memristor”. Still many faults in physical
model of Memristor which has proposed by HP Laboratories. So many challenging researches going on for making
perfect physical model of Memristor. In this paper we review properties of Memristor, the physics behind fourth
fundamental circuit element as well as we discussed first physical model of Memristor introduced by HP. Some
potential application also discussed here and last we proposed major challenges for Memristor development and
which future work can be carried out using Memristor.
Inductance of transmission line
Flux linkages of one conductor in a group of conductors
Inductance of composite conductor lines
Inductance of 3-phase overhead line
Bundled conductors
Types of conductors, line parameters, calculation of inductance and capacitance of single and double circuit transmission lines, three phase lines with bundle conductors. Skin effect and
proximity effect.
Analytical modeling of electric field distribution in dual material junctionl...VLSICS Design
In this paper, electric field distribution of the junctionless dual material surrounding gate MOSFETs
(JLDMSG) is developed. Junctionless is a device that has similar characteristics like junction based
devices, but junctionless has a positive flatband voltage with zero electric field. In Surrounding gate
MOSFETs gate material surrounds the channel in all direction , therefore it can overcome the short
channel effects effectively than other devices. In this paper, surface potential and electric field distribution
is modelled. The proposed surface potential model is compared with the existing central potential model. It
is observed that the short channel effects (SCE) is reduced and the performance is better than the existing
method.
Low power is one of the key research area in today’s electronic industry. Need of low power has created a major pattern shift in the field of electronics where power dissipation is equally important as area, performance etc. Several low power portable electronic equipments, low voltage design techniques have been developed and have driven analog designers to create techniques eg. Self cascode mosfet and stacking technique. For this aim in mind we designed a Folded Cascode using low power techniques and analyzed its various properties through the Spice simulations for 0.13 micron CMOS technology from TSMC and the supply voltage 1.8V.
Since conventional CMOS technology is facing the challenges in scaling down the devices beyond 22nm level, there is urgent need of new nanoscale devices. Memristor, known as the fourth basic two-terminal circuit element, has attracted many research interests since the first real device was developed by HP labs in 2008. The concept was originally put forward by Dr. Leon Chua in September 1971. The memristor has a unique capability of carrying a memory of its recent past. The memristor holds the value of previously applied voltage even when the power is switched off, in the form of its resistance level. That‘s an effect that cannot be duplicated by any circuit combination of resistor, capacitor and inductor, which is why the memristor qualifies as the fourth fundamental circuit element. The research is in progress on the concept of the memristor and its practical implementation. However it has not been commercially manufactured yet. However since memristor is at the experimental level only, the memristance characteristics and its effects in different circuits can only be observed using software simulations only. To study the effect of implementation of memristor in various electronic circuits, there is need of a standard memristor model which can be accepted universally and its results should be mathematically true and should resemble the theoretically proposed concepts. The manuscript describes a new memristor model simulated using PSPICE and its results.
Directional couplers are widely used as passive and active optical devices in fibre and integrated optics, and form the basis of components such as switches, modulators and wavelength filters. They consist of two closely-spaced parallel waveguides, whose separation is sufficiently small that power may be transferred between the modes propagating in the two guides through an interaction involving their evanescent fields. In this paper results are presented for a range of near infrared single mode silica directional couplers fabricated by electron beam irradiation. The effects of over cladding layers will be highlighted. Changes on coupling coefficient due to different cladding refractive indexes will also be examined. The coupled mode theory will be employed to fit the experimental results with prediction by theory. It is found that over cladding layer alters the transmission characteristics of silica directional couplers.
A transmission line is characterized by four parameters:
series resistance (R) due to conductor resistivity
shunt conductance (G) due to currents along insulator strings and corona; effect is small and usually neglected
series inductance (L) due to magnetic field surrounding the conductor
shunt capacitance (C) due to the electric field between the conductors
These are distributed parameters.
The parameters and hence the characteristics of cables differ significantly from those of overhead lines because the conductors in a cable are
much closer to each other
surrounded by metallic bodies such as shields, lead or aluminum sheets, and steel pipes
separated by insulating material such as impregnated paper, oil, or inert gas
EFFECT OF EQUAL AND MISMATCHED SIGNAL TRANSITION TIME ON POWER DISSIPATION IN...VLSICS Design
High density chips have introduced problems like crosstalk noise and power dissipation. The mismatching in transition time of the inputs occurs because different lengths of interconnects lead to different parasitic values. This paper presents the analysis of the effect of equal and unequal (mismatched) transition time of inputs on power dissipation in coupled interconnects. Further, the effect of signal skew on transition time is analysed. To demonstrate the effects, a model of two distributed RLC lines coupled capacitively and inductively is taken into consideration. Each interconnect line is 4mm long and terminated by capacitive load of 30fF. The analysis is carried out for simultaneously switching lines. The results are obtained through SPICE simulations and waveforms are generated.
In electronics, short-channel effects occur in MOSFETs in which the channel length is comparable to the depletion layer widths of the source and drain junctions. These effects include, in particular, drain-induced barrier lowering, velocity saturation, Quantum confinement and hot carrier degradation
Generalized network constants and equivalent circuits of short, medium, long transmission line. Line performance: regulation and efficiency, Ferranti effect.
Recently, many industries have developed many applications in order to control the electric devices by users through smart phones via wireless links. The main disadvantage of these developed applications is that the users must switch between the APPs to control the electronic devices. Here, we use individual applications for each electronic device. In this paper, we are developing a single android application to control the electric devices using smart phone. Here, when a user raises her smart phone and point a device, automatically the control panel of that particular device pops out, further, we can control the device. In a smart home, electric devices such as plugs, televisions, lights, and air conditioners will be controlled using wireless communication capabilities (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or ZigBee).With the progress of smart phones and internet there are more new products available in the market that allow users to use smart phones as remote controllers. Existing smart home remote controllers require users to traverse device lists to find the right ones that they wish to control. This control fashion is the most effective way of controlling home or industrial appliances. There are two simple ways .They are usage of commercial smart phones which has infrared modules and the other is to derive the relative locations between smart phones and electric devices.
Addition is a fundamental arithmetic operation and acts as a building block for synthesizing of all other operations. A high-performance adder is one of the key components in the design of Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC). In this work, three low power full adders are designed with full swing AND, OR and XOR gates to reduce threshold voltage problem which is commonly encountered in Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) logic. This problem usually does not allow the full adder circuits to operate without additional inverters. However, the three full adders are successfully realized using full swing gates with the significant improvement in their performance. The performance of the proposed design is simulated through SPICE simulations using 45 nm technology models.
In most of the modern day computers adder is an essential circuit. The primary requirement of adder is that, it is fast and efficient in terms of power consumption and chip area. Here we design a CSA (Carry Save Adder) using domino logic. CSA can be designed using two full adder circuits. The circuit is implemented in domino logic by switching PMOS to off state and NMOS to on state and adding a static inverter at the output. Domino Logic with CSA gives better result in terms of power dissipation, area, speed and reduction in transistors count required. To design an efficient integrated circuit in terms of area, power and speed has become a challenging task in modern VLSI design field .Performance analysis was carried out between multiplier using Carry Propagate Adder(CPA) and by using Carry Save Adder.
Analytical modeling of electric field distribution in dual material junctionl...VLSICS Design
In this paper, electric field distribution of the junctionless dual material surrounding gate MOSFETs
(JLDMSG) is developed. Junctionless is a device that has similar characteristics like junction based
devices, but junctionless has a positive flatband voltage with zero electric field. In Surrounding gate
MOSFETs gate material surrounds the channel in all direction , therefore it can overcome the short
channel effects effectively than other devices. In this paper, surface potential and electric field distribution
is modelled. The proposed surface potential model is compared with the existing central potential model. It
is observed that the short channel effects (SCE) is reduced and the performance is better than the existing
method.
Low power is one of the key research area in today’s electronic industry. Need of low power has created a major pattern shift in the field of electronics where power dissipation is equally important as area, performance etc. Several low power portable electronic equipments, low voltage design techniques have been developed and have driven analog designers to create techniques eg. Self cascode mosfet and stacking technique. For this aim in mind we designed a Folded Cascode using low power techniques and analyzed its various properties through the Spice simulations for 0.13 micron CMOS technology from TSMC and the supply voltage 1.8V.
Since conventional CMOS technology is facing the challenges in scaling down the devices beyond 22nm level, there is urgent need of new nanoscale devices. Memristor, known as the fourth basic two-terminal circuit element, has attracted many research interests since the first real device was developed by HP labs in 2008. The concept was originally put forward by Dr. Leon Chua in September 1971. The memristor has a unique capability of carrying a memory of its recent past. The memristor holds the value of previously applied voltage even when the power is switched off, in the form of its resistance level. That‘s an effect that cannot be duplicated by any circuit combination of resistor, capacitor and inductor, which is why the memristor qualifies as the fourth fundamental circuit element. The research is in progress on the concept of the memristor and its practical implementation. However it has not been commercially manufactured yet. However since memristor is at the experimental level only, the memristance characteristics and its effects in different circuits can only be observed using software simulations only. To study the effect of implementation of memristor in various electronic circuits, there is need of a standard memristor model which can be accepted universally and its results should be mathematically true and should resemble the theoretically proposed concepts. The manuscript describes a new memristor model simulated using PSPICE and its results.
Directional couplers are widely used as passive and active optical devices in fibre and integrated optics, and form the basis of components such as switches, modulators and wavelength filters. They consist of two closely-spaced parallel waveguides, whose separation is sufficiently small that power may be transferred between the modes propagating in the two guides through an interaction involving their evanescent fields. In this paper results are presented for a range of near infrared single mode silica directional couplers fabricated by electron beam irradiation. The effects of over cladding layers will be highlighted. Changes on coupling coefficient due to different cladding refractive indexes will also be examined. The coupled mode theory will be employed to fit the experimental results with prediction by theory. It is found that over cladding layer alters the transmission characteristics of silica directional couplers.
A transmission line is characterized by four parameters:
series resistance (R) due to conductor resistivity
shunt conductance (G) due to currents along insulator strings and corona; effect is small and usually neglected
series inductance (L) due to magnetic field surrounding the conductor
shunt capacitance (C) due to the electric field between the conductors
These are distributed parameters.
The parameters and hence the characteristics of cables differ significantly from those of overhead lines because the conductors in a cable are
much closer to each other
surrounded by metallic bodies such as shields, lead or aluminum sheets, and steel pipes
separated by insulating material such as impregnated paper, oil, or inert gas
EFFECT OF EQUAL AND MISMATCHED SIGNAL TRANSITION TIME ON POWER DISSIPATION IN...VLSICS Design
High density chips have introduced problems like crosstalk noise and power dissipation. The mismatching in transition time of the inputs occurs because different lengths of interconnects lead to different parasitic values. This paper presents the analysis of the effect of equal and unequal (mismatched) transition time of inputs on power dissipation in coupled interconnects. Further, the effect of signal skew on transition time is analysed. To demonstrate the effects, a model of two distributed RLC lines coupled capacitively and inductively is taken into consideration. Each interconnect line is 4mm long and terminated by capacitive load of 30fF. The analysis is carried out for simultaneously switching lines. The results are obtained through SPICE simulations and waveforms are generated.
In electronics, short-channel effects occur in MOSFETs in which the channel length is comparable to the depletion layer widths of the source and drain junctions. These effects include, in particular, drain-induced barrier lowering, velocity saturation, Quantum confinement and hot carrier degradation
Generalized network constants and equivalent circuits of short, medium, long transmission line. Line performance: regulation and efficiency, Ferranti effect.
Recently, many industries have developed many applications in order to control the electric devices by users through smart phones via wireless links. The main disadvantage of these developed applications is that the users must switch between the APPs to control the electronic devices. Here, we use individual applications for each electronic device. In this paper, we are developing a single android application to control the electric devices using smart phone. Here, when a user raises her smart phone and point a device, automatically the control panel of that particular device pops out, further, we can control the device. In a smart home, electric devices such as plugs, televisions, lights, and air conditioners will be controlled using wireless communication capabilities (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or ZigBee).With the progress of smart phones and internet there are more new products available in the market that allow users to use smart phones as remote controllers. Existing smart home remote controllers require users to traverse device lists to find the right ones that they wish to control. This control fashion is the most effective way of controlling home or industrial appliances. There are two simple ways .They are usage of commercial smart phones which has infrared modules and the other is to derive the relative locations between smart phones and electric devices.
Addition is a fundamental arithmetic operation and acts as a building block for synthesizing of all other operations. A high-performance adder is one of the key components in the design of Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC). In this work, three low power full adders are designed with full swing AND, OR and XOR gates to reduce threshold voltage problem which is commonly encountered in Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) logic. This problem usually does not allow the full adder circuits to operate without additional inverters. However, the three full adders are successfully realized using full swing gates with the significant improvement in their performance. The performance of the proposed design is simulated through SPICE simulations using 45 nm technology models.
In most of the modern day computers adder is an essential circuit. The primary requirement of adder is that, it is fast and efficient in terms of power consumption and chip area. Here we design a CSA (Carry Save Adder) using domino logic. CSA can be designed using two full adder circuits. The circuit is implemented in domino logic by switching PMOS to off state and NMOS to on state and adding a static inverter at the output. Domino Logic with CSA gives better result in terms of power dissipation, area, speed and reduction in transistors count required. To design an efficient integrated circuit in terms of area, power and speed has become a challenging task in modern VLSI design field .Performance analysis was carried out between multiplier using Carry Propagate Adder(CPA) and by using Carry Save Adder.
For wireless communication, the demand for high speed, low power and low cost Viterbi decoding are always required. Convolutional coding with Viterbi decoding is a very powerful method for forward error correction and detection method. It has been popularly used in many wireless communication systems to improve the limited capacity of its communication channels. VLSI technology in advance is using low power, less area and high speed constraints is often used for encoding and decoding of data.
The epidemic growth of wireless technology and mobile services in this epoch is creating a great impact on our life style. Some early efforts have been taken to utilize these technologies in medical industry. In this field, ECG sensor based advanced wireless patient monitoring system concept is a new innovative idea. This system aims to provide health care to the patient. We have sensed the patient’s ECG through 3 lead electrode system via AD8232 which amplifies minor and small bio-signals to the arduino which processes them, along with saline level. Saline level is detected through IR sensors. The output of the electrical pulse is shown with the serial monitor. The saline level is indicated by LCD. The major output ECG analog signal is displayed on serial plotter. The outputs are displayed through mobile application.
The project contains options for tracking the GPS location (Latitude, Longitude) of the user (location) and appends it to the text message. At the given time interval, the details are SMS to the Authorized person. In proposed system, the user upload the image of the particular place and add the unique identification number and send it to the administrator. While uploading the images of the particular location, the latitude and longitude of that place will be automatically tracked and append with that message to administrator. In administrator login, admin view those complaints sent by multiple user and post the reply message on confirmation. This helps the people to keep their place clean. The proposed system is to design a location tracking system that works using GPS technology. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite based navigation system consists of a network of 24 satellites located into orbit. The system provides essential information to military, civil and commercial users around the world and which is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. GPS works in any weather circumstances at anywhere in the world. In this system the owner location automatically enable the GPS option for the missed location. It is very useful to find out the location.
The multiple applications (Forest, Industrial, Home) sector being the backbone of the security system. Security systems which are being used now a day are not smart enough to provide real time notification after sensing the problem. This Project is very useful in industrial monitoring system, forest safety and controlling an application. The Processing Sensor analysis of PIR sensors, Fire, air, temp sensors based multiple sector Analysis industrial, human identification and Any Identification Indicate LCD Display and Web camera Based Any Problem Capture Stored Image Data base. In the present work a PIC Microcontroller based the remote irrigation system is developing for the multiple process. The microcontroller use to controlling and displaying the resultant sensor values LCD Display Identifying System.
Addition is a fundamental arithmetic operation that is broadly used in many VLSI systems, such as application-specific digital signal processing (DSP) architectures and microprocessors. This addition module is also the core of other arithmetic operations such as subtraction, multiplication, division and address generation. The prime objective of this project is to design a full-adder having low-power consumption and low propagation delay which may result in the efficient implementation of modern digital systems. This model is referred as “hybrid” because of the combination of two different design logic styles namely CMOS logic and pass transistor logic. Performance parameters such as power, delay and hence energy were compared with the existing designs such as complementary CMOS logic full adder. In the existing hybrid systems, over 28 transistors were used. While the optimized hybrid full adder circuit reduces this count to 8 transistors, it still obtains better energy efficiency. Further the proper working of proposed full adder is verified by applying it in a Ripple carry Adder circuit.
The important aspect of our project revolves around the concept of monitoring the machines utilized in the textile industry. It is aimed at continuously examining the components and machineries in the industry. This project have the ability to establish communication link between various machineries in industries and the controlling system. It also helps in sequential power ON and power OFF of the machineries depending on the outputs received from the controlling unit. The project enables automatic manipulation of the machineries. The controlling system monitors various parameters of the machineries and evaluates its performance and updates the required changes. The machineries will be linked via RF transmitter and receiver. This enables communication link between the controlling device and the connected recipient devices. For maintenance purposes both automatic and manual methods of manipulation are provided. Either of them can be chosen depending upon the purpose. When automatic mode is turned on the machines can be controlled only by the server.
The ration card is very important for every home and used for various field such as family members details, to get gas connection, it act as proof for various purpose. All people having ration card for buying various materials (sugar, kerosene, oil, rice) from the fair price shops. The present ration distribution system has drawbacks like inaccurate quantity of goods, low processing speed, large waiting time, material theft in ration shops and also some malpractices. The main objective of our proposed system is to avoid these drawbacks. In our proposed system, the proper information about the distribution of ration material is given to the people through GSM, ration card is digitalized and verified with biometric to avoid malpractices. This paper gives the solution for the problem facing by the people in ration shops with the following arrangements in the proposed system.
Localization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is one of the most important fundamental requisite that needs to be resolved efficiently as it plays a significant role in many applications namely environmental monitoring, routing and target tracking which is all location dependent. The main idea of localization is that some deployed nodes with known coordinates termed as anchor nodes transmit beacons with their coordinates in order to help the other nodes in the sensing field to localize themselves. Broadly there are two types of localization methods used for calculating positions namely the range-based and range-free methods. Initially, a range-free localization algorithm namely, Mobile Anchor Positioning - Mobile Anchor & Neighbor (MAP-M&N) is applied. In this algorithm, the sensor nodes use the location information of beacon packets of mobile anchor nodes as well as the location packets of neighboring nodes to improve the accuracy in localization of the sensor nodes. In this paper, the proposed optimization approach is Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm which is incorporated with MAP-M&N to further improve the accuracy in positioning the sensor nodes. The objective of this work is to compare the performance of MAP-ABC approach with regard to MAP-M&N algorithm. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is the performance metric to compare between the two approaches namely, MAP-M&N and MAP-ABC algorithms. A study on average localization error and comparison between the two approaches namely, MAP-M&N and MAP-ABC has been done. Simulation results reveal that Artificial Bee Colony approach used along with MAP-M&N outperforms by minimizing error in when compared to using only MAP-M&N approach for localization.
Driving without license is the major cause for the road accident and the equivalent monetary losses. This paper is based on virtual reality based driving system which would enhance road safety and vehicle security. This paper helps to limit the vehicle operation on the basics of two parameters-Learn the driving by our own, category (car or bike) of the vehicle for which the driving license is issued. The hardware and software system required to improve our safety and security is developed. This driving system is apt for getting the license without bribe by gathering eye-gaze, Electroencephalography and peripheral physiological data.
Circuit breakers (CBs) are very important elements in the power system. They are used to switch other equipment in and out of service. Circuit breakers need to be reliable since their incorrect operation can cause major issues with power system protection and control. Today’s practice in monitoring circuit breaker operation and status in real time is reduced to the use of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to assess CB status. More detailed information about the control circuit performance may be obtained by CB test equipment typically used for maintenance diagnostics. This paper addresses two important issues: a) how improved CB monitoring may be implemented in real-time, and b) what would be the benefits of such an implementation. The results reported in this paper are coming from two research projects, conducted using funding from Center Point Energy and DOE-CERTS aimed at development of software for automated analysis of CB data and the other covering development of the CB data acquisition unit respectively. The paper is devoted to description of a prototype implementation of a real-time CB monitoring system. The system consists of a new CB monitoring data acquisition IED that is located at circuit breaker and captures detailed information about its operation in real-time. The CB files are transferred to the concentrator PC where the application software performs automated analysis and makes an assessment about the operational status of the breaker. The software is based on signal processing and expert system processing. Application example using actual field data is discussed the paper ends with some conclusions, acknowledgments and a list of references.
Telemedicine is a new and hopeful application in the field of medical science. Medical consulting and remote medical procedures or examinations became more successful with the development of interactive audiovisual systems and distant movable robotic platforms. Tele-presence requires real time video communication. Fixed mounting of video device on mobile robotic platform limits the video projection at positive vision angle, thus restricting the remote doctor in obtaining the better and correct visual information of the patient. To avoid the problem, this paper presents a flexible robotic arm with vision system. A thirteen degree of freedom robotic arm with extending and retracting quality enables the remote doctor to clear the attached video device on robotic arm to object area on patient. The rising necessity for robotic applications in dynamic unstructured environments is inspiring the need for dexterous end-effectors which have the wide variety of tasks and objects encountered in these environments. The human hand is a very complex grasping tool that can handle objects of different sizes and shapes. This hand gripper is the wide working space compared with its physical dimensions and the capability to deal with objects in working environment conditions. This capability is achieved by using force/torque sensor and by properly controlling and coordinating the gripper and the carrying arm Note that with this control structure, it is also very simple to connect the arm/gripper system using Internet to other computational resources or robotic devices, for example to emulate tele-operation tasks.
Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by ongoing inflammation of the airways. Common asthma symptoms include shortness of breath that worsens with activity, wheezing, and cough. The flow of exhaled air from the lungs may be restricted due to inflammation from excess mucous. The peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is a test that measures how fast a person can exhale. This test checks lung functioning, and is often used by patients who have asthma. For the PEFR test to be useful, the patient must keep continuous records of his or her flow rate. These patterns can help individuals prevent their symptoms from worsening before a full-blown asthma attack, for example. Individuals will know when they need to adjust their environment or medication, or make an appointment with the doctor.
An automated monitoring system of wireless sensor networks for a fish farm Environment is established in this paper. This system allows the user to monitor the fish farm Environmental Data with Instant mastery and control over the various environmental data through mobile device. In this monitoring system the temperature, dissolved oxygen, PH value and water level sensing modules are incorporated. The MCU processing Unit is used to capture the physical sensing signal. ZigBee wireless sensor network brings the data to a central processing pivot. The Raspberry-Pi interface transfers the data to the user terminal device. The terminal device lends a hand to control the entire fish farm environment. The MSP430 series MCU, which is of low power, is the core of each sensing terminal and the central terminal. The spring of power supply can be battery-powered, standard electricity supply or solar battery powered. The UPS emphasizes the whole system by making secure with low-cost, low energy consumption, easy operating features with a high degree of freedom for this wireless aquaculture environment monitoring system.
The rapid growths of portable electronic devices are increased and they are designing with low power and high speed is critical. To design a three input XOR and XNOR gates using the systematic cell design methodology can be achieved by implementing transmission gate. By this type of designing the low power and high speed can achieved. This architecture is used to maintain summation results for after completing addition process. XOR/XNOR circuits are proposed with high driving capability, full-balanced full-swing outputs and low number transistors of basic structure, high performance and operating at low voltages. This simulation is carried out using TSMC 90nmCMOS technology in Tanner EDA Tool.
The main objective of this project is to measure the heart pumping function continuously and with maximally non-invasive methodology in a medical setting arrangement. Thus this paper is aimed to determine the study of impedance plethysmographic method to evaluate the stroke volume changes. In this paper the blood flow analysis has been carried out with fuzzy logic tool box with various activities such as Dehydration, Physical exercise, Cool skin, Warm Skin and breathes hold activity. Immediately after measuring the blood flow with the help of Impedance plethysmography, the end systolic and end diastolic values are obtained with the help of echocardiogram for the 18 subjects both in the normal condition and immediately after holding the breathe for 25 seconds. For the 18 subjects the correlation coefficient is obtained in a linear fashion between the changes in peak amplitude of forearm impedance plethysmographic waveform and changes in stroke volume before and after the 25 second breathe holding activity. Finally the forearm impedance plethysmographic waveform can be used to analyze the heart beat changes in Correlation with the changes in heart stroke volume. The process could be monitored for the series of cycles in determining the heart pumping performance.
In this paper, we propose a new technique for implementing a low power high speed multiplier based on Sleepy Stack Technique and consisting of
minimum number of transistors. Multiplier circuits are used comprehensively in Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). An 4 bit x 4 bit
multiplier has also been implemented using the design of only using basic combinational circuits and its performance has been analyzed and
compared with similar multipliers designed with peer combinational design available in literature. The explored method of implementation achieves
a high speed low power design for the multiplier. Simulated results indicate the superior performance of the proposed technique over conventional
CMOS multiplier. Detailed comparison of simulated results for the conventional and present method of implementation is presented.
This paper presents a system to monitor drop-off/pick up of school children to enhance the safety of children during the daily transportation from and to school. The system consists of two main units that are school unit and bus unit. The bus unit is used to detect when a child boards the bus or leaves the bus. This information is communicated to the school unit to identify the children did not board or leave the bus. The system has a developed web-based database-driven application which facilities its management and provides useful information about the children to authorized personal. A complete prototype of the proposed system was tested and implemented to validate the system functionality. The proposed system facilitates to know about the area where the vehicle has crossed the path using RFID Formulated by merging Global Positioning System (GPS) and Radio Frequency Identification. The GPS technology connected with this system helps in acquiring updates on student’s real time location. This proficient tracking structure with enriched features is designed and implemented for the purpose of protection in various streams. It is up and coming technology in the field of communication and network. The “TAGS ON ROAD” model is an evolving and justifiable technique in future world. The projected system here is planned to be implemented in school vehicles for the safety of the students and it can also be installed in the professional security system for VIP‟s and politicians.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Memristor is considered as the 4th fundamental circuit element envisioned by famous circuit theorist Leon Chua in 1971.
This mysterious element is the missing link between electric charge and magnetic flux. The device has the peculiar property to remember the history of its past event when the supply is turned off.
Ultrasonic transducers are a key element that governs the performances of both generating and receiving ultrasound in an ultrasonic measurement system. Electrical impedance is a parameter sensitive to the environment of the transducer; it contains information about the transducer but also on the medium in which it is immersed. Several practical applications exploit this property. For this study, the model is implemented with the VHDL-AMS behavioral language. The simulations approaches presented in this work are based on the electrical Redwood model and its parameters are deduced from the transducer electroacoustic characteristics.
DESIGN OF DIFFERENT DIGITAL CIRCUITS USING SINGLE ELECTRON DEVICESmsejjournal
Single Electron transistor (SET) is foreseen as an excellently growing technology. The aim of this paper is
to present in short the fundamentals of SET as well as to realize its application in the design of single
electron device based novel digital logic circuits with the help of a Monte Carlo based simulator. A Single
Electron Transistors (SET) is characterized by two most substantial determinants. One is very low power
dissipation while the other is its small stature that makes it a favorable suitor for the future generation of
very high level integration. With the utilization of SET, technology is moving past CMOS age resulting in
power efficient, high integrity, handy and high speed devices. Conducting a check on the transport of single
electrons is one of the most stirring aspects of SET technologies. Apparently, Monte Carlo technique is in
vogue in terms of simulating SED based circuits. Hence, a MC based tool called SIMON 2.0 is exercised
upon for the design and simulation of these digital logic circuits. Further, an efficient functioning of the
logic circuits such as multiplexers, decoders, adders and converters are illustrated and established by
means of circuit simulation using SIMON 2.0 simulator.
DESIGN OF DIFFERENT DIGITAL CIRCUITS USING SINGLE ELECTRON DEVICESmsejjournal
Single Electron transistor (SET) is foreseen as an excellently growing technology. The aim of this paper is
to present in short the fundamentals of SET as well as to realize its application in the design of single
electron device based novel digital logic circuits with the help of a Monte Carlo based simulator. A Single
Electron Transistors (SET) is characterized by two most substantial determinants. One is very low power
dissipation while the other is its small stature that makes it a favorable suitor for the future generation of
very high level integration. With the utilization of SET, technology is moving past CMOS age resulting in
power efficient, high integrity, handy and high speed devices. Conducting a check on the transport of single
electrons is one of the most stirring aspects of SET technologies. Apparently, Monte Carlo technique is in
vogue in terms of simulating SED based circuits. Hence, a MC based tool called SIMON 2.0 is exercised
upon for the design and simulation of these digital logic circuits. Further, an efficient functioning of the
logic circuits such as multiplexers, decoders, adders and converters are illustrated and established by
means of circuit simulation using SIMON 2.0 simulator.
Effect of mesh grid structure in reducing hot carrier effect of nmos device s...ijcsa
This paper presents the critical effect of mesh grid that should be considered during process and device
simulation using modern TCAD tools in order to develop and optimize their accurate electrical
characteristics. Here, the computational modelling process of developing the NMOS device structure is
performed in Athena and Atlas. The effect of Mesh grid on net doping profile, n++, and LDD sheet
resistance that could link to unwanted “Hot Carrier Effect” were investigated by varying the device grid
resolution in both directions. It is found that y-grid give more profound effect in the doping concentration,
the junction depth formation and the value of threshold voltage during simulation. Optimized mesh grid is
obtained and tested for more accurate and faster simulation. Process parameter (such as oxide thicknesses
and Sheet resistance) as well as Device Parameter (such as linear gain “beta” and SPICE level 3 mobility
roll-off parameter “ Theta”) are extracted and investigated for further different applications.
Self-controllable Voltage Level Technique to reduce leakage current in DRAM 4×4IJERA Editor
As the technology improved to support very large chip sizes, system designers were faced with power
consumption problem and leakage current problem. CMOS technology has increased in level of importance to
the point where it now clearly holds center stage as the dominant VLSI technology The present work shows the
implementation of a DRAM 4×4 (dynamic random access memory) with self controllable voltage level (SVL)
technique. SVL technique is leakage current reduction technique. Simulation is done by using a micro wind 3.1
and DSCH 2. By using a SVL technique in DRAM 4×4, 37% of leakage current is reduced.
Self-controllable Voltage Level Technique to reduce leakage current in DRAM 4×4IJERA Editor
As the technology improved to support very large chip sizes, system designers were faced with power
consumption problem and leakage current problem. CMOS technology has increased in level of importance to
the point where it now clearly holds center stage as the dominant VLSI technology The present work shows the
implementation of a DRAM 4×4 (dynamic random access memory) with self controllable voltage level (SVL)
technique. SVL technique is leakage current reduction technique. Simulation is done by using a micro wind 3.1
and DSCH 2. By using a SVL technique in DRAM 4×4, 37% of leakage current is reduced.
Memristor-Capacitor Based Startup Circuit for Voltage Reference Generatorsmangal das
This paper presents the design of Memristorcapacitor based startup circuit. Memristor is a novel device and has many advantages over conventional CMOS devices such as no leakage current and is easy to manufacture. In this work the switching characteristics of memristor is utilized. First the
theoretical equations describing the switching behavior of memristor are derived. To prove the switching capabilities of Memristor, a startup circuit based on series combination of Memristor-capacitor is proposed. This circuit is compared with the reference circuit (which utilizes resistor in place of memristor) and the previously reported MOSFET based startup circuits. Comparison of different circuits was done to validate the results. Simulation results shows that memristor based circuit attains on (I = 2.25 mA) to off state (I = 10 μA) in 2.8 ns while the MOSFET based startup circuits takes (I = 1 mA) to off state (I = 10 μA) in 55.56 ns. However no significant difference in switching time was observed when compared with resistance based startup circuit. The benefit comes in terms of area because much larger die area is required for manufacturing of resistance in comparison to fabrication of memristor.
Design of Integrated LC Filter Using Multilayer Flexible Ferrite Sheets iosrjce
Dielectric and magnetic materials were developed for use as integrated passive component design.
The integrated LC component to be investigated in this paper uses ferrite material which combines both
magnetic and dielectric properties. Because of this double property, the ferrite sheet will be used in this design
as magnetic core for the inductor and dielectric substrate for the capacitor. The fabrication is simplified by
using PCB inductor and adhesive flexible ferrite sheet. To evaluate the inductance, the capacitance including
the parasitic resistance, a fabricated prototype of the LC component was simulated and measured. It was
confirmed that simulated values were very close to the measured values and the integrated LC component
behaves as low-pass filter
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
Work study is a catch-all phrase encompassing a variety of methodologies, including method research and work measurement, that are applied in a variety of contexts and lead to a systematic assessment of all elements that affect the efficiency and economy of the situation under evaluation that is meant to be improved. The main aim of this study is to examine and enhance the process token in manufacturing a Perfume of the famous, well-known, aromatic, and beautiful Taif Roses. Some changes in the process has been suggested using method study and time study method which lead to reduction in process time, labor cost and production cost.
Workers are the maximum precious method of an association. Their importance to institutions requires not most effective the want to draw the trendy bents but additionally the need to preserve them for a long term. This paper specializes in reviewing the findings of former research carried out with the aid of colourful experimenters with the quit to identify determinants factors of hand retention. This exploration almost looked at the subsequent broad factors improvement openings, reimbursement, work- lifestyles balance, operation/ management, work terrain, social aid, autonomy, training and improvement.
Watering plants during the correct time is very important due to scientific reasons. Both underwatering, as well as overwatering, can lead to the growth of unhealthy plants or in extreme cases, the death of the plant/tree. These issues which are the case with most self-gardeners and plant lovers can be solved using the smart irrigation technique. The main purpose of this innovation is to assist plant lovers to continue their passion to grow plants at home with ease. Smart irrigation system helps in monitoring the moisture level which majorly affects plant growth besides other factors such as sunlight, fertility of the soil, etc. The digital planting pot has been designed in a way that it effectively incorporates the idea of smart irrigation. Arduino Uno R3 has been used as the main chip in this project along with a few other components like a soil moisture sensor, relay, and water pump. This project requires coding to synchronize all the components, and function properly. A required test has been carried out to review the functioning of the mechanism. The project was tested by once using the soil with enough moisture in the pot and then the soil with the least moisture. Both times, it worked exactly how it was supposed to function. When the soil with the least moisture was tested, there was a clear indication of a low level of moisture and accordingly, the water pump got triggered to water the plant, and when the soil with enough moisture was tested, there was again the clear indication of the correct level of moisture and the water pump was inactive. All the readings which were displayed on the LCD were checked back and forth during the project. The outcomes were the same as expected. Hence, it shows that every component in this project is actively functioning and the whole project is effectively designed.
Because of its accessibility and flexibility, cloud technology is among the most notable innovations in today's world. Having many service platforms, such as GoogleApps by Google, Amazon, Apple, and so on, is well accepted by large enterprises. Distributed cloud computing is a concept for enabling every-time, convenient, on-demand network access to processing resources including servers, storage devices, networks, and services that may be mutually configured. The major security risks for cloud computing as identified by the Cloud security alliance (CSA) have been examined in this study. Also, methods for resolving issues with cloud computing technology's data security and privacy protection were systematically examined.
This study's goal is to present Solutions for Determining the importance level of criteria in creating cultural resources’ attractiveness from tourists’ evaluation. Data were collected from 558 international tourists who chose Vietnam as the destination for tourism.
The study points out that we need to resolve challenges such as: building a safe, friendly destination, etc., destinations need to review and re-evaluate the services of their products and tourist attractions to prepare for the largest number of visitors and stimulate the domestic tourism market is a good solution: To boost the domestic tourism market, it is necessary to increase domestic flights and train connections to major tourist destinations.
A new convenient and efficient route for the synthesis of two very important hydroxo-bridged stepped-cubane copper complexes viz: [Cu4(bpy)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (1) and [Cu4(phen)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (2) have been obtained. This synthetic route from the mononuclear CubpyCl2 complex is easier, more reproducible and afforded the complex in a much higher yield than the other two previously reported procedures which were equally serendipitously discovered. The purity and formation of the complexes were confirmed with elemental (C,H,N) analysis and the details of the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, electrospray ionization mass spectra of both complexes and the single crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 are presented and discussed. X-ray crystallography confirms the absolute structure of the complexes. The complexes were formed via the connection of four copper atoms to four hydroxide bridging ligands and four bipyridyl ligands with two chloride ligands. There are two coordinate environments around two pairs of copper atoms (CuN2ClO2 and CuN2O3) and each copper atom is pentacoordinate with square pyramidal geometry.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., which is commonly known as jackfruit is a tropical fruit, belonging to Moraceae family, native to Western Ghats of India and common in Asia, Africa, and some regions in South America. It is known to be the largest edible fruit in the world. The Jackfruit is an extremely versatile and sweet tasting fruit that possess high nutritional value. Jackfruit is rich in nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. The jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, anticancer and antifungal activity, anthelminthic activity. Traditionally, this plant is used in the treatment of various diseases especially for treatment against inflammation, malarial fever, diarrhoea, diabetes and tapeworm infection. Jackfruit is a good natural source of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, saponins. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. The use of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies.
Myogenic differentiation requires to be exactly explored for the effective treatment of fracture. The speed of healing is affected by skeletal muscle, linked to activation of specific myogenic transcription factors during the repair process. In previous study, we discovered that psoralen enhanced differentiation of osteoblast in primary mouse. In the current study, we show that psoralen stimulates myogenic differentiation through the secretion of factors to hone the quality of repair in fractured mice. 3-month old mice were treated with corn oil or psoralen followed by a tibial fracture surgery. Fractures were tested 7, 14, and 21 days respectively later by histology and images observation. Skeletal muscles including soleus muscle and posterior tibial muscle around the damaged bone were collected for quantitative real-time PCR, HE staining, as well as western blot. Daily treatment with psoralen at seven, fourteen days or twenty-one days improves protein or mRNA levels responsible for the whole myogenic differentiation process, makes the muscle fibers more tightly aligned, and promotes callus formation and development. This data shows that high levels of myogenic transcription factors in the process of fracture healing in mice foster the repair of damaged muscles, and indicates a pharmacological approach that targets myogenic differentiation to improve fracture repair. This also reflects the academic thought of "paying equal attention to both muscles and bones" in the prevention and treatment of fracture healing.
The current pandemic has generated the search for new reliable and economic alternatives for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which produces the COVID-19 disease, one of the recommendations by the World Health Organization, is the detection of the virus by RT-qPCR methods from upper respiratory tract samples. The discomfort of the pharyngeal nasopharyngeal swab described by patients, the requirement of trained personnel, and the generation of aerosols, are factors that increase the risk of infections in this type of intake. It is known that the main means of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through aerosols or small droplets, which is why saliva is important as a relevant means of detecting COVID-19. In this study, a modified method based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA release from saliva is described, avoiding the isolation and purification of the genetic material and its quantification of viral copies; the results are compared with paired pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples (EF/EN). Results showed good agreement in saliva samples compared to EF/EN samples. On average, a sensitivity for virus detection of 80% was demonstrated in saliva samples competing with EF/EN samples. The use of saliva is a reliable alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by means of RT-PCR in the first days of infection, having important advantages over the conventional method. Saliva still needs to be studied completely to evaluate the detection capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, however, the described process is viable, due to the decrease in materials and supplies, process times, the increment in the sampling and improvement of laboratory performance.
A recent study establishes that since 1970, there has been an ecological gap between human needs and the planet's resources, with annual resource demand exceeding the bio-productivity of the planet. Specifically, humanity utilises equivalent of 1.75 earths to produce the ecological resources used, with half of this attributable to food consumption. The present work therefore seeks to provide an empirically-based insight into the environmental sustainability of the EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode. A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used, and primary data were collected from 400 systemically sampled households via structured questionnaires and analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel and inferentially using mathematical models for calculating ecological footprints. Findings revealed that the household EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode is 0.05gha per capita, with the footprint of cereal consumption (0.17gha; 37%) taking the major share, followed by meat with a footprint of 0.11gha (23.9%). As a result, it was concluded that Ijebu Ode has sustainable food consumption, which is necessary for its environmental sustainability. However, the sustenance of the former requires creating awareness of the need for sustainable consumption and prioritisation of integrated and population-wide policies and food intervention initiatives to encourage attitudinal change in favour of sustainable food consumption while fostering sustainable food production strategies amidst current environmental realities.
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation.
Metal-organic molybdenum complexes were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using ammonium heptamolybdate as the metallic source, and as the organic ligand terephthalic acid (BDC) or bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), obtained via glycolysis of poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET). The BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo complexes were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TGA, ATR-FTIR, SEM, XPS and their in vitro biocompatibility was tested by porcine fibroblasts viability. The results show that molybdates (MoO4-2) are coordinated to the carbonyl functional groups of BDC and BHET by urea bonding (-NH-CO-NH-) which is related to their high biocompatibility and high thermal stability. These organic molybdate complexes possess rectangular prism particles made up of rods arrays characteristics of molybdenum oxides (MoO3). The organic complexes BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo do not show to be cytotoxic for porcine dermal fibroblasts growing on their surface for up to 48 h of culture.
Exercise training with varying intensity increases maximal oxygen intake (VO2max), a strong predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the influence of low intensity aerobic training on the vo2 max in 11 to 14 years school girls in Hyderabad district. Methodology: The research scholar has randomly selected thirty (N=30) high school girls were selected as subjects and their age ranged between 11 to 14 years. The subjects were divided into two equal groups, each group consist of 15 total 30. Group one acted as experimental group (EG) and group two acted as control group (CG). The dependent variable vo2 max was selected and it is measured by manual test. Statistical Tool: The statistical tool paired sample ‘t’ test was used for analysing of the data and the obtained ‘t’ ratio was tested for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. Results: The analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant improvement on vo2 max by the application of low intensity aerobic.
Hybrid rice has the potential to outperform existing inbred rice and was said to have the potential to produce 14-20 % more yield. In response, Malaysia Government has introduced its very own first Hybrid Rice Variety knew as Kadaria 1 developed by MARDI. This is in line with one of the strategies outlined in Dasar Agromakanan Negara (DAN) 2011-2020 as an approach to increasing rice productivity within Malaysia. The next step would be developing our hybrid seed rice production system. Therefore, an experiment to determine the planting ratio and planting distance between 0025A (A)-a hybrid with MR283 (R)-inbreed variety was carried out. Planting ratios studied in this study were 2:4, 2:6, 2:8, and 2:10 while planting distance was 14 x 30 cm, 16 x 30 cm, and 18 x 30 cm. Statistical analyses suggested that yield R, yield A, and panicle number A were significantly affected by planting ratios while yield A was significantly affected by an interaction between planting distance and planting ratios. Panicle number A performed significantly higher at planting ratios of 2:4 compared to 2:10. Yield R shows higher significant performance under ratio 2:6 compared to 2:4 and 2:8. Relatively, yield A performed the best under planting distance of 18 x 30 cm. Furthermore, under this particular planting distance, the planting ratio of 2:10 shows the highest significant figure while 2:8 exhibits statistical parity. Both yield R and yield A were significantly affected by planting ratios and have a significant positive association with each other. Therefore, the planting ratio of 2:10 should be the best since it contributed to significantly highest value for yield A while yield R under 2:10 shows statistical parity with 2:6 which was the highest significant value. In conclusion, the combination of 2:10 with a planting distance of 18 x 30 cm was the best since it shows best potential for both yields A and yield R
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
We are witnessing very demanding and stressful times in which we live, and an occupation that is particularly exposed to stress and different working conditions is the job of a nurse. Exposing themselves to everyday challenges and stressful situations, nurses reach a stage of great emotional and physical exhaustion, lethargy, dissatisfaction, and poorer work achievements, which we know as burnout. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is and to what extent professional burnout is present in nurses and technicians working in nursing homes across Slovenia and Croatia. The paper is answering the questions of the extent of the burnout influenced by individual characteristics (age, education, years of service and work experience at the current workplace). The study involved a validated questionnaire “The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)” to measure professional burnout. Surveying of the nurses was conducted online at their home institutions. The results show that all respondents have a medium or high level of professional burnout, while no one has a low level or shows no signs of burnout. In terms of age, the group from 55-65 years of age had the highest relative level of burnout in the age group category. With regard to education, the highest burnout was measured in registered nurses.
Hepatitis B and C are one of the most commonly transmitted viral infections through needlestick injury apart from HIV. It is highly prevalent in India and many other developing countries. It accounts for high mortality rate globally amongst low socio-economic groups of individuals. Healthcare workers, especially dental professionals are at higher risk of infection due to high exposure to saliva, blood and sharps. Accidental occupational exposure to non-sterile conditions and its development to more critical and fatal conditions can be reduced through vaccination, prophylactic medications and practicing high safety measures.
This review article focuses on transmission of hepatitis through sharps injuries in medicine, especially dentistry, its prevention, management, post-exposure prophylaxis and the corresponding content.
More from Associate Professor in VSB Coimbatore (20)
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.