This document describes the design of an integrated LC filter using multilayer flexible ferrite sheets. Key points:
- The design aims to integrate an inductor and capacitor using ferrite sheets, which have both magnetic and dielectric properties, to reduce the size of filters in power electronic converters.
- The structure consists of a spiral inductor sandwiched between two ferrite sheets, acting as a magnetic core, with multiple ferrite layers above acting as a dielectric for a multilayer capacitor.
- Analytical equations are provided to calculate the inductance, capacitance, resistance and other parameters of the integrated LC component based on its geometric parameters and material properties.
- A design procedure is outlined to
5164 2015 YRen Two-Dimensional Field Effect TransistorsYi Ren
This document provides an introduction to two-dimensional field effect transistors (2D FETs). It first discusses the limitations of conventional FETs as their size is reduced according to Moore's Law. 2D FETs are proposed as a way to continue increasing transistor density by using atomically thin 2D materials as the channel layer. The document then discusses properties of graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, which are common materials used in 2D FET channels. Finally, examples of 2D FETs using MoS2 and other materials as the channel layer are described.
Design and Simulation of a Fractal Micro-TransformerIJERA Editor
This document summarizes the design and simulation of a fractal micro-transformer. The researchers designed an air-core fractal micro-transformer using finite element modeling software. Simulation results showed improved performance parameters compared to macro transformers, including higher voltage gain. Electric displacement and magnetic energy density within the micro-transformer were determined to be 2 x 10-11 C/m2 and 100 J/m3 respectively. Losses within the air-core design were minimal at 3 W/m3. The micro-transformer was concluded to be suitable for integration in MEMS and VLSI applications due to its small size, high impedance, and isolation capabilities.
Analytical modeling of electric field distribution in dual material junctionl...VLSICS Design
In this paper, electric field distribution of the junctionless dual material surrounding gate MOSFETs
(JLDMSG) is developed. Junctionless is a device that has similar characteristics like junction based
devices, but junctionless has a positive flatband voltage with zero electric field. In Surrounding gate
MOSFETs gate material surrounds the channel in all direction , therefore it can overcome the short
channel effects effectively than other devices. In this paper, surface potential and electric field distribution
is modelled. The proposed surface potential model is compared with the existing central potential model. It
is observed that the short channel effects (SCE) is reduced and the performance is better than the existing
method.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Reconfigurable Metamaterial Structure at Millimeter Wave Frequency Range IJECEIAES
In this paper, reconfigurable metamaterial structure at millimeter wave frequency range was designed and simulated for a future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone beam switching applications. The new proposed structure was composed of a bridge-shaped resonator (BSR) in the front face and strip line at the back face of the unit cell which operates at 28GHz. First, nonreconfigurable low loss BSR unit cell was designed and subsequently, the reconfigurability was achieved using four switches formed in the gaps of the structure. The proposed structure achieves the lowest loss and almost full transmission among its counterparts by -0.06dB (0.99 in linear scale). To demonstrate the reconfigurability of the metamaterial, the reflection and transmission coefficients and real parts of the effective refractive index at each reconfigured frequency were studied and investigated. Simulation results showed that a high transmission and reflection peaks occur at each resonance frequency according to change the state of the switches.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document discusses a study investigating the optical absorption properties of a van der Waals heterostructure composed of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and phosphorene. The results show that individual MoS2 and phosphorene absorb in some parts of the visible spectrum, while their heterostructure absorbs strongly across the entire visible spectrum from 410-780nm. This is due to a redshift phenomenon where absorption is increased at longer wavelengths. Additionally, the heterostructure is found to have a type-II band alignment ideal for optoelectronic applications such as solar energy conversion.
Modeling and Structure Optimization of Tapped Transformer Yayah Zakaria
This document presents a study of the modeling and structure optimization of tapped transformers. It begins with introducing the basic structure of tapped transformers and defining their key geometric and technological parameters. It then presents an equivalent circuit model of tapped transformers and examines how to optimize the structure by changing the width and spacing of the primary coil to increase the quality factor Q and coupling coefficient K. Simulation results are compared with calculation results. The study finds that adjusting the width and spacing of the primary coil can influence the inductance and quality factor of tapped transformers.
5164 2015 YRen Two-Dimensional Field Effect TransistorsYi Ren
This document provides an introduction to two-dimensional field effect transistors (2D FETs). It first discusses the limitations of conventional FETs as their size is reduced according to Moore's Law. 2D FETs are proposed as a way to continue increasing transistor density by using atomically thin 2D materials as the channel layer. The document then discusses properties of graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, which are common materials used in 2D FET channels. Finally, examples of 2D FETs using MoS2 and other materials as the channel layer are described.
Design and Simulation of a Fractal Micro-TransformerIJERA Editor
This document summarizes the design and simulation of a fractal micro-transformer. The researchers designed an air-core fractal micro-transformer using finite element modeling software. Simulation results showed improved performance parameters compared to macro transformers, including higher voltage gain. Electric displacement and magnetic energy density within the micro-transformer were determined to be 2 x 10-11 C/m2 and 100 J/m3 respectively. Losses within the air-core design were minimal at 3 W/m3. The micro-transformer was concluded to be suitable for integration in MEMS and VLSI applications due to its small size, high impedance, and isolation capabilities.
Analytical modeling of electric field distribution in dual material junctionl...VLSICS Design
In this paper, electric field distribution of the junctionless dual material surrounding gate MOSFETs
(JLDMSG) is developed. Junctionless is a device that has similar characteristics like junction based
devices, but junctionless has a positive flatband voltage with zero electric field. In Surrounding gate
MOSFETs gate material surrounds the channel in all direction , therefore it can overcome the short
channel effects effectively than other devices. In this paper, surface potential and electric field distribution
is modelled. The proposed surface potential model is compared with the existing central potential model. It
is observed that the short channel effects (SCE) is reduced and the performance is better than the existing
method.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Reconfigurable Metamaterial Structure at Millimeter Wave Frequency Range IJECEIAES
In this paper, reconfigurable metamaterial structure at millimeter wave frequency range was designed and simulated for a future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone beam switching applications. The new proposed structure was composed of a bridge-shaped resonator (BSR) in the front face and strip line at the back face of the unit cell which operates at 28GHz. First, nonreconfigurable low loss BSR unit cell was designed and subsequently, the reconfigurability was achieved using four switches formed in the gaps of the structure. The proposed structure achieves the lowest loss and almost full transmission among its counterparts by -0.06dB (0.99 in linear scale). To demonstrate the reconfigurability of the metamaterial, the reflection and transmission coefficients and real parts of the effective refractive index at each reconfigured frequency were studied and investigated. Simulation results showed that a high transmission and reflection peaks occur at each resonance frequency according to change the state of the switches.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document discusses a study investigating the optical absorption properties of a van der Waals heterostructure composed of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and phosphorene. The results show that individual MoS2 and phosphorene absorb in some parts of the visible spectrum, while their heterostructure absorbs strongly across the entire visible spectrum from 410-780nm. This is due to a redshift phenomenon where absorption is increased at longer wavelengths. Additionally, the heterostructure is found to have a type-II band alignment ideal for optoelectronic applications such as solar energy conversion.
Modeling and Structure Optimization of Tapped Transformer Yayah Zakaria
This document presents a study of the modeling and structure optimization of tapped transformers. It begins with introducing the basic structure of tapped transformers and defining their key geometric and technological parameters. It then presents an equivalent circuit model of tapped transformers and examines how to optimize the structure by changing the width and spacing of the primary coil to increase the quality factor Q and coupling coefficient K. Simulation results are compared with calculation results. The study finds that adjusting the width and spacing of the primary coil can influence the inductance and quality factor of tapped transformers.
Deterioration of short channel effectsijistjournal
This document presents an analytical model for surface potential and electric field in a novel dual halo triple material surrounding gate (DH-TMSG) MOSFET structure. The DH-TMSG incorporates symmetrical dual halo regions near the source and drain, and a triple material gate. The analytical model uses a parabolic approximation method and boundary conditions to derive expressions for surface potential. Simulation results show that the DH-TMSG design significantly reduces short channel effects by producing peaks and steps in the surface potential and electric field profiles through the channel. This improves carrier transport and device performance compared to other multi-gate structures.
SUB TEN MICRON CHANNEL DEVICES ACHIEVED BY VERTICAL ORGANIC THIN FILM TRANSI...VLSICS Design
The channel lengths of the top contact organic thin film transistors are usually defined during their fabrication by optical lithography or by shadow masking during the metal deposition process. Realizing short channel (sub-ten micron channel length) transistors by lithography will require costly lithography equipment. On the other hand, it is extremely challenging to achieve short channel transistors using the low cost shadow mask process. One low cost method of achieving short channel devices is to build vertical transistors with the transistor, where the channel gets defined in the vertical part of the device. This paper shows that vertical channel top contact organic thin film transistor has been successfullyrealized on the vertical edge of trench. This helped in creating the device with channel lengths less than ten microns, much smaller than what could be typically achieved with the use of shadow masks.
This document summarizes a research paper on controlling the threshold voltage in a dual gate organic field effect transistor (DGOFET) biosensor. It describes how a DGOFET can be used as a biosensor by detecting changes in the threshold voltage when biomolecules are exposed to the top dielectric layer. The threshold voltage can be tuned by applying biases to the top and bottom gates. When biomolecules are introduced, they change the capacitance of the top dielectric layer, shifting the threshold voltage in a way that depends on whether the biomolecules are positively or negatively charged. This allows the DGOFET to function as a transducer and detect the nature and polarity of biomolecules. The document concludes that a
Structural and Optical properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified by...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Structure, chemical, and physical properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) after
modification by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure is investigated using
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman and Uv-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Effects of plasma
treatment time on MWCNTs are analyzed. TEM result shows that during the short period of plasma
treatment time of 5 minutes, the tube surface experienced a few damages. With increase in plasma
treatment time, the tube surface is damaged to a certain extent. Intensity ratio, ID/IG through Raman
analysis shows a good agreement with TEM. The values of ID/IG of the modified MWCNTs are larger than
those of pristine MWCNTs. An increase of ID/IG indicates that considerable defects are produced on the
surfaces of MWCNTs. The treated MWCNTs has energy band gap compared to zero band gap of
untreated MWCNTs. It is believed that the defect site of MWCNTs can modify the electronics properties of
MWCNTs from being metallic to semiconducting structure, which is applicable for almost all electronics
device applications.
This document summarizes research on inkjet printing graphene electrodes for flexible micro-supercapacitors. Key points:
- Graphene oxide dispersed in water was found to be a stable ink for inkjet printing graphene electrodes with 50 μm resolution. Thermal reduction produced conductive graphene.
- Initial electrochemical tests showed specific capacitance of 48-132 F/g and energy density of 6.74 Wh/kg, comparable to other graphene electrodes. Power density was lower at 2.19 kW/kg.
- Current work aims to increase capacitance by controlling graphene stacking and morphology, and integrate printed electrodes into micro-supercapacitor devices for flexible electronics applications.
The document summarizes key information about the CdGa2S4 semiconductor. It belongs to the ordered vacancy compound family, which contains direct bandgap materials less than 4 eV that can be used in optoelectronic devices. CdGa2S4 has a defect chalcopyrite structure at ambient conditions and undergoes a phase transition to a disordered rocksalt structure above 18.8 GPa. First-principles density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the structural stability and electronic properties of both phases under varying pressures. The results show that the defect chalcopyrite phase is more stable at lower pressures and becomes metallic above the transition pressure where the structures change.
Dual Metal Gate and Conventional MOSFET at Sub nm for Analog ApplicationVLSICS Design
This document summarizes a study comparing a conventional MOSFET and dual metal gate (DMG) MOSFET at the 30nm technology node. Simulations were performed using Silvaco TCAD tools. Key results include:
1) The DMG MOSFET has a lower subthreshold slope and significantly lower gate leakage current compared to the conventional MOSFET.
2) Mobility and transconductance are higher in the DMG MOSFET, indicating better performance for analog applications that require high gain.
3) The DMG MOSFET has a higher intrinsic delay, making it more suitable for applications operated at lower voltages such as filters and sample-and-hold circuits, where gate
This document analyzes the performance of a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNFET) based 6T static random-access memory (SRAM) cell. It investigates how varying parameters like dielectric material, oxide thickness, metal gate work function, carbon nanotube chirality and Fermi level affect the power delay product and static noise margin of the SRAM cell. Hafnium silicate as the dielectric material and an oxide thickness of 1nm yielded the best results in terms of stability and energy efficiency. The document also analyzes how different carbon nanotube chiralities and work functions impact performance metrics like power delay product and static noise margin.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document discusses how different gate dielectric materials affect the threshold voltage of nanoscale MOSFETs. Simulations were conducted using MATLAB and SCHRED software to obtain C-V characteristics for MOSCAP structures with different dielectric materials (PTFE, Polyethylene, SiO2) and thicknesses. Threshold voltages were extracted from the C-V curves using classical, semi-classical, and quantum mechanical models. The results show that lower dielectric constant materials like PTFE reduce threshold voltage more than higher k materials like SiO2. PTFE is suggested as a suitable low-k material for developing MOSFETs and interconnects at the nanoscale.
A Tunable Ferrofluid-based Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Microchannel Inductor ...IJECEIAES
In this work, a tunable ferrofluid-based polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel inductor with high quality factor and high tuning range is proposed. For this project, PDMS is used to create a microchannel with a width and height of 0.53 mm and 0.2 mm respectively. The microchannel is then used to cover the whole design of a solenoid inductor. A solenoid inductor is designed using wire bonding technique where lines of copper and bond wires are used to form a solenoid winding on top of silicon substrate. A light hydrocarbon based ferrofluid EMG 901 660 mT with high permeability of 5.4 is used. The ferrofluid-based liquid is injected into the channel to enhance the performance of a quality factor. A 3D full-wave electromagnetic fields tool, ANSYS HFSS is used in this work to simulate the solenoid inductor. The results obtained in this work gives a quality factor of more than 10 at a frequency range of 300 MHz to 3.3 GHz (Ultra High Frequency range). The highest quality factor is 37 which occurs at a frequency of 1.5 GHz, provides a high tuning range of 112%.
Performance analysis of cntfet and mosfet focusing channel length, carrier mo...IJAMSE Journal
Enhancement of switching in nanoelectronics, Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) could be utilized in nanoscaled Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). In this review, we present an in depth discussion of performances Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET) and its significance in nanoelectronic circuitry in comparison with Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor(MOSFET). At first, we have discussed the structural unit of Carbon Nanotube and characteristic electrical behaviors beteween CNTFET and MOSFET. Short channel effect and effects of scattering and electric field on mobility of CNTFET and MOSFET have also been discussed. Besides, the nature of ballistic transport
and profound impact of gate capacitance along with dielectric constant on transconductance have also
have been overviewed. Electron ballistic transport would be the key in short channel regime for high speed
switching devices. Finally, a comparative study on the characteristics of contact resistance over switching
capacity between CNTFET and MOSFET has been addressed.
Space charges analysis on insulator with uniform layer contamination effectTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission provides an attractive alternative for bulk power transfer. However, HVDC transmission may have loss about half per unit length of high voltage alternating current (HVAC) at the same amount of power carried. This is due to the space charge formation around the conductor in HVDC cables. It is known that the presence of space charge inside an insulator may distort the local electric field and surface energy. This paper investigates the effect of electrostatics for space charge, electric field and surface energy in the HVDC cable in clean and contaminated conditions. The effect of uniform layer contamination from oil, sandstone and fresh water was conducted on 11 kV XLPE cable using finite element software under electrostatics study. The contamination layer was created around the XLPE cable by multifarious the radius of layer contamination from the conductor. The simulation results show that enlargement of contamination layer radius by 1.0 mm (light), 1.5 mm (medium) and 2.0 mm (heavy) resulted in the reduction of surface energy by 20% and electric field by 22% but increase the space charge amplitude by 76%. The study also found that fresh water can be considered as the worst contamination compared to oil and sandstone.
This document provides information about a course on semiconductor devices, including bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It lists the course aims as reviewing diode and BJT operation, extending knowledge to include recombination influences, investigating speed limitations, and extracting equivalent circuit models. It recommends textbooks and outlines the course topics as reviewing semiconductor devices and pn diodes, studying long pn diodes incorporating recombination, examining BJT DC operation and switching characteristics, and why studying devices is important.
Profile of Single Mode Fiber Coupler Combining with Bragg GratingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a numerical simulation of a fiber coupler combining single mode fiber and fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The transmission spectrum was analyzed by varying the FBG length from 10mm to 60mm. Increasing the grating length caused the transmission peak to shift to longer wavelengths and transmission values to decrease from 1.45μm to 1.55μm but increase from 1.55μm to 1.65μm. Dispersion showed a zero value at different wavelengths for each grating length. This fiber coupler design could control optical power signals over a wide communication system range.
Some Aspects of Stress Distribution and Effect of Voids Having Different Gase...IOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes the stress distribution and effect of voids with different gases in MV power cables through finite element modeling. It studies the electric field and temperature distribution within cable insulation containing voids.
2) Cylindrical voids are found to have higher electric stress than spherical or elliptical voids. Among gases, oxygen consumption during partial discharge causes greater temperature rise and faster breakdown than nitrogen.
3) The analysis examines factors like void shape, position, and size that influence stress distribution and partial discharge inception voltage. Nearer and larger voids have lower inception voltages. Oxygen consumption leads to uniform erosion and higher temperatures, making its effect greater than other gases.
Analysis of Electric Field and Current Density on XLPE Insulator IJECEIAES
Good condition and size of the insulator are important to ensure the excellent electric field and current density performance because of aging and degradation HVDC cable problem. At present, the existing insulator which is XLPE insulator that had been used does not meet the capabilities criteria of HVDC cable due to the problem in terms of the condition of the insulator which is the presence of a void in the insulator. A research had been made with Quickfield Software to calculate the electric field and current density in the XLPE insulator of HVDC cable. A void is created in the XLPE insulator by using Quickfield Software by varying diameter of void and distance of void from conductor. XLPE insulator is taken as main research object. The results show that largest diameter of void and nearest distance of void from conductor distorts highest electric field and lowest current density. Therefore, it is important to study both electric field and current density to ensure good capabilities and safety of HVDC cable.
10.1016-j.mssp.2015.01.037-Electrochemical investigation of graphene_nanoporo...Mahdi Robat Sarpoushi
This study investigated the effect of mixing graphene nanosheets and nanoporous carbon black on the surface morphology and electrochemical performance of electrodes prepared for supercapacitors. Electrodes containing 80% nanoporous carbon black, 10% graphene nanosheets, and 10% PTFE binder showed the highest specific capacitance of 10.22 F/g. The addition of nanoporous carbon black increased the proportion of outer charge stored on the electrode relative to the total charge stored, indicating higher current response and voltage reversal at the end potentials. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that adding nanoporous carbon black particles arranged the graphene nanosheets in different directions, increasing the specific surface area and changing diffusion characteristics to improve capacitance and reversibility
Improving power production by altering anode thickness and by varying electro...IAEME Publication
1) The study examined how altering anode thickness (0.32 cm, 0.64 cm, 1.27 cm carbon felt) and electrode spacing (SEA configuration vs 4 cm spacing) affected power production in microbial fuel cells.
2) In the SEA configuration, power increased with anode thickness, with the 1.27 cm anode producing the highest power. However, in the spaced electrode configuration, all anode thicknesses produced similar high powers.
3) Thicker anodes performed better than thinner anodes in reducing the negative impacts of oxygen crossover from the cathode, but only in the SEA configuration where oxygen transport was an issue. Overall, spacing the electrodes further apart was better for
This document summarizes the design, fabrication, and testing of a microfluidic chip prototype for manipulating particles using dielectrophoresis (DEP). Finite element modeling was used to simulate the electric field distributions around quadrupole and comb electrode geometries. A prototype was fabricated containing these electrode designs in two separate microchannels. Silica microspheres were successfully manipulated within the chip using positive and negative DEP sequences, concentrating particles in the electrode areas. Testing demonstrated the potential of this technique for manipulating and separating microparticles in integrated microfluidic devices.
Design and modeling of solenoid inductor integrated with FeNiCo in high frequ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this work, the design and modeling of the solenoid inductor are discussed. The layout of integrated inductors with magnetic cores and their geometrical parameters are developed. The quality factor Q and inductance value L are derived from the S-parameters and plotted versus frequency. The effect of solenoid inductor geometry on inductance and quality factor are studied via simulation using MATLAB. The solenoid inductor geometry parameters considered are the turn’s number, the magnetic core length, the width of a magnetic core, the gap between turns, the magnetic core thickness, the coil thickness, and solenoid inductor oxide thickness. The performance of the proposed solenoid inductor integrated with FeNiCo is compared with other solenoid inductors.
Modeling and Structure Optimization of Tapped Transformer IJECEIAES
In this paper, a simplified circuit model of the tapped transformer structure has been presented to extract the Geometric and technology parameters and offer better physical understanding. Moreover, the structure of planar transformer has been optimized by using changing the width and space of the primary coil, so as to enlarge the quality factor Q and high coupling coefficient K. To verify the results obtained by using these models, we have compared them with the results obtained by employing the MATLAB simulator. Very good agreement has been recorded for the effective primary inductance value, whereas the effective primary quality factor value has shown a somewhat larger deviation than the inductance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Deterioration of short channel effectsijistjournal
This document presents an analytical model for surface potential and electric field in a novel dual halo triple material surrounding gate (DH-TMSG) MOSFET structure. The DH-TMSG incorporates symmetrical dual halo regions near the source and drain, and a triple material gate. The analytical model uses a parabolic approximation method and boundary conditions to derive expressions for surface potential. Simulation results show that the DH-TMSG design significantly reduces short channel effects by producing peaks and steps in the surface potential and electric field profiles through the channel. This improves carrier transport and device performance compared to other multi-gate structures.
SUB TEN MICRON CHANNEL DEVICES ACHIEVED BY VERTICAL ORGANIC THIN FILM TRANSI...VLSICS Design
The channel lengths of the top contact organic thin film transistors are usually defined during their fabrication by optical lithography or by shadow masking during the metal deposition process. Realizing short channel (sub-ten micron channel length) transistors by lithography will require costly lithography equipment. On the other hand, it is extremely challenging to achieve short channel transistors using the low cost shadow mask process. One low cost method of achieving short channel devices is to build vertical transistors with the transistor, where the channel gets defined in the vertical part of the device. This paper shows that vertical channel top contact organic thin film transistor has been successfullyrealized on the vertical edge of trench. This helped in creating the device with channel lengths less than ten microns, much smaller than what could be typically achieved with the use of shadow masks.
This document summarizes a research paper on controlling the threshold voltage in a dual gate organic field effect transistor (DGOFET) biosensor. It describes how a DGOFET can be used as a biosensor by detecting changes in the threshold voltage when biomolecules are exposed to the top dielectric layer. The threshold voltage can be tuned by applying biases to the top and bottom gates. When biomolecules are introduced, they change the capacitance of the top dielectric layer, shifting the threshold voltage in a way that depends on whether the biomolecules are positively or negatively charged. This allows the DGOFET to function as a transducer and detect the nature and polarity of biomolecules. The document concludes that a
Structural and Optical properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified by...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Structure, chemical, and physical properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) after
modification by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure is investigated using
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman and Uv-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Effects of plasma
treatment time on MWCNTs are analyzed. TEM result shows that during the short period of plasma
treatment time of 5 minutes, the tube surface experienced a few damages. With increase in plasma
treatment time, the tube surface is damaged to a certain extent. Intensity ratio, ID/IG through Raman
analysis shows a good agreement with TEM. The values of ID/IG of the modified MWCNTs are larger than
those of pristine MWCNTs. An increase of ID/IG indicates that considerable defects are produced on the
surfaces of MWCNTs. The treated MWCNTs has energy band gap compared to zero band gap of
untreated MWCNTs. It is believed that the defect site of MWCNTs can modify the electronics properties of
MWCNTs from being metallic to semiconducting structure, which is applicable for almost all electronics
device applications.
This document summarizes research on inkjet printing graphene electrodes for flexible micro-supercapacitors. Key points:
- Graphene oxide dispersed in water was found to be a stable ink for inkjet printing graphene electrodes with 50 μm resolution. Thermal reduction produced conductive graphene.
- Initial electrochemical tests showed specific capacitance of 48-132 F/g and energy density of 6.74 Wh/kg, comparable to other graphene electrodes. Power density was lower at 2.19 kW/kg.
- Current work aims to increase capacitance by controlling graphene stacking and morphology, and integrate printed electrodes into micro-supercapacitor devices for flexible electronics applications.
The document summarizes key information about the CdGa2S4 semiconductor. It belongs to the ordered vacancy compound family, which contains direct bandgap materials less than 4 eV that can be used in optoelectronic devices. CdGa2S4 has a defect chalcopyrite structure at ambient conditions and undergoes a phase transition to a disordered rocksalt structure above 18.8 GPa. First-principles density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the structural stability and electronic properties of both phases under varying pressures. The results show that the defect chalcopyrite phase is more stable at lower pressures and becomes metallic above the transition pressure where the structures change.
Dual Metal Gate and Conventional MOSFET at Sub nm for Analog ApplicationVLSICS Design
This document summarizes a study comparing a conventional MOSFET and dual metal gate (DMG) MOSFET at the 30nm technology node. Simulations were performed using Silvaco TCAD tools. Key results include:
1) The DMG MOSFET has a lower subthreshold slope and significantly lower gate leakage current compared to the conventional MOSFET.
2) Mobility and transconductance are higher in the DMG MOSFET, indicating better performance for analog applications that require high gain.
3) The DMG MOSFET has a higher intrinsic delay, making it more suitable for applications operated at lower voltages such as filters and sample-and-hold circuits, where gate
This document analyzes the performance of a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNFET) based 6T static random-access memory (SRAM) cell. It investigates how varying parameters like dielectric material, oxide thickness, metal gate work function, carbon nanotube chirality and Fermi level affect the power delay product and static noise margin of the SRAM cell. Hafnium silicate as the dielectric material and an oxide thickness of 1nm yielded the best results in terms of stability and energy efficiency. The document also analyzes how different carbon nanotube chiralities and work functions impact performance metrics like power delay product and static noise margin.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document discusses how different gate dielectric materials affect the threshold voltage of nanoscale MOSFETs. Simulations were conducted using MATLAB and SCHRED software to obtain C-V characteristics for MOSCAP structures with different dielectric materials (PTFE, Polyethylene, SiO2) and thicknesses. Threshold voltages were extracted from the C-V curves using classical, semi-classical, and quantum mechanical models. The results show that lower dielectric constant materials like PTFE reduce threshold voltage more than higher k materials like SiO2. PTFE is suggested as a suitable low-k material for developing MOSFETs and interconnects at the nanoscale.
A Tunable Ferrofluid-based Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Microchannel Inductor ...IJECEIAES
In this work, a tunable ferrofluid-based polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel inductor with high quality factor and high tuning range is proposed. For this project, PDMS is used to create a microchannel with a width and height of 0.53 mm and 0.2 mm respectively. The microchannel is then used to cover the whole design of a solenoid inductor. A solenoid inductor is designed using wire bonding technique where lines of copper and bond wires are used to form a solenoid winding on top of silicon substrate. A light hydrocarbon based ferrofluid EMG 901 660 mT with high permeability of 5.4 is used. The ferrofluid-based liquid is injected into the channel to enhance the performance of a quality factor. A 3D full-wave electromagnetic fields tool, ANSYS HFSS is used in this work to simulate the solenoid inductor. The results obtained in this work gives a quality factor of more than 10 at a frequency range of 300 MHz to 3.3 GHz (Ultra High Frequency range). The highest quality factor is 37 which occurs at a frequency of 1.5 GHz, provides a high tuning range of 112%.
Performance analysis of cntfet and mosfet focusing channel length, carrier mo...IJAMSE Journal
Enhancement of switching in nanoelectronics, Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) could be utilized in nanoscaled Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). In this review, we present an in depth discussion of performances Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNTFET) and its significance in nanoelectronic circuitry in comparison with Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor(MOSFET). At first, we have discussed the structural unit of Carbon Nanotube and characteristic electrical behaviors beteween CNTFET and MOSFET. Short channel effect and effects of scattering and electric field on mobility of CNTFET and MOSFET have also been discussed. Besides, the nature of ballistic transport
and profound impact of gate capacitance along with dielectric constant on transconductance have also
have been overviewed. Electron ballistic transport would be the key in short channel regime for high speed
switching devices. Finally, a comparative study on the characteristics of contact resistance over switching
capacity between CNTFET and MOSFET has been addressed.
Space charges analysis on insulator with uniform layer contamination effectTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission provides an attractive alternative for bulk power transfer. However, HVDC transmission may have loss about half per unit length of high voltage alternating current (HVAC) at the same amount of power carried. This is due to the space charge formation around the conductor in HVDC cables. It is known that the presence of space charge inside an insulator may distort the local electric field and surface energy. This paper investigates the effect of electrostatics for space charge, electric field and surface energy in the HVDC cable in clean and contaminated conditions. The effect of uniform layer contamination from oil, sandstone and fresh water was conducted on 11 kV XLPE cable using finite element software under electrostatics study. The contamination layer was created around the XLPE cable by multifarious the radius of layer contamination from the conductor. The simulation results show that enlargement of contamination layer radius by 1.0 mm (light), 1.5 mm (medium) and 2.0 mm (heavy) resulted in the reduction of surface energy by 20% and electric field by 22% but increase the space charge amplitude by 76%. The study also found that fresh water can be considered as the worst contamination compared to oil and sandstone.
This document provides information about a course on semiconductor devices, including bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It lists the course aims as reviewing diode and BJT operation, extending knowledge to include recombination influences, investigating speed limitations, and extracting equivalent circuit models. It recommends textbooks and outlines the course topics as reviewing semiconductor devices and pn diodes, studying long pn diodes incorporating recombination, examining BJT DC operation and switching characteristics, and why studying devices is important.
Profile of Single Mode Fiber Coupler Combining with Bragg GratingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a numerical simulation of a fiber coupler combining single mode fiber and fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The transmission spectrum was analyzed by varying the FBG length from 10mm to 60mm. Increasing the grating length caused the transmission peak to shift to longer wavelengths and transmission values to decrease from 1.45μm to 1.55μm but increase from 1.55μm to 1.65μm. Dispersion showed a zero value at different wavelengths for each grating length. This fiber coupler design could control optical power signals over a wide communication system range.
Some Aspects of Stress Distribution and Effect of Voids Having Different Gase...IOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes the stress distribution and effect of voids with different gases in MV power cables through finite element modeling. It studies the electric field and temperature distribution within cable insulation containing voids.
2) Cylindrical voids are found to have higher electric stress than spherical or elliptical voids. Among gases, oxygen consumption during partial discharge causes greater temperature rise and faster breakdown than nitrogen.
3) The analysis examines factors like void shape, position, and size that influence stress distribution and partial discharge inception voltage. Nearer and larger voids have lower inception voltages. Oxygen consumption leads to uniform erosion and higher temperatures, making its effect greater than other gases.
Analysis of Electric Field and Current Density on XLPE Insulator IJECEIAES
Good condition and size of the insulator are important to ensure the excellent electric field and current density performance because of aging and degradation HVDC cable problem. At present, the existing insulator which is XLPE insulator that had been used does not meet the capabilities criteria of HVDC cable due to the problem in terms of the condition of the insulator which is the presence of a void in the insulator. A research had been made with Quickfield Software to calculate the electric field and current density in the XLPE insulator of HVDC cable. A void is created in the XLPE insulator by using Quickfield Software by varying diameter of void and distance of void from conductor. XLPE insulator is taken as main research object. The results show that largest diameter of void and nearest distance of void from conductor distorts highest electric field and lowest current density. Therefore, it is important to study both electric field and current density to ensure good capabilities and safety of HVDC cable.
10.1016-j.mssp.2015.01.037-Electrochemical investigation of graphene_nanoporo...Mahdi Robat Sarpoushi
This study investigated the effect of mixing graphene nanosheets and nanoporous carbon black on the surface morphology and electrochemical performance of electrodes prepared for supercapacitors. Electrodes containing 80% nanoporous carbon black, 10% graphene nanosheets, and 10% PTFE binder showed the highest specific capacitance of 10.22 F/g. The addition of nanoporous carbon black increased the proportion of outer charge stored on the electrode relative to the total charge stored, indicating higher current response and voltage reversal at the end potentials. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that adding nanoporous carbon black particles arranged the graphene nanosheets in different directions, increasing the specific surface area and changing diffusion characteristics to improve capacitance and reversibility
Improving power production by altering anode thickness and by varying electro...IAEME Publication
1) The study examined how altering anode thickness (0.32 cm, 0.64 cm, 1.27 cm carbon felt) and electrode spacing (SEA configuration vs 4 cm spacing) affected power production in microbial fuel cells.
2) In the SEA configuration, power increased with anode thickness, with the 1.27 cm anode producing the highest power. However, in the spaced electrode configuration, all anode thicknesses produced similar high powers.
3) Thicker anodes performed better than thinner anodes in reducing the negative impacts of oxygen crossover from the cathode, but only in the SEA configuration where oxygen transport was an issue. Overall, spacing the electrodes further apart was better for
This document summarizes the design, fabrication, and testing of a microfluidic chip prototype for manipulating particles using dielectrophoresis (DEP). Finite element modeling was used to simulate the electric field distributions around quadrupole and comb electrode geometries. A prototype was fabricated containing these electrode designs in two separate microchannels. Silica microspheres were successfully manipulated within the chip using positive and negative DEP sequences, concentrating particles in the electrode areas. Testing demonstrated the potential of this technique for manipulating and separating microparticles in integrated microfluidic devices.
Design and modeling of solenoid inductor integrated with FeNiCo in high frequ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this work, the design and modeling of the solenoid inductor are discussed. The layout of integrated inductors with magnetic cores and their geometrical parameters are developed. The quality factor Q and inductance value L are derived from the S-parameters and plotted versus frequency. The effect of solenoid inductor geometry on inductance and quality factor are studied via simulation using MATLAB. The solenoid inductor geometry parameters considered are the turn’s number, the magnetic core length, the width of a magnetic core, the gap between turns, the magnetic core thickness, the coil thickness, and solenoid inductor oxide thickness. The performance of the proposed solenoid inductor integrated with FeNiCo is compared with other solenoid inductors.
Modeling and Structure Optimization of Tapped Transformer IJECEIAES
In this paper, a simplified circuit model of the tapped transformer structure has been presented to extract the Geometric and technology parameters and offer better physical understanding. Moreover, the structure of planar transformer has been optimized by using changing the width and space of the primary coil, so as to enlarge the quality factor Q and high coupling coefficient K. To verify the results obtained by using these models, we have compared them with the results obtained by employing the MATLAB simulator. Very good agreement has been recorded for the effective primary inductance value, whereas the effective primary quality factor value has shown a somewhat larger deviation than the inductance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Planar transmission line is one of the physical medium used to transmit high frequency signal. The signal flow through the transmission line depends on the important electrical parameter, the frequency. As the signal frequency increases in a conductor, current carriers start to move towards the edges of the conductor. Flow of carriers on the conductor synchronizes with the substrate to achieve better efficiency. The signal flow in the transmission line depends on the dielectric constant of the material and the loss tangent value. The paper shows the simulation studies on return loss and insertion loss of planar transmission lines with constant frequency of 10GHz. To design planar transmission lines different dielectric materials are being selected. In our design, parameters like input impedance, conductor (silver) thickness and conductor height are kept constant. The design and analysis is done using Applied Wave Research (AWR) tool. The obtained results shows unique response and it depends on the type of dielectric medium selected.
This document summarizes a research paper about the development of a ground plane aperture technique to enhance capacitive coupling in parallel-coupled microstrip lines (PCMLs) and enable the design of broadband multi-pole microstrip bandpass filters. The technique involves forming an aperture in the ground plane of the PCML. Equivalent circuit models of the PCML indicate that the aperture increases the coupling factor in a frequency-dependent manner. A novel multi-pole broadband filter topology is proposed using a single microstrip line resonator connected between two PCML sections. Predicted and measured results confirm attractive properties such as 60% bandwidth, deep stop-band rejection, and compact size.
OFET Preparation by Lithography and Thin Film Depositions ProcessTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes research on preparing an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) using lithography and thin film deposition processes. The key points are:
1. An OFET was prepared with a bottom contact structure using copper phthalocyanine as the active layer deposited via vacuum evaporation on a silicon substrate.
2. Lithography was used to pattern gold source and drain electrodes, followed by deposition of the copper phthalocyanine thin film.
3. Electrical characterization of the completed OFET showed current increasing with drain voltage and gate voltage, indicating p-type accumulation mode operation, though saturation was not observed possibly due to a high threshold voltage.
Simulations of the CNFETs using different high-k gate dielectricsjournalBEEI
In this paper we presented the analysis of Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors (CNFETs) using various high-k gate dielectric materials. The objective of this work was to choose the best possible material for gate dielectric. This paper also presented the study on the effect of thickness of gate dielectric on the performance of the device. For the analysis (19, 0) CNT was considered because the diameter of (19, 0) CNT is 1.49nm and the CNFETs have been fabricated with the CNT diameter of ~1.5nm. It has been observed that La2O3 is the best gate dielectric material followed by HfO2 and ZrO2. It was also observed that as thickness of gate dielectric material reduces, drain current of CNFET increases. The outcomes of this study matches with the analytical results and hence confirm the results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Band-pass filter based on complementary split ring resonatorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This letter presents a new circuit of the band-pass filter designed by using microstrip technology. Based on complementary split ring resonator and various series of optimization technic and a specific design method, a miniature band-pass filter with excellent electrical performances is achieved. First of all, the metamaterial unit cell is studied to obtain a desired resonant frequency and it is implemented in the ground plan in order to increase the characteristics of the bandpass behavior and decrease its operating frequencies. This proposed circuit is designed on an FR-4 substrate having a relative permittivity of 4.4 tangential losses of 0.025 and thickness of 1.6 mm. This filter is developed by using CST Microwave. The obtained features allow this filter to be used in diverse wireless applications such as IMT-E and WiMax.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs). It discusses how CNFETs offer advantages over traditional MOSFETs such as ballistic transport, high drive current, temperature resilience, and low capacitance. However, large-scale manufacturing of CNFETs poses challenges and circuit performance can only be estimated through simulations currently. The document also describes the structure, properties, types and performance of CNFETs. It analyzes how CNFET design can overcome issues facing MOSFET scaling like leakage and process variation.
In this paper, a low pass filter based on T-Shaped resonator is presented. The T-Shaped resonator consists of meandered lines and rectangular patches. Also, the LC model and transfer function of the proposed resonator is presented. For suppression of spurious harmonics, a bandstop structure consists of hexangular patches and open stubs has been utilized. Finally, the wide stopband microstrip lowpass filter with cutoff frequency 2.72 GHz has been simulated, fabricated and measured. The LPF has good characteristics such as wide stopband and insertion loss lower than 0.18 dB in the passband region. The rejection level is less than -20 dB from 2.98 up to 21.3 GHz. The filter size is 10.5 mm×12.7 mm, or 0.131 λg× 0.158 λg, where λg is the guided wavelength. The measured and simulated results of the filter is in good agreement with each other, which show the merits of low insertion loss and wide stopband.
Improving Splitting Efficiency in Photonic Crystal WaveguideIJERA Editor
“Photonic Crystals (PCs)” are dielectric structures with periodic spatial alternations of refractive index on the
scale of the wavelength of light. Many optical devices, based on PCs, have been proposed. There are
multiple ways by which equal amount of power of incoming signals can be divided into two, three and
four output channels; for example using multiple coupled photonic crystal waveguides, directional coupling and
cascaded multimode PC waveguides. Ideally, the splitter should divide the input power equally into the output
channels without significant reflection or radiation losses and should be compact in size. In this thesis I
have proposed the optical power splitting using Y-junction. The optical modeling of this proposed structure
was investigated by finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation. The goal was to achieve equal power at
each output channel with broad spectrum around the target wavelength with low loss.
Designing the Shape of Graphite Anode for Microbial Fuel Cells to Increase it...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of graphite anode shapes for microbial fuel cells to increase efficiency. It begins with background on microbial fuel cells and how they convert chemical energy to electrical energy using bacteria. Electrode design is important for improving performance, specifically designs that increase surface area to enhance current generation while reducing material costs. The document proposes a new anode shape designed using CAD tools to theoretically increase surface area and decrease the amount of graphite required, lowering operation costs. In summary, the proposed anode shape aims to boost microbial fuel cell efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
Frequency Dependent Characteristics of OGMOSFETidescitation
Miniaturization in length, lowering of power,
increase in package density and sensitivity to light of
MOSFET leads it as the potential candidate for RF application.
As device is expected to operate at RF, it is essential to observe
its frequency dependent characteristics at RF. In this paper
frequency dependent electro optical characteristics of
Optically Gated Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor (OGMOSFET) are investigated numerically.
Variation of drain current-voltage characteristics, gate
capacitance and transconductance of OGMOSFET, with
varying frequency, is reported. MOSFET having length of
0.35μm is selected for investigation, which is optically gated
with incident radiations of optical power of 0.25mW and
wavelength of 800nm. MATLAB is used as computational
platform to test and tune the results. Results show that
increase in modulating frequency of OGMOSFET decreases
drain current, gate capacitance, transconductance and output
conductance. This is due to decrease in life time of inversion
charges at very high frequencies. Operating bandwidth of the
device is up to 4GHz.
A Review and study of the design technique of Microstrip Patch Antenna Techno...IJERA Editor
In this paper,study and survey of microstrip antenna elements is presented, with emphasis on theoretical and
practical design techniques and material used, as previous study have been proved that material used play
significant role in the performance such as gain ,directivity ,frequency of radiation Available substrate materials
are reviewed along with the relation between dielectric constant tolerance and resonant frequency of microstrip
patches. Several theoretical analysis techniques are summarized. Practical procedures are given for both
standard rectangular and circular patches. The quality, bandwidth, and efficiency factors of typical patch designs
are discussed.
A new configuration of a printed diplexer designed for DCS and ISM bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a new study on the design of a microstrip diplexer configuration optimized and validated for ISM and DCS frequency bands. The achieved structure is based on microstrip technology, the goal was to design two printed bandpass filters one for ISM band and the other one for DCS frequency band.The two microstrip filters are associated by using a T-junction which permits to validate a diplexer in the frequency bands DCS-Band receiver [1.74–2 GHz] and ISM-Band transmitter [2.3–2.55 GHz]. The whole size of the final circuit is 130x50 mm2. After the validation of the proposed diplexer into simulation we have fabricated and tested it by using VNA which permits to have a good agremment between simulation and measurements.
Performance evaluation of reversible logic based cntfet demultiplexer 2IAEME Publication
This document discusses the design and analysis of a reversible logic based carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) demultiplexer. It presents the realization of 1:2 and 1:4 demultiplexers using reversible logic gates implemented with CNTFETs. Simulation results show the transient response and power consumption of the reversible logic CNTFET demultiplexers, with 0.8 and 1.6 nanowatts for the 1:2 and 1:4 designs respectively. This is compared to conventional CMOS demultiplexer designs, showing an improvement in power reduction achieved with the reversible logic CNTFET approach. Challenges in CNT fabrication that could impact robust circuits are also discussed.
Performance evaluation of reversible logic based cntfet demultiplexer 2IAEME Publication
This document discusses the design and analysis of a reversible logic based carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) demultiplexer. It presents the realization of 1:2 and 1:4 demultiplexers using reversible logic gates implemented with CNTFETs. Simulation results show the transient response and power consumption of the reversible logic CNTFET demultiplexers, with 0.8 and 1.6 nanowatts for the 1:2 and 1:4 designs respectively. This is compared to conventional CMOS demultiplexer designs, showing an improvement in power reduction achieved with the reversible logic CNTFET approach. Challenges in fabricating robust CNT-based circuits are also discussed.
Advances on Microwave Ceramic Filters for Wireless Communications (Review Pap...IJECEIAES
A review of the technological developments on ceramic monoblock filters and duplexers over the years is presented in this work. Early designs based on simulated and measured data are presented along with later designs based on accurate equivalent circuits as well as the use of evolution algorithms for optimal design.
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An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
1. The document describes a study that designed a balanced scorecard for a nonprofit organization called Yayasan Pembinaan dan Kesembuhan Batin (YPKB) in Malang, Indonesia.
2. The balanced scorecard translated YPKB's vision and mission into strategic objectives across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth.
3. Key strategic objectives included donation growth, budget effectiveness, customer satisfaction, reputation, service quality, innovation, and employee development. Customers perspective had the highest weighting, suggesting a focus on public service over financial growth.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
- The document examines customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets in India through a survey of 418 customers.
- It finds that in supermarkets, previous experience, atmosphere, price, social environment and experience in other channels most influence customer experience, while in hypermarkets, previous experience, product assortment, social environment and experience in other channels are most influential.
- The study provides insights for retailers on key determinants of customer experience in each format to help them improve strategies and competitive positioning.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
This document discusses the implementation of quality management principles at Zimbabwe Open University's Matabeleland North Regional Centre. It begins with background information on ZOU and the importance of quality management in open and distance learning institutions. The study aimed to determine if quality management and its principles were being implemented at the regional centre. Key findings included that the centre prioritized customer focus and staff involvement. Decisions were made based on data analysis. The regional centre implemented a quality system informed by its policy documents. The document recommends ensuring staffing levels match needs and providing sufficient resources to the regional centre.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
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Design of Integrated LC Filter Using Multilayer Flexible Ferrite Sheets
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 6 Ver. I (Nov – Dec. 2015), PP 35-43
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10613543 www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
Design of Integrated LC Filter Using Multilayer Flexible
Ferrite Sheets
S. Coulibaly1
, G. Loum1
, K.A. Diby2
1
Institut National Polytechnique, UMRI EEA (LARIT – SISE), Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
2
Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, SSMT (LPMCT), Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Abstract: Dielectric and magnetic materials were developed for use as integrated passive component design.
The integrated LC component to be investigated in this paper uses ferrite material which combines both
magnetic and dielectric properties. Because of this double property, the ferrite sheet will be used in this design
as magnetic core for the inductor and dielectric substrate for the capacitor. The fabrication is simplified by
using PCB inductor and adhesive flexible ferrite sheet. To evaluate the inductance, the capacitance including
the parasitic resistance, a fabricated prototype of the LC component was simulated and measured. It was
confirmed that simulated values were very close to the measured values and the integrated LC component
behaves as low-pass filter.
Keywords: Integrated passive, Flexible Ferrite, PCB Inductor, Multilayer Capacitor, L-C filter.
I. Introduction
In Power Electronic Converters such as DC-DC, output signal filter capacitor and inductor are
relatively the largest components. They contribute to increase the size of the whole converter. Size reduction of
these components is still a major challenge in low power converters where small and/or low profile systems are
expected. Two ways are explored for those works.
The first way is related to the switching frequency of the converter. If it is increased, capacitor and
inductor can be reduced while keeping the same equivalent impedance. However, this working frequency has an
upper limit imposed by the switching losses in the semiconductors and conductors.
The second way of reducing the size is oriented toward new fabrication technologies which are to build
integrated passive component structures (LC, LCL or LCT) to perform an electronic function (low-pass,
resonant filter or transformer) [1], [2], [3]. This way gets more attention and has become the subject of research
over the last few years.
Both ways can be combined to reach high power-density converter when they are correctly used.
The design of the integrated LC component in this paper is based on Ni-Zn flexible ferrite sheet used as
magnetic core for PCB planar spiral inductor and as dielectric substrate for multilayer capacitor design because
of the magnetic and dielectric properties of these materials.
With the use of printed circuit board (PCB) windings, the cost of complex fabrication process is
eliminated and also it offers the flexibility of winding geometry, shape, size.
The specific permittivity and resistivity value of the Ni-Zn ferrite are 10 – 20 and more than 1MΩ·m
respectively, with permeability of 125 – 2000 [4]. An integrated LC component using multilayer structure of
materials is built. Commercially adhesive flexible ferrite sheets [5] are used to make design simplified and cost
reduced.
The resulting integrated LC component performances (cut-off frequency, input impedance and filter
attenuation) will then be estimated in order to provide useful information to propose a final filter design having
sufficiently good performances to be integrated in the same board of a switching converter.
II. Structure Of The Integrated Lc Component
The goal of this design is to explore the possibility of using ferrite material that has both magnetic and
dielectric properties for integrating inductor and capacitor in multilayer structure which behaves as low-pass
filter for switching power electronic converter output signal filtering.
The construction of the integrated LC component is shown in Fig. 1. It is composed of spiral inductor
sandwiched between two ferrite layers [6] and multilayer ferrite capacitor.
2. Design of Integrated LC filter Using Multilayer Flexible Ferrite Sheets
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10613543 www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
Fig. 1 - Exploded (a) and cross section (b) views of the structure
The two ferrite layers which sandwich the PCB spiral inductor act as magnetic core. The top ferrite
layers act as dielectric for multilayer capacitor design. Alternating layers of electrodes and dielectric material
allow higher capacitance in physically smaller packages. The inductor and capacitor are stacked together to
implement a structural integration. The total effect of the structure may be considered to behave as a series
connection of an inductor and a capacitor. The equivalent circuit model is represented schematically in Fig. 2.
There is parasitic inter-winding capacitance due to air between adjacent traces and the PCB substrate.
Fig. 2 - The equivalent circuit model of the structure
Inter winding capacitances appear when working frequency increases and their influences are sensitive
beyond 100 MHz [7]. For the application the integrated LC component is designed, inter winding capacitances
are left out as open branches.
An LC low-pass filter was obtained by taking terminals A-C as input port and terminals B-C as output
port. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 - Equivalent circuit of the structure
3. Design of Integrated LC filter Using Multilayer Flexible Ferrite Sheets
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10613543 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
The structure of the integrated LC component is physically described by the following parameters
defined in Table 1.
Table 1 - Geometry parameters of the integrated structure
The values of self-inductance, series resistance and equivalent capacitance depend on the geometry
parameter magnitudes and electrical and magnetic properties of the material used.
III. Analytical Calculation Of Model Parameters
The expressions of the parameters related to the integrated LC device model are presented in this
section.
3.1 Inductance L
When spiral coil is sandwiched by ferrite layers, the inductance value can be derived as [8]:
om LKL (1)
Where
Lo is the value of inductance without magnetic core,
Km is a magnetic factor which depends on the relative permeability µr, the thickness of the ferrite layer, the size
width and the air gap between the two ferrite layers.
The planar inductor under study consists of a circular spiral pattern of copper conductor. Different
equations have been proposed in literature to calculate the value of inductance Lo. A practical and accurate
formula widely used to calculate Lo for circular spiral inductor is presented in [9]. It is given as
2av
2
o
o 20.0
46.2
Ln
2
DN
L (2)
Where
m/H104µ
7
o
is the magnetic permeability of free space,
N is the number of turns,
2
DD
D
io
av
is the average diameter,
io
io
DD
DD
is the fill ratio.
Internal and external diameters are related by the following relation:
s1N2wN2DD io
(3)
Calculation of Km is more difficult and can be estimated using finite element analysis tool. Circular
spiral inductor is considered in this design since 2-D finite element method (FEM) simulation can be used to
analyze it easily and predict values of L without time consuming as in 3-D.
Because of the axial symmetry of the structure topology, the circular spiral coil is modeled as
concentric rings [10]. The error in using the concentric ring approximation was found to be only about 5%.
To estimate magnetic factor Km by finite element analysis, arbitrary values have been chosen for conductor
width and space between turns (w = s = 1 mm). The flexible ferrite sheet we use has magnetic permeability of
Geometry
parameters
Description
N Number of turns of the spiral windings
n Number of capacitance layers
w Winding width
s Space between windings
t Winding thickness
e PCB thickness
α Distance between ferrite and spiral end
Do Spiral outer diameter
Di Spiral inner diameter
l×l Ferrite layer size
4. Design of Integrated LC filter Using Multilayer Flexible Ferrite Sheets
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10613543 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
230 and thickness of 300 µm [6]. The separation between the two ferrite layers is constant and is the sum of the
thicknesses of spiral conductor (18 µm) and PCB FR4 substrate (1.6 mm). The only variable parameter of Km is
the outer diameter Do. The ferrite layer size is chosen equal to Do + 2 mm to fit the spiral and to allow the flux
to flow from top ferrite to bottom ferrite.
The magnetic factor Km can be obtained as a function of outer diameter Do. Fig. 4 shows the magnetic
factor Km when outer diameter Do varies from 48 mm to 98 mm and Di is kept constant and equal to 10 mm.
Fig. 4 - Magnetic factor Km when Do varies from 48 mm to 98 mm
Fitting the magnetic factor Km curve, the inductance of the integrated LC structure can be estimated as:
o
o
o
2
L
D
3273.73
0823.6D109617.1L
(4)
Where L is given in µH and Do is in mm.
3.2 Series resistance Rs
The series resistance is frequency dependence due to the skin effect. It is difficult to estimate
analytically, so instead, the ac resistance at the working frequency will be obtained from FEM simulation.
The dc resistance can be estimated by
tw
l
R
m
DC
(5)
where:
σ is the conductivity of the copper [S/m],
lm the total mean length [m] of the winding,
w the width [m] of the spiral and t the thickness [m] of the winding trace.
For circular spiral inductors, the mean length can be expressed as
avm DNl (6)
3.3 Capacitance C
Calculating capacitance C is based on the formula for a parallel plate capacitor:
h
A
C ro (7)
where εo = 8.854×10-12
F/m is for the dielectric constant of air, εr the relative permittivity, h the
thickness of the dielectric, and A the electrode surface area.
The flexible ferrite sheets used in this design are generally composed of Ni-Zn. In general, Ni-Zn ferrite
materials have high-volume resistivity and low relative permittivity εr of about 10 to 25 [5].
The flexible ferrite sheets are manufactured with 0.01 mm thick PET layer on one side of the ferrite
material and 0.02 mm thick adhesive tape on the opposite side.
50 60 70 80 90 100
3.4
3.45
3.5
3.55
3.6
3.65
3.7
ferrite width (mm)
L/Lo
5. Design of Integrated LC filter Using Multilayer Flexible Ferrite Sheets
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10613543 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Fig. 5 - Flexible ferrite sheet presentation [6]
Manufacturer did not provide information about permittivity of the three materials. So measurements
were done to estimate the capacitor per unit area: Cd.
Fig. 6 shows capacitance C variation for different surface areas. Measurements have been carried out
using a digital RLC-meter.
Fig. 6 - Capacitance variation with surface area
The capacitor factor is deduced from fitting: Cd = 0.1986pF/mm2
. As expected, Ni-Zn ferrite exhibit
low permittivity that leads to low capacitance. Because of the low permittivity of the ferrite material we use,
multilayer capacitor technology is employed to increase the capacitance of the integrated LC component. Total
capacitance for n layers is given as:
ACnC d (8)
Where A [mm] is the parallel plate surface.
The total height of the component is the thickness of PCB FR4 substrate and the sum of number of
alternating copper and ferrite sheets. It is given as
)th()2n(eH (9)
IV. Design Procedure
There are many ways to design the integrated LC component parameters. Most of the time, the
calculation of these parameters depends on the specifications of the converter.
The first thing is to obtain the values of inductance L, capacitance C and output current Io from the
specifications of the converter. The second thing is to choose the dimension of the ferrite layer which is related
to the outer diameter of the spiral inductor.
Manufacturers provide flexible ferrite with dimensions of 60 × 60 mm² and 120 × 120 mm²; however
any other dimensions could be obtained between these given dimension for area optimization. There will be a
compromise between the component thickness and its width.
At the beginning of the procedure, parameter like outer diameter must be specified. The inner diameter
of the spiral inductor was set to 10 mm, and the ferrite layer width is set 2 mm more than the outer diameter to
allow flux lines to pass through inside and outside the windings.
The algorithm for the design is described by the following steps:
Step 1: Number N of turns
Knowing inductance L and the size of the ferrite layer l from outer diameter Do, combine equations 2 and 4 to
calculate the number of turns N.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
A (mm²)
C(pF)
6. Design of Integrated LC filter Using Multilayer Flexible Ferrite Sheets
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10613543 www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
Step 2: Number n of layers for multilayer capacitor
Knowing capacitance C, the number of layers can be calculated using equation 8:
llC
C
n
d
(10)
Step 3: Width w of spiral conductor trace
Calculate the width w of spiral conductor trace based on the maximum current Imax to carry using the
following equation [11]:
379.1
44.0
4
Tk
I
t
1045.6
w
(11)
where:
w = Minimum required track width in mm;
t = track thickness in mm;
I = Maximum current in Amps;
ΔT = Maximum allowable temperature rise above ambient in C;
k = 0.024 for inner layers and k= 0.048 for outer layers.
Step 4: Distance s between turns
It is obtained from equation 3 as:
)1N(2
wN2DD
s
io
(12)
If s is ≤ 0, then the outer diameter of the spiral is small; increase it and restart calculation from step 1
until a reasonable positive value is found.
Step 5: Calculate series resistance R
It is calculated using equation 5 and 6 as
tw
DN
R
av
DC
(13)
V. Simulation And Experimental Results
In order to validate the simplified model of the integrated LC component, a prototype has been
designed using the available materials in laboratory when writing.
The fabrication of the integrated LC component needs no chemical process except for the realization of
the PCB spiral inductor that uses the method of making a single layer PCB. Since capacitor electrodes (copper)
and flexible ferrite sheet are adhesive tape, the principle consists on stacking alternate layers of copper and
ferrite up. A ferrite sheet is stacked on the bottom side of the PCB FR4 substrate for the spiral to be sandwiched.
A photograph of the filter is shown in figures below.
(a) (b)
Fig. 7 - Photograph of LC-filter: (a) – top side, (b) – bottom side
7. Design of Integrated LC filter Using Multilayer Flexible Ferrite Sheets
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10613543 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
The design parameters are as follow in Table 2;
Table 2 - Integrated LC design parameters
Parameters Values
l × l (mm²) 60×60
n 4
N 38
w (mm) 0.5
s (mm) 0.2
Di (mm) 6.5
Comparisons between analytical calculations and measurements (with digital RLC meter) are listed in
Table 5 below:
Table 3 - Parameters comparison
Parameters Calculated Measured % error
L (mH) 0.137 0.127 7.29
R (Ω) 7.26 8.14 12.12
C (nF) 2.96 3.19 7.77
As shown by Table 3, measured and modelled values agree to within less than 8% for inductance and
capacitance. The difference between calculated and measured values of resistance may be attributed to the non
homogeneous of the spiral trace surface.
Frequency response characteristics of inductance and capacitance were recorded using oscilloscope and
function generator according to the setup schematic shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8 - Inductance and capacitance measurement setup
Vg and Vz are the amplitude of AC signal generator and voltage across impedance Zx respectively.
Measurements of inductance and capacitance are carried out separately. The unknown inductor or capacitor (Zx)
is connected in series with a current measure resistance Rref and powered by a sinusoidal signal from a function
generator. Using a logarithmic frequency sweep between 104
and 106
Hz with a sinusoidal signal level of 1 volt
peak, inductance, series resistance and capacitance are recorded as a function of frequency. For best result the
reference resistance Rref is selected such that amplitude of voltage Vz is half of the one of voltage Vg. The
capacitance, self-inductance and series resistance are calculated with the measured amplitudes of Vg and Vz, and
phase difference θ between Vg and Vz from the expression of the unknown impedance Zx given as:
sinVj)cosVV(
)sinj(cosV
RZ
zzg
z
refx (14)
By calculating the impedance magnitude and phase of Zx, inductance L, series resistance R and
capacitance C can be calculated based on the following equations:
f2
1
)sin(ZL x
(15)
)cos(ZR x (16)
)sin(f2
1
Z
1
C
x
(17)
Where:
|Zx| is the impedance magnitude of Zx;
8. Design of Integrated LC filter Using Multilayer Flexible Ferrite Sheets
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10613543 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
φ is the phase angle the impedance Zx;
f is the frequency of the AC signal.
Frequency characteristics of inductance, series resistance and capacitance are shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9 - Frequency characteristic of inductance, series resistance and capacitance
It should be mentioned that the phase difference between the voltages Vg and Vz is too small to be
picked by the oscilloscope at frequencies below 10 kHz since the inductance and the capacitance were in the
range of µH and nF respectively. So no experiments data were provided below 10 kHz in this measurement
approach.
Inductance, series resistance and capacitance show good frequency characteristics in the measured
frequency range. The initial inductance is around 100.0 µH and the value drops to 88 µH up to 200 kHz. The
drop of the inductance is due to the frequency dependence of the permeability of the magnetic core, and
probably also by inter winding capacitance effects. Initial value of resistance is 7.68 Ω and rapidly increases
above 200 kHz due to the increasing magnetic and winding losses at high frequencies. Capacitance value is
almost constant over measuring range with a mean value of 3 nF. It was confirmed that the measurement results
of the fabricated inductor coincide with the simulation results.
From Fig. 9, we can deduce an optimal range of working for power converters with switching
frequency under 200 kHz to limit loss due to inductor series resistance.
To describe the behavior of the integrated component, output to input ratio Vout/Vin and input
impedance given by the ratio of input voltage to input current have been recorded.
In the experimentation, the load resistance value is set equal to characteristic impedance as it provides a sharp
corner frequency. The output to input ratio and the input impedance frequency responses are shown in Fig. 10
and Fig. 11 respectively. The simulated curves have been done using the constant values of the frequency
dependence of inductance, series resistance and capacitance: L = 88 µH, R = 8 Ω and C = 3 nF.
10
4
10
5
10
6
0
50
100
L(µH)
10
4
10
5
10
6
0
100
200
300
Rs(Ohm)
10
4
10
5
10
6
0
5
10
15
C(nF)
frequency - Hz
9. Design of Integrated LC filter Using Multilayer Flexible Ferrite Sheets
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10613543 www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
(a) (b)
Fig. 10 - Measured and simulated Frequency response of Output to input ratio Vout/Vin (a) and
Input impedance (b) of the integrated structure
When looking at Fig. 10, agreement between the measured and ideal values is observed since curves
have the same shape. This indicates that the constructed prototype behaves like low-pass filter.
Measured resonance frequency is 300 kHz compared to calculated value which is 309.75 kHz.
The output to input ratio shows a slope of -47.07dB/decade and -43.65dB/decade for measured and simulated
respectively.
VI. Conclusion
This study has investigated the design of an integrated LC component on PCB using flexible ferrite
sheets as magnetic core for the inductor and dielectric for multilayer capacitor. To determine the electrical
characteristics of the LC filter, simulation and measurement were carried out. It is noticed that the proposed
integrated LC component behaves like a low-pass filter. It was confirmed that the simulated values were very
close to the measured values. For future studies, application to DC-DC buck converter will be investigated.
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[11]. http://circuitcalculator.com/wordpress/2006/01/31/pcb-trace-width-calculator/
10
4
10
5
10
6
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
|Vo/Vin|,dB
10
4
10
5
10
6
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
frequency (Hertz)
Vo/Vin,()
measured
simulated
measured
simulated
10
4
10
5
10
6
40
45
50
55
|Zin|,dB
10
4
10
5
10
6
-50
0
50
100
frequency (Hertz)
Zin,()
measured
simulated
measured
simulated