This document proposes a modified window function to model memristive devices using the linear ion drift model. The linear ion drift model uses a window function to restrict the state variable within device bounds, but existing window functions do not account for sufficient nonlinearity. The document suggests a parabolic window function that allows for greater nonlinearity than previous windows like Jogelkar, Biolek, or Prodromakis windows. This modified window function aims to reproduce device nonlinearity without complex models, assumptions, or computational requirements of existing nonlinear models.
Effect of Mobility on (I-V) Characteristics of Gaas MESFET Yayah Zakaria
We present in this paper an analytical model of the current–voltage (I-V) characteristics for submicron GaAs MESFET transistors. This model takes into account the analysis of the charge distribution in the active region and incorporate a field depended electron mobility, velocity saturation and charge
build-up in the channel. We propose in this frame work an algorithm of simulation based on mathematical expressions obtained previously. We propose a new mobility model describing the electric field-dependent. predictions of the simulator are compared with the experimental data [1] and
have been shown to be good.
Effect of mesh grid structure in reducing hot carrier effect of nmos device s...ijcsa
This paper presents the critical effect of mesh grid that should be considered during process and device
simulation using modern TCAD tools in order to develop and optimize their accurate electrical
characteristics. Here, the computational modelling process of developing the NMOS device structure is
performed in Athena and Atlas. The effect of Mesh grid on net doping profile, n++, and LDD sheet
resistance that could link to unwanted “Hot Carrier Effect” were investigated by varying the device grid
resolution in both directions. It is found that y-grid give more profound effect in the doping concentration,
the junction depth formation and the value of threshold voltage during simulation. Optimized mesh grid is
obtained and tested for more accurate and faster simulation. Process parameter (such as oxide thicknesses
and Sheet resistance) as well as Device Parameter (such as linear gain “beta” and SPICE level 3 mobility
roll-off parameter “ Theta”) are extracted and investigated for further different applications.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transientEditor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
NanoScale TiO2 based Memory Storage Circuit Element:- MemristorAM Publications
four fundamental circuit variable in which relation between charge and flux linkage first introduce by
Prof. Leon Chua in his Research Proposal at IEEE Transaction on circuit theory based on the symmetric
background. However, using this relation he predicted fourth fundamental element which is known as Memristor.
The first NanoScale TiO2 based physical model of Memristor is proposed by Hewlett-Packard Laboratories. Therefore
new research field emerged out “Analog and Digital circuit designing using Memristor”. Still many faults in physical
model of Memristor which has proposed by HP Laboratories. So many challenging researches going on for making
perfect physical model of Memristor. In this paper we review properties of Memristor, the physics behind fourth
fundamental circuit element as well as we discussed first physical model of Memristor introduced by HP. Some
potential application also discussed here and last we proposed major challenges for Memristor development and
which future work can be carried out using Memristor.
Carbon nano tube based delay model for high speed energy efficient on chip da...elelijjournal
Speed is a major concern for high density VLSI networks. In this paper the closed form delay model for current mode signalling in VLSI interconnects has been proposed with resistive load termination.RLC interconnect line is modelled using characteristic impedance of transmission line and inductive effect.The inductive effect is dominant at lower technology node is modelled into an equivalent resistance. In this model first order transfer function is designed using finite difference equation, and by applying the boundary conditions at the source and load termination. It has been observed that the dominant pole determines system response and delay in the proposed model. Using CNIA tool (carbon nanotube interconnect analyzer) the interconnect line parameters has been estimated at 45nm technology node. The novel proposed current mode model superiority has been validated for CNT type of material. It superiority factor remains to 66.66% as compared to voltage mode signalling. And current mode dissipates 0.015pJ energy where as VM consume 0.045pJ for a single bit transmission across the interconnect over CNT
material. Secondly the damping factor of a lumped RLC circuit is shown to be a useful figure of merit.
Since conventional CMOS technology is facing the challenges in scaling down the devices beyond 22nm level, there is urgent need of new nanoscale devices. Memristor, known as the fourth basic two-terminal circuit element, has attracted many research interests since the first real device was developed by HP labs in 2008. The concept was originally put forward by Dr. Leon Chua in September 1971. The memristor has a unique capability of carrying a memory of its recent past. The memristor holds the value of previously applied voltage even when the power is switched off, in the form of its resistance level. That‘s an effect that cannot be duplicated by any circuit combination of resistor, capacitor and inductor, which is why the memristor qualifies as the fourth fundamental circuit element. The research is in progress on the concept of the memristor and its practical implementation. However it has not been commercially manufactured yet. However since memristor is at the experimental level only, the memristance characteristics and its effects in different circuits can only be observed using software simulations only. To study the effect of implementation of memristor in various electronic circuits, there is need of a standard memristor model which can be accepted universally and its results should be mathematically true and should resemble the theoretically proposed concepts. The manuscript describes a new memristor model simulated using PSPICE and its results.
Threshold voltage model for hetero-gate-dielectric tunneling field effect tra...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a two dimensional analytical model of the threshold voltage for HGD TFET structure has been proposed. We have also presented the analytical models for the tunneling width and the channel potential. The potential model is used to develop the physics based model of threshold voltage by exploring the transition between linear to exponential dependence of drain current on the gate bias. The proposed model depends on the drain voltage, gate dielectric near the source and drain, silicon film thickness, work function of gate metal and oxide thickness. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified by simulation results of 2-D ATLAS simulator. Due to the reduction of the equivalent oxide thickness, the coupling between the gate and the channel junction enhances which results in lower threshold voltage. Tunneling width becomes narrower at a given gate voltage for the optimum channel concentration of 10 16 /cm 3 . The higher concentration in the source (N s ) causes a steep bending in the conduction and valence bands compared to the lower concentration which results in smaller tunneling width at the source-channel interface.
Effect of Mobility on (I-V) Characteristics of Gaas MESFET Yayah Zakaria
We present in this paper an analytical model of the current–voltage (I-V) characteristics for submicron GaAs MESFET transistors. This model takes into account the analysis of the charge distribution in the active region and incorporate a field depended electron mobility, velocity saturation and charge
build-up in the channel. We propose in this frame work an algorithm of simulation based on mathematical expressions obtained previously. We propose a new mobility model describing the electric field-dependent. predictions of the simulator are compared with the experimental data [1] and
have been shown to be good.
Effect of mesh grid structure in reducing hot carrier effect of nmos device s...ijcsa
This paper presents the critical effect of mesh grid that should be considered during process and device
simulation using modern TCAD tools in order to develop and optimize their accurate electrical
characteristics. Here, the computational modelling process of developing the NMOS device structure is
performed in Athena and Atlas. The effect of Mesh grid on net doping profile, n++, and LDD sheet
resistance that could link to unwanted “Hot Carrier Effect” were investigated by varying the device grid
resolution in both directions. It is found that y-grid give more profound effect in the doping concentration,
the junction depth formation and the value of threshold voltage during simulation. Optimized mesh grid is
obtained and tested for more accurate and faster simulation. Process parameter (such as oxide thicknesses
and Sheet resistance) as well as Device Parameter (such as linear gain “beta” and SPICE level 3 mobility
roll-off parameter “ Theta”) are extracted and investigated for further different applications.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transientEditor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
NanoScale TiO2 based Memory Storage Circuit Element:- MemristorAM Publications
four fundamental circuit variable in which relation between charge and flux linkage first introduce by
Prof. Leon Chua in his Research Proposal at IEEE Transaction on circuit theory based on the symmetric
background. However, using this relation he predicted fourth fundamental element which is known as Memristor.
The first NanoScale TiO2 based physical model of Memristor is proposed by Hewlett-Packard Laboratories. Therefore
new research field emerged out “Analog and Digital circuit designing using Memristor”. Still many faults in physical
model of Memristor which has proposed by HP Laboratories. So many challenging researches going on for making
perfect physical model of Memristor. In this paper we review properties of Memristor, the physics behind fourth
fundamental circuit element as well as we discussed first physical model of Memristor introduced by HP. Some
potential application also discussed here and last we proposed major challenges for Memristor development and
which future work can be carried out using Memristor.
Carbon nano tube based delay model for high speed energy efficient on chip da...elelijjournal
Speed is a major concern for high density VLSI networks. In this paper the closed form delay model for current mode signalling in VLSI interconnects has been proposed with resistive load termination.RLC interconnect line is modelled using characteristic impedance of transmission line and inductive effect.The inductive effect is dominant at lower technology node is modelled into an equivalent resistance. In this model first order transfer function is designed using finite difference equation, and by applying the boundary conditions at the source and load termination. It has been observed that the dominant pole determines system response and delay in the proposed model. Using CNIA tool (carbon nanotube interconnect analyzer) the interconnect line parameters has been estimated at 45nm technology node. The novel proposed current mode model superiority has been validated for CNT type of material. It superiority factor remains to 66.66% as compared to voltage mode signalling. And current mode dissipates 0.015pJ energy where as VM consume 0.045pJ for a single bit transmission across the interconnect over CNT
material. Secondly the damping factor of a lumped RLC circuit is shown to be a useful figure of merit.
Since conventional CMOS technology is facing the challenges in scaling down the devices beyond 22nm level, there is urgent need of new nanoscale devices. Memristor, known as the fourth basic two-terminal circuit element, has attracted many research interests since the first real device was developed by HP labs in 2008. The concept was originally put forward by Dr. Leon Chua in September 1971. The memristor has a unique capability of carrying a memory of its recent past. The memristor holds the value of previously applied voltage even when the power is switched off, in the form of its resistance level. That‘s an effect that cannot be duplicated by any circuit combination of resistor, capacitor and inductor, which is why the memristor qualifies as the fourth fundamental circuit element. The research is in progress on the concept of the memristor and its practical implementation. However it has not been commercially manufactured yet. However since memristor is at the experimental level only, the memristance characteristics and its effects in different circuits can only be observed using software simulations only. To study the effect of implementation of memristor in various electronic circuits, there is need of a standard memristor model which can be accepted universally and its results should be mathematically true and should resemble the theoretically proposed concepts. The manuscript describes a new memristor model simulated using PSPICE and its results.
Threshold voltage model for hetero-gate-dielectric tunneling field effect tra...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a two dimensional analytical model of the threshold voltage for HGD TFET structure has been proposed. We have also presented the analytical models for the tunneling width and the channel potential. The potential model is used to develop the physics based model of threshold voltage by exploring the transition between linear to exponential dependence of drain current on the gate bias. The proposed model depends on the drain voltage, gate dielectric near the source and drain, silicon film thickness, work function of gate metal and oxide thickness. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified by simulation results of 2-D ATLAS simulator. Due to the reduction of the equivalent oxide thickness, the coupling between the gate and the channel junction enhances which results in lower threshold voltage. Tunneling width becomes narrower at a given gate voltage for the optimum channel concentration of 10 16 /cm 3 . The higher concentration in the source (N s ) causes a steep bending in the conduction and valence bands compared to the lower concentration which results in smaller tunneling width at the source-channel interface.
An Novel Ultra Broad-Band Exponential Taper Transmission Line 8- Port NetworkIOSRJECE
An novel Ultra Broad-Band Exponential Taper Transmission Line 8- Port Networkis analyzed. The parameters of this developed network is calculated and its frequency responses are computed. Comparison between the simulated and measured parameters are presented
In evolution of memory technology the invention of memristor has colossal impact. It is the memory with resistor as its name indicates its function. The development of memristor as the non-volatile memory device replaces the flash memory and for this reason it is compared to flash memory for the better understanding of the memristor. The demand for high scalability, speed and endurance, the CMOS technology has limitation for the current lithography technology. As the result it is hard to supply the increasing demand for the non-volatile memory with high density. The only hope for the semiconductor industry is memristor by easier way to increase storage density. These larger storage density The increasing demand for high capacity ,high speed and lower priced acts as the force for the research in this field. The performance and the proposing innovation towards the development of the memristor is simulated using the LTspice for new technology.
State-space averaged modeling and transfer function derivation of DC-DC boost...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents dynamic analysis of a boost type DC-DC converter for high-brightness LED (HBLED) driving applications. The steady state operation in presence of all system parasitics has been discussed for continuous conduction mode (CCM). The state-space averaging, energy conservation principle and standard linearization are used to derive ac small signal control to inductor current open-loop transfer function of the converter. The derived transfer function can be further used in designing a robust feed-back control network for the system. In the end frequency and transient responses of the derived transfer function are obtained for a given set of component values, hence to provide a useful guide for control design engineers.
Design of a current Mode Sample and Hold Circuit at sampling rate of 150 MS/sIJERA Editor
A current mode sample and hold circuit is presented in this paper at 180nm technology. The major concerns of
VLSI are area, power, delay and speed. Hence, we have used a MOSFET in triode region in the proposed
architecture for voltage to current conversion instead of a resistor being used in previously proposed circuit. The
proposed circuit achieves high sampling frequency and with more accuracy than the previous one. The
performance of the proposed circuit is depicted in the form of simulation results.
The Performance of an Integrated Transformer in a DC/DC ConverterTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The separation between the low-voltage part and high-voltage part of the converter is formed by a
transformer that transfers power while jamming the DC ring. The resonant mode power oscillator is utilized
to allow elevated competence power transfer. The on-chip transformer is probable to have elevated value
inductance, elevated quality factors and elevated coupling coefficient to decrease the loss in the
oscillation. The performance of a transformer is extremely dependent on the structure, topology and other
essential structures that create it compatible with the integrated circuits IC process such as patterned
ground shield (PGS). Different types of transformers are modeled and simulated in MATLAB; the
performances are compared to select the optimum design. The on-chip transformer model is simulated
and the Results of MATLAB simulation are exposed, showing an excellent agreement in radio frequency
RF.
ANALYSIS OF SMALL-SIGNAL PARAMETERS OF 2-D MODFET WITH POLARIZATION EFFECTS F...VLSICS Design
An improved analytical two dimensional (2-D) model for AlGaN/GaN modulation doped field effect
transistor (MODFET) has been developed. The model is based on the solution of 2-D Poisson’s equation.
The model includes the spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization effects. The effects of field dependent
mobility, velocity saturation and parasitic resistances are included in the current voltage characteristics of
the developed two dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) model. The small-signal microwave parameters have
been evaluated to determine the output characteristics, device transconductance and cut-off frequency for
50 nm gate length. The peak transconductance of 165mS/mm and a cut-off frequency of 120 GHz have been
obtained. The results so obtained are in close agreement with experimental data, thereby proving the
validity of the model.
Optimization of Surface Impedance for Reducing Surface Waves between AntennasIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
ANALYSIS OF LIGHTNING STRIKE WITH CORONA ON OHTL NEAR THE SUBSTATION BY EMTP ADEIJ Journal
Lightning protection and insulation coordination of transmission lines and substations require an accurate
knowledge of the magnitudes and waveforms of lightning overvoltage. To simulate the lightning
overvoltage precisely near the substation, this study has shown how to consider the lightning impulse
corona for distortion effect of this overvoltage.
FAST VOLTAGE STABILTY INDEX BASED OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER PLANNING USING DIFFE...elelijjournal
This Article presents an application of Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) to Optimal Reactive Power
Planning (RPP) using Differential Evolution(DE). FVSI is used to identify the weak buses for the Reactive
Power Planning problem which involves process of experimental by voltage stability analysis based on the
load variation. The peak at Fast Voltage Stabilty Index secure to 1 indicates the greatest feasible connected
load and the bus with least connected load is identified as the weakest bus at the point of bifurcation. This technique is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system. The outcome confirm significant decrease in system losses and enhancementt of voltage stability with the use of Fast Voltage Stability Index based optimal Reactive Power Planning using Differential Evolution and compared with Evalutionary Programming
Capacitance-voltage Profiling Techniques for Characterization of Semiconduct...eeiej_journal
A new capacitance-voltage profiling technique of semiconductor junctions is proposed for characterisation of semiconductor materials and devices. The measurement technique is simple, non-destructive and it has a greater accuracy compared with the classical C-V method of J. Hilibrand and R. D. Gold, developed in 1960.
With instant set up times, MB250NT is an easy to handle, one part cyanoacrylate that meets the ISO 10933-5 specification for cytotoxicity. This infographic clearly and concisely describes additional benefits of this unique system.
Can your thermally conductive epoxy do this?Master Bond
Master Bond’s Supreme 10AOHT-LO features high peel and shear strengths, superior electrical insulation properties and a thermal conductivity of 9-10 BTU/in/ft²/hr/°F. It has a service temperature range of 4K to +400°F. This one part system is resistant to impact, thermal shock, vibration and stress fatigue cracking while meeting NASA low outgassing requirements. It is used in applications ranging from optoelectronic assemblies to satellite assembly and repair.
Master Bond's Commitment to SustainabilityMaster Bond
Our Research & Development department continuously explores developing new lines of products that are environmentally friendly and offer more value for our customers—more durable, lighter, higher performance.
An Novel Ultra Broad-Band Exponential Taper Transmission Line 8- Port NetworkIOSRJECE
An novel Ultra Broad-Band Exponential Taper Transmission Line 8- Port Networkis analyzed. The parameters of this developed network is calculated and its frequency responses are computed. Comparison between the simulated and measured parameters are presented
In evolution of memory technology the invention of memristor has colossal impact. It is the memory with resistor as its name indicates its function. The development of memristor as the non-volatile memory device replaces the flash memory and for this reason it is compared to flash memory for the better understanding of the memristor. The demand for high scalability, speed and endurance, the CMOS technology has limitation for the current lithography technology. As the result it is hard to supply the increasing demand for the non-volatile memory with high density. The only hope for the semiconductor industry is memristor by easier way to increase storage density. These larger storage density The increasing demand for high capacity ,high speed and lower priced acts as the force for the research in this field. The performance and the proposing innovation towards the development of the memristor is simulated using the LTspice for new technology.
State-space averaged modeling and transfer function derivation of DC-DC boost...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents dynamic analysis of a boost type DC-DC converter for high-brightness LED (HBLED) driving applications. The steady state operation in presence of all system parasitics has been discussed for continuous conduction mode (CCM). The state-space averaging, energy conservation principle and standard linearization are used to derive ac small signal control to inductor current open-loop transfer function of the converter. The derived transfer function can be further used in designing a robust feed-back control network for the system. In the end frequency and transient responses of the derived transfer function are obtained for a given set of component values, hence to provide a useful guide for control design engineers.
Design of a current Mode Sample and Hold Circuit at sampling rate of 150 MS/sIJERA Editor
A current mode sample and hold circuit is presented in this paper at 180nm technology. The major concerns of
VLSI are area, power, delay and speed. Hence, we have used a MOSFET in triode region in the proposed
architecture for voltage to current conversion instead of a resistor being used in previously proposed circuit. The
proposed circuit achieves high sampling frequency and with more accuracy than the previous one. The
performance of the proposed circuit is depicted in the form of simulation results.
The Performance of an Integrated Transformer in a DC/DC ConverterTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The separation between the low-voltage part and high-voltage part of the converter is formed by a
transformer that transfers power while jamming the DC ring. The resonant mode power oscillator is utilized
to allow elevated competence power transfer. The on-chip transformer is probable to have elevated value
inductance, elevated quality factors and elevated coupling coefficient to decrease the loss in the
oscillation. The performance of a transformer is extremely dependent on the structure, topology and other
essential structures that create it compatible with the integrated circuits IC process such as patterned
ground shield (PGS). Different types of transformers are modeled and simulated in MATLAB; the
performances are compared to select the optimum design. The on-chip transformer model is simulated
and the Results of MATLAB simulation are exposed, showing an excellent agreement in radio frequency
RF.
ANALYSIS OF SMALL-SIGNAL PARAMETERS OF 2-D MODFET WITH POLARIZATION EFFECTS F...VLSICS Design
An improved analytical two dimensional (2-D) model for AlGaN/GaN modulation doped field effect
transistor (MODFET) has been developed. The model is based on the solution of 2-D Poisson’s equation.
The model includes the spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization effects. The effects of field dependent
mobility, velocity saturation and parasitic resistances are included in the current voltage characteristics of
the developed two dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) model. The small-signal microwave parameters have
been evaluated to determine the output characteristics, device transconductance and cut-off frequency for
50 nm gate length. The peak transconductance of 165mS/mm and a cut-off frequency of 120 GHz have been
obtained. The results so obtained are in close agreement with experimental data, thereby proving the
validity of the model.
Optimization of Surface Impedance for Reducing Surface Waves between AntennasIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
ANALYSIS OF LIGHTNING STRIKE WITH CORONA ON OHTL NEAR THE SUBSTATION BY EMTP ADEIJ Journal
Lightning protection and insulation coordination of transmission lines and substations require an accurate
knowledge of the magnitudes and waveforms of lightning overvoltage. To simulate the lightning
overvoltage precisely near the substation, this study has shown how to consider the lightning impulse
corona for distortion effect of this overvoltage.
FAST VOLTAGE STABILTY INDEX BASED OPTIMAL REACTIVE POWER PLANNING USING DIFFE...elelijjournal
This Article presents an application of Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) to Optimal Reactive Power
Planning (RPP) using Differential Evolution(DE). FVSI is used to identify the weak buses for the Reactive
Power Planning problem which involves process of experimental by voltage stability analysis based on the
load variation. The peak at Fast Voltage Stabilty Index secure to 1 indicates the greatest feasible connected
load and the bus with least connected load is identified as the weakest bus at the point of bifurcation. This technique is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system. The outcome confirm significant decrease in system losses and enhancementt of voltage stability with the use of Fast Voltage Stability Index based optimal Reactive Power Planning using Differential Evolution and compared with Evalutionary Programming
Capacitance-voltage Profiling Techniques for Characterization of Semiconduct...eeiej_journal
A new capacitance-voltage profiling technique of semiconductor junctions is proposed for characterisation of semiconductor materials and devices. The measurement technique is simple, non-destructive and it has a greater accuracy compared with the classical C-V method of J. Hilibrand and R. D. Gold, developed in 1960.
With instant set up times, MB250NT is an easy to handle, one part cyanoacrylate that meets the ISO 10933-5 specification for cytotoxicity. This infographic clearly and concisely describes additional benefits of this unique system.
Can your thermally conductive epoxy do this?Master Bond
Master Bond’s Supreme 10AOHT-LO features high peel and shear strengths, superior electrical insulation properties and a thermal conductivity of 9-10 BTU/in/ft²/hr/°F. It has a service temperature range of 4K to +400°F. This one part system is resistant to impact, thermal shock, vibration and stress fatigue cracking while meeting NASA low outgassing requirements. It is used in applications ranging from optoelectronic assemblies to satellite assembly and repair.
Master Bond's Commitment to SustainabilityMaster Bond
Our Research & Development department continuously explores developing new lines of products that are environmentally friendly and offer more value for our customers—more durable, lighter, higher performance.
Get to know the facts on EP21TCHT-1, a cryogenically serviceable epoxy that can withstand temperatures from 4K to +400°F. This non-drip system also passes NASA low outgassing tests and offers superior resistance to chemicals, especially acids and bases.
Learn more about Master Bond's outstanding epoxy compound featuring excellent chemical resistance. Epoxy system EP62-1 is sure to meet the needs of your challenging application.
Packaging Options for Master Bond Adhesive CompoundsMaster Bond
Master Bond offers its extensive product line in a variety of convenient standard and specialty packing options. Standard options include cans, tubes, jars, pails and bottles. Specialty packaging consists of syringes, cartridges, bubble packs, gun applicators, premixed and frozen syringes, semkits and preforms.
Two Component Epoxy Meets UL 94V-0 Specifications for Flame RetardancyMaster Bond
Featuring a non-halogen filler, Master Bond EP21FRNS-2 passes UL 94V-0 testing for flame retardancy in potting, encapsulation and casting applications. It produces very low smoke levels and is well suited for the computer, aerospace and related industries. EP21FRSN-2 is a room temperature curing two component epoxy system that resists high temperatures up to 90°C.
Coating Compounds for EMI/RFI Shielding ApplicationsMaster Bond
Prevent malfunctions of electronic devices with conductive coatings for EMI/RFI shielding applications developed by Master Bond. From epoxy adhesives and sealants to silicones and sodium silicates, we have a wide range of formulations to meet the ever changing needs of devices requiring EMI/RFI shielding.
Master Bond Milestones Through the Decades - Part 2Master Bond
Take a walk down memory lane as Master Bond as we celebrate our 40th anniversary and the important achievements we’ve had over the years. From formulating our first product in the 1970s to the introduction of 28 USP Class VI approved adhesives in the 2010s, learn more about how our company and products have evolved.
What is Green Finance? How to structure a market to attrach green investments? Which are the instruments and mechanism to make it succesfull operative and monitorable?
Mathematical modeling, simulation and validation of photovoltaic cellseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, an analysis has been done on the effect of varying physical and environmental factors on the I-V (current voltage characteristics) of a photovoltaic cell using Matlab-Simulink. A standalone model has been created based on the mathematical relations between various parameters in photovoltaic cells made up of a single diode, a series resistance, and a shunt resistance. To validate the developed model, the values from I-V characteristics of this model have been compared with the experimental results. In addition, simulations have been done for I-V characteristics for different temperature and resistance values. The results obtained are analyzed and presented in this paper. Keywords: Solar cell, Modeling, Matlab-simulink
A LOW VOLTAGE DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS DC-DC BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER FOUR SWITCHES P singh
This paper presents the design and modeling of synchronous DC-DC buck-boost converter four switches controlled with PID controller for mobiles devices applications. The design of the converter circuit needs modeling and simulating its mathematical equations using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The evaluation of the output performance has been based on dynamic respond in term of rise time, settling time and peak time. Also the goal of the designer is regulated the output voltage to 3.24 regardless the variation of the input voltage, with input voltage [2.5V-5V] and switching frequency is 50 MHz. The converter is operated in Buck (step-down) and Boost (step-up) modes.
Designing and testing of metal oxide surge arrester for EHV lineRohit Khare
Surge arresters constitute an indispensable aid to insulation coordination in electrical power systems. There the voltages which may appear in an electrical power system are given in per-unit of the peak value of the highest continuous line-to-earth voltage, depending on the duration of their appearance. The voltage or overvoltage which can be reached without the use of arresters is a value of several p.u. If instead, one considers the curve of the withstand voltage of equipment insulation (here equipment means electrical devices such as power transformers) one notices that starting in the range of switching overvoltages, and especially for lightning over voltages, the equipment insulation cannot withstand the occurring dielectric stresses. At this point, the arresters intervene. When in operation, it is certain that the voltage that occurs at the terminal of the device - while maintaining an adequate safety margin - will stay below the withstand voltage. Arresters’ effect, therefore, involves lightning and switching over voltages.
The time axis is roughly divided into the range of lightning overvoltage (microseconds), switching overvoltages (milliseconds), temporary overvoltages (seconds) – which are commonly cited by the abbreviation "TOV" – and finally the temporally unlimited highest continuous system operation voltage.
Effect of Mobility on (I-V) Characteristics of Gaas MESFET IJECEIAES
We present in this paper an analytical model of the current–voltage (I-V) characteristics for submicron GaAs MESFET transistors. This model takes into account the analysis of the charge distribution in the active region and incorporate a field depended electron mobility, velocity saturation and charge build-up in the channel. We propose in this frame work an algorithm of simulation based on mathematical expressions obtained previously. We propose a new mobility model describing the electric field-dependent. The predictions of the simulator are compared with the experimental data [1] and have been shown to be good.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
A Single Phase Eleven Level Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter for Photovo...IJMER
Abstract: A Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter is a power electronic converter built to synthesize a desired ac voltage
from several levels of dc voltages with better harmonic spectrum. Such inverters are suitable for high voltage and high
power applications and have been an important development in recent years. This paper presents the performance of a
eleven level cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter topology with multicarrier pulse width modulation technique for
photovoltaic cell. This inverter is capable of producing eleven levels of output voltage from the dc supply voltage. This
topology magnifies the fundamental output voltage with reduction in total harmonic distortion . The output is drawn near the
sine wave because of more levels. It can also be easily extended to an m-level inverter. The performance of the proposed
PWM strategy in terms of output voltage and THD is shown using MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords: Multilevel inverter, Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter, Multicarrier pulse width modulation, PV cell, Total
harmonic distortion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design Development and Simulation of Mobile Substation for Distribution NetworkIJSRD
With the increase in population, the growing demand for energy in urban areas is compelling the utilities to expand their supply network. Higher levels of demand for power must be met at short notice and physical space available used to an optimum. One solution to such cases is a mobile substation. This does away with costly construction work and if necessary, the substation can move location in container, together with its foundation which includes switchgear as an assembly of equipment, transformer and control panel cabin. When mobile substation is used to restore electrical service, it function as part of the permanent grid system. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the Design parameters for Mobile and/or Compact Substation for different Applications and identify the situations needing the mobile and/or compact substation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis characteristics of power PV cells and wind turbine from power genera...IOSR Journals
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libraries. This makes the generalized PV model easily simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power
electronics for a maximum power point tracker. Taking the effect of sunlight irradiance and cell temperature
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capacity, operating at 3 m/s to 6 m/s , induction permanent magnet generator Matlab simulation. The different
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
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2. 1) The model should have sufficient accuracy and
computational efficiency.
2) The model should be simple, intuitive and closed form.
3) Preferably, the model should be generalized so that it can
be tuned to suit different Memristive devices[15].
B. Linear Ion Drift Model
Figure 2. HP Labs Memristor Model
A linear ion drift model which was proposed in [5] for
memristive devices assumes that a device having physical
width 'D' consists of two regions as shown in figure 2. One
region comprises of high dopant concentration having width
'w' (acting as the state variable of the Memristive system).
Originally the high concentration of dopants is denoted by
oxygen vacancies of TiO2, given as TiO2-x. The second
region has a width of 'D-w' which is actually the oxide
region. The region having a higher concentration of the
dopants has a higher conductance compared to the normal
oxide region as shown in figure 2. Several assumptions are
taken such as : ohmic conductance, linear ion drift in uniform
field, equal average ion mobility. The derivative of the state
variable and voltage can be given as,
ௗ௪
ௗ௧
ൌ ߤ௩
ோ
Ǥ ݅ሺݐሻ (4)
ݒሺݐሻ ൌ ൬ܴ݊Ǥ
௪ሺ௧ሻ
ܴ݂݂ ቀͳ െ
௪ሺ௧ሻ
ቁ൰ (5)
where Ron is the resistance when w(t)=D , while Roff is the
resistance when w(t)=0.
C. Window Function
In order to limit the state variable within physical device
bounds , equation (4) is multiplied by a function which
nullifies the derivative and forces equation (4) to zero when
'w' is at a bound.
Ideal Rectangular window function is one of the possible
approaches. In order to add non-linear ion drift phenomenon
(like decrease in drift speed of the ions when closer to the
bounds) a different window function has to be considered like
the one given by Jogelkar in [9].
݂ሺݓሻ ൌ ͳ െ ሺ
ଶ௪
െ ͳሻଶ
(6)
where p is a positive integer. When the value of p is very
large the Jogelkar window resembles a rectangular window
which has reduced non-linear drift phenomenon.
The Jogelkar window function in equation (4) suffers from
a significant discrepancy while modeling practical devices, as
the derivative of 'w' is forced to zero the internal state of the
device is not able to change when 'w' reaches one of the
device bounds. This modeling in accuracy is corrected using
another window function suggested by Biolek in [10].
The Biolek window suggests some changes in the window
function give as,
݂ሺݓሻ ൌ ͳ െ ሺ
௪
െ ݐݏሺെ݅ሻሻଶ
(7)
ݐݏሺ݅ሻ ൌ ൜
ͳ ǡ ݅ Ͳ
Ͳ ǡ ݅ ൏ Ͳ
(8)
where i is the current in the memristor device.
Now the Biolek Window has a limitation which is that it
does not have a scaling factor and thus it cannot be adjusted
to have the maximum value of the window greater or lesser
than one. This limitation is overcome using a minor
modification - adding a multiplicative scaling factor to the
window function as suggested by Prodromakis in [11].
݂ሺݓሻ ൌ ݆ሺͳ െ ሾቀ
௪
െ ͲǤͷቁ
ଶ
ͲǤͷሿ
ሻ (9)
where j is a control parameter determining the
maximum value of f(w).
D. Non Linear Ion Drift Model
Experiments indicate that the behavior of the fabricated
memristive devices differ significantly from the Linear ion
drift model , exhibiting high non-linearity. This non-linearity
in the I-V characteristics is desirable for the design of logic
circuits. Hence, more appropriate device models have been
proposed for the memristor.
In [12], the proposed model is based on experimental
results. The current and voltage relationship is given as
݅ሺݐሻ ൌ ݓሺݐሻ
ߚ •‹Š൫ߙݒሺݐሻ൯ ߯ሾ‡š’൫ߛݒሺݐሻ൯ െ ͳሿ (10)
where Į , ȕ , Ȗ , Ȥ are experimental fitting parameters,
while n is a parameter which determines the effect of state
variable on current. In this model, the state variable is
considered a normalized parameter limited to the interval
[0,1], and asymmetric switching behavior is assumed. In the
ON state of the device, the state variable w is close to one
and the first expression of equation (10) dominates the
current, where ߚ •‹Š൫ߙݒሺݐሻ൯ describes the tunneling
phenomenon. When in OFF state , the state variable w is close
to zero and the current is dominated by the second expression
in equation (10), where ߯ൣ‡š’൫ߛݒሺݐሻ൯ െ ͳ൧ resembles an
ideal diode equation[16]. A non linear dependence on voltage
in the state variable equation is assumed in this model,
ௗ௪
ௗ௧
ൌ ܽǤ ݂ሺݓሻǤ ݒሺݐሻ
(11)
where a and m are constants, m is an odd integer, while
f(w) is a window function. The same I-V relationship with a
more complex state drift derivative has also been
described[14].
158158
3. E. Simmons Tunnel Barrier Model
The linear and non-linear ion drift models emphasizes on
representing the two regions of the oxide - doped and
undoped as two series connected resistors. In [13] a more
accurate physical model had been proposed which assumes
nonlinear and asymmetric switching behavior which is due to
the exponential nature of the ionized dopants movements,
namely, the state variable changes. Unlike linear drift this
model represents a resistor in series with an electron tunnel
barrier, as shown in figure 3.
Here, the state variable x denotes the Simmons tunnel
barrier width. The derivative of x can be interpreted as the
drift velocity of the oxygen vacancies, and is given as ,
݀ݔሺݐሻ
݀ݐ
ൌ
ە
ۖ
۔
ۖ
ۓܿ •‹Š ቆ
݅
݅
ቇ ‡š’ ቈെ ݁ݔ ቆ
ݔ െ ܽ
ݓ
െ
ȁ݅ȁ
ܾ
ቇ െ
ݔ
ݓ
ǡ ݅ Ͳ
ܿ •‹Š ൬
݅
݅
൰ ‡š’ ቈെ ݁ݔ ቆെ
ݔ െ ܽ
ݓ
െ
ȁ݅ȁ
ܾ
ቇ െ
ݔ
ݓ
ǡ ݅ ൏ Ͳ
where ܿ ǡ ܿ ǡ ݅ ǡ ݅ ǡ ܽ ǡ ܽǡ ݓ and b are all
curve fitting parameters.
III. PROPOSED MODIFIED WINDOW FUNCTIONS
In case of the previously proposed window functions which
were to be used with the linear ion drift model several
modifications had been done to introduce the non linearity in
the ion drift. But it was seen from simulation results of these
window functions that the amount of non linearity resulting
from these windows is less than that is depicted by practically
fabricated devices. As a result to account for this extra non
linearity we had to introduce different models such as the non
linear ion drift model, Simmons Tunnel barrier models which
had complex mathematical equations and computational time
required was more. Also we had to make a lot of assumptions
relating to the device parameters.
A. Parabolic Window Function
So here we propose a modified window function which
allows us to use the simple linear ion drift model with
considerable amount of non linearity introduced as a result of
the modified window function.
Careful study of the Jogelkar window reveals the fact that
the window function is inspired from the equation of the
parabola which is of the form;
ݕ ൌ ܽሺݔ െ ݄ሻଶ
݇ (10)
where (h,k) represents the vertex of the parabola. When
the value of 'a' is less than zero the parabola is inverted
resembling a window function. The resulting equation can be
represented as,
ݕ ൌ െܽሺݔ െ ݄ሻଶ
݇ (11)
Now considering the magnitude of the window function to
be '1', the equation for the parabolic window can be
presented as
ݕ ൌ ͳ െ ܽ ቀ
௪
െ ͲǤͷቁ
ଶ
(12)
where w denotes the state variable while D is the physical
device dimensions.
The window function was simulated for different values of
the scaling factor 'a' and it can be seen that the amount of non
linearity depicted in this window function is improved as
compared to the Jogelkar window when the value of 'a' is 4.
The simulation results are shown in figure .
Figure 3. Simulation result of Parabolic Window Function
B. Non Linear Window Function
Analysis of the Prodromakis window suggests that the
amount of non linearity can be further improved by changing
the positive integer 'p' in the window function to a varying
non linear function which will account for the damping effect
in the ion drift near the device boundaries. Trigonometric
functions can be substituted in place of the exponent integer.
The first modified equation was taken with ͳ •‹ ሺݔሻ as a
substitute for p. The resulting window function is given as
݂ሺݓሻ ൌ ݆ ቆͳ െ ቀ
௪
െ ͲǤͷቁ
ଶ
ͲǤͷ൨
ሺଵାୱ୧୬ሺሻሻ
ቇ (13)
where 'j' is a control parameter which determines the
maximum value of f(w). From the comparison of the
simulation results of this window shown in figure with that of
the Prodromakis window it can be seen that a greater degree
of non linearity can be achieved with the use of this window.
159159
4. Figure 4. Simulation Result of Sine Window
The second modification can be done by replacing the
ͳ •‹ ሺݔሻ term in equation(13) by a hyperbolic
trigonometric function such as –ƒŠሺݔሻ. The proposed
equation can be written as ,
݂ሺݓሻ ൌ ݆ ቆͳ െ ቀ
௪
െ ͲǤͷቁ
ଶ
ͲǤͷ൨
୲ୟ୬୦ ሺሻ
ቇ (14)
݂ሺݓሻ ൌ ݆ ቆͳ െ ቀ
௪
െ ͲǤͷቁ
ଶ
ͲǤͷ൨
ୡ୭୲୦ ሺሻ
ቇ (15)
The simulation result of the hyperbolic windows are
shown in figure which indicate that better non linearity is
achieved near the device bounds than the Prodromakis
window due to the use of hyperbolic function. From the result
of the window function it can be seen that the plotted curve
represents the drift of the ions. Near the device boundaries the
damping phenomenon is very smoothly exhibited by the ions
and the ion drift gradually drops to zero unlike the steep
change that occurs in case of Prodromakis window. The tan
hyperbolic window exhibits the better non linearity than the
cot hyperbolic function as it has considerable resemblance to
the Prodromakis window for higher values of 'p'. The cot
hyperbolic window can even produce a window magnitude of
reasonable high value as compared to the tan hyperbolic
window.
IV. CONCLUSION
The striking feature of a memristor is that irrespective of
its past state, or resistance, it freezes that state until another
voltage is applied to change it. There is no power requirement
for maintaining the past state . This feature makes the
memristor stand apart from a dynamic RAM cell, which
requires regular charging at the nodes to maintain its state.
The consequence is that memristors can substitute for
massive banks of power-consuming memory.
Figure 5. Simulation results of window functions of Prodromakis versus
Tan Hyperbolic window
Figure 6. Simulation Result of Prodromakis window versus Cot
Hyperbolic Window
From the study of the various previously proposed window
functions and the modified windows proposed in this paper it
can be inferred that to exploit the simplicity of the linear ion
drift model a window function is needed to introduce the non
linear ion drift phenomenon for accurate modeling of
Memristive systems without getting into the complexity of
other models like the Simmons tunnel Barrier Model, Team
Model, etc.
The modified windows proposed in this paper provide a better
non linearity to characterize the memristor device than some
of the already proposed windows as verified from the
simulation results of the window functions.
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5. REFERENCE
[1] Chua, L.O., ʊMemristor- the missing circuit element , IEEE
Trans. Circuit Theory, 1971, vol. CT-18, no. 5, pp. 507-519.
[2] Chua, L.O. and Kang, S.M.. ʊMemristive devices and systems ,
Proceedings of the IEEE, 1976, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 209-223.
[3] Frank Y. Wang, Memristor for introductory physics,
arXiv:0808.0286vl [physics.class-ph] 4Aug2008.
[4] S.Thakoor, A. Moopenn, T. Daud, and A.P. Thakoor, Solid-state
thin-film memistor for electronic neural networks, Journal of
Applied Physics, vol. 67, March 15, 1990, pp. 3132-3135
[5] Dimitri Strukov, Gregory Snider , Duncan Stewart , and Stanley
Williams, The missing memristor found, Nature.
[6] A. G. Radwan , M. Affan Zidan and K. N. Salama, On the
Mathematical Modeling of Memristors, International Conference
on Microelectronics 2010.
[7] Chris Yakopcic , A Memristor Device Model, IEEE Electron
Device Letters, Vol.32, No.10, Oct 2011.
[8] Y. N. Joglekar and S. J. Wolf, “The Elusive memristor: Properties
of basic electrical circuits,” Eur. J. Phys., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 661–
675, Jul. 2009.
[9] Z. Biolek, D. Biolek, and V. Biolkova, “SPICE model of
memristor with nonlinear dopant drift,” Radioengineering, vol.
18, no. 2, pp. 210–214, Jun. 2009.
[10] T. Prodromakis, B. P. Peh, C. Papavassiliou, and C. Toumazou,
“A versatile memristor model with non-linear dopant kinetics,”
IEEE Trans.Electron Devices, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 3099–3105, Sep.
2011.
[11] E. Lehtonen and M. Laiho, “CNN using memristors for
neighborhood connections,” in Proc. Int. Workshop Cell.
Nanoscale Netw. Their Appl., Feb. 2010, pp. 1–4.
[12] J. G. Simmons, “Generalized formula for the electric tunnel effect
between similar electrodes separated by a thin insulating film,” J.
Appl. Phys., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1793–1803, Jan. 1963.
[13] E. Lehtonen, J. Poikonen, M. Laiho, and W. Lu, “Time-
dependency of the threshold voltage in memristive devices,” in
Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., May 2011, pp. 2245–2248.
[14] Shahar Kvatinsky, Eby G. Friedman, Avinoam Kolodny, TEAM:
ThreEshold Adaptive Memristor Model, IEEE Transactions on
Circuits and Systems-I, vol.60, no.1, jan-2013.
[15] M. D. Pickett, D. B. Strukov, J. L. Borghetti, J. J. Yang, G. S.
Snider, D. R. Stewart, and R. S. Williams, “Switching dynamics in
titanium dioxide memristive devices,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 106, no.
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