It is about how to teach parts of flame in science at secondary stage

1. Parts of Candle Flame
Objectives:
• Name of parts of candle flame
• Composition of parts of candle flame
• Temperature of candle flame
• Nature of candle flame
• Significance of parts of candle flame

2. Definition of Flame
• A space /zone of burning of
gas or vapor fuel to cover
considerable region with
constant shape maintained
by the supply of fuel.
• The fuel can be solid, liquid
or gas but finally burn as gas

3. Flame & its Types
• Flame:
• Types of Flame
a) Laminar diffusion
Flame
b) Premixed Flame

4. How it works

5. Structure of a candle flame
Outer zone (blue)
Middle zone (yellow)
Inner zone (black)
(Complete combustion)
(Partial combustion)
Unburnt wax vapours
Hottest part
Moderately hot
Least hot
Luminous zone
Non luminous zone

6. Parts of Candle Flame
Zone 1: Dark zone (Fuel
Evaporation)
Zone 2: Blue zone
(Complete Burning)
Zone 3: Dark zone (Fuel
Pyrolysis)
Zone 4: Luminous zone
(Partial Burning)
Zone 5: Veil/Non
Luminous zone
(Complete Burning)

7. Emissions and Temperature

8. Heat, Light & Shape of Flame

9. Sectional Recapitulation
Select the correct response
1. Hottest zone of candle flame is _______
a) Non luminous zone b) Dark zone c) Luminous zone d)
none of the above
2. Lowest temperature zone is _________
a) Non luminous zone b) Dark zone c) Luminous zone d)
none of the above
3. Complete burning of fuel tales place in ____
a) Black zone b) Blue zone c) Yellow zone d) all of the above
4. Match the following
a) Pyrolysis i) Blue zone
b) CO2 & H2O ii) Non-luminous zone
c) Maximum oxygen iii) Luminous zone
d) Partial combustion iv) Dark zone

10. Nature of Zones of Flame
• Oxidizing Flame
• Reducing Flame

11. Some Experiments by Michael Faraday (1861)

12. Environmental Impact of Flame
Observed air concentrations (in mg/m3) of various compounds subsequent to
burning the equivalent of 600 g of candle mass, or one cigarette, in a room
(50 m3) where no air exchange is taking place

13. Final Recapitulation
Select the correct response
1. Oxidizing flame is
a) Dark zone b) Luminous zone c) Non-luminous zone d) dead space
2. Reducing flame contains
a)Carbon b)Water c)Carbon monoxide d) Carbon dioxide
Select True/False
3. Wax is a hydrocarbon (T/F)
4. Candle flame is a premixed type flame (T/F)
5. Dead space is zone is also called main reaction zone (T/F)
6. Wax burns in vapor state in a candle (T/F)
7. All fuels form flame (T/F)
8.Dominant Yellow color of flame is due to CO gas (T/F)

14. Thanks for Being Patient
Dr. Vijay Grover
DAV College of Education, Abohar