2. Gas Pressure in the light of
KMT
β’ Pressure is defined as the force the gas exerts
on a given area of the container in which it is
contained.
π =
πΉ
π΄
2
3. Units of Pressure
β’ SI unit of pressure is Pascal
P =
π
π2
= ππ
β’ A Pascal is defined as the force of 1 Newton (N) spread
over an area of 1 m2
β’ OTHER UNTIS:
β’ 1 atm = 101325 Pa = 101325 Nm-2
β’ 1 atm = 101.325 KPa
β’ 1 atm = 14.7 Psi (Pounds per square inch)
β’ 1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm of Hg
β’ 1 J = 1 Nm = 107ergs = 1 Kgm2s-2
β’ 1 Cal = 4.18 J
β’ 1 atm = 1.01325 bar
3
4. Effect of change in Pressure on the
Volume of a Gas β Boyleβs Law
Pressure and volume are
inversely related at constant
temperature.
π β
1
π
π =
πΎ
π
ππ = πΎ
π1 π1 = πΎ
π2 π2 = πΎ
π1 π1 = π2 π2 4
βFather of Modern Chemistryβ
Robert Boyle
6. Boyleβs Law β Isotherms
β’ When P of a gas is plotted againstV at different
temperature, hyperbola curves are obtained which are
called Isotherms.
β’ As the temperature increases, the isotherms goes away
from both the axis.This is due to increase in volume at
higher temperature.
6
7. Effect of change in Temperature on
the Volume of gas β Charlesβs Law
β’ At constant Pressure, volume of given
mass of a gas increase or decreases by
decreases by 1/273 times of its original
original volume at 0oC for every 1oC rise
7
Jacques-Alexandre Charles
9. Derivation of Critical Form of
Charlesβs Law
β’ Suppose the volume of a gas at 0oC =Vo
β’ Volume at 1oC = ππ = ππ + ππ
1
273
β’ Volume at 2oC = ππ = ππ + ππ
2
273
β’ Volume at toC = ππ‘ = ππ + ππ
π‘
273
ππ‘ = ππ 1 +
π‘
273
ππ‘ = ππ
273+π‘
273
π‘ + 273 = π πΎπππ£ππ ππππππππ‘π’ππ
ππ‘ = ππ
π
273
ππ‘ =
ππ
273
π 9
10. Charlesβs law - Isobar
When volume of gas is
plotted against
temperature at different
pressures, a straight line is
obtained.
Each constant pressure line
is called Isobar.
10
11. Absolute Zero
β’ According to Charlesβs law: At constant Pressure,
volume of given mass of a gas increase or decreases
decreases by 1/273 times of its original volume at 0oC
11
12. Absolute Zero
β’ According to Charlesβs law: At constant Pressure,
volume of given mass of a gas increase or decreases
decreases by 1/273 times of its original volume at 0oC
12
13. Absolute Zero
β’ At exact -273 oC the volume of a
given mass of gas reduces to zero.
β’ -273oC = 0K
β’ The temperature at which the
given volume of a gas reduces to
Zero is called Absolute Zero i.e. 0K
or -273oC.
β’ Actually all the gases liquefy or
solidify before they reach -273oC.
β’ This temperature is considered to
as the lowest possible
temperature
13
14. Avogadroβs Law
β’ At constant temperature
and pressure, the volume
of a gas is directly related
to the number of moles.
π β π
π = πΎπ
π1
π1
=
π2
π2
14
Amedeo Avogadro
16. Avogadroβs Law β Molar Volume
β’ It has been calculated that if we have 1 dm3 of H2
gas, its mass at STP will be 0.09 g
β’ β΄ 0.09 g H2 at STP = 1 dm3
β’ 2.016 g of H2 at STP =
1
0.09
Γ 2.106 = 22.414 ππ3
β’ 2.016 g H2 = 1 mol
β’ Hence 1 mol H2 at STP will occupy volume 22.414
dm3
β’ This volume is called Molar volume.
16
17. Avogadroβs Law
β’ Equal volumes of all gases at same
temperature and pressure must contains
equal number of molecules
17
18. Ideal Gas Equation
β’ An equation that shows the effect of simultaneous
changes in pressure and temperature on the
volume of a given gas is called Ideal Gas equation.
β’ Ideal gas equation is the combination of three gas
laws:
β’ Boyleβs Law
β’ Charlesβs Law
β’ Avogadroβs Law
18
19. Derivation of Ideal Gas Equation
β’ According to Boyleβs law: π β
1
π
β¦ . . (π)
β’ According to Charlesβs law: π β π β¦ . . (ππ)
β’ According to Avogadroβs law: π β π β¦ . . (πππ)
β’ Combining equations (i) (ii) and (iii) we get:
π β
ππ
π
π =
ππ π
π
ππ = ππ π
Where R is called General Gas constant.
β’ If n=1, then PV = RT or
ππ
π
= π
β’ So,
π1 π1
π1
= π
β’ And
π2 π2
π2
= π
β’ β΄
π1 π1
π1
=
π2 π2
π2
19
20. Significance of Ideal Gas Equation
β’ Calculation of Molecular mass of gas:
ππ = ππ π
π =
π
π
Where W = mass of gas and M= Molecular mass
ππ =
π
π
π π
πππ = ππ π
π =
ππ π
ππ
β’ Calculation of Density of gas:
ππ =
π
π
π π
ππ =
π
π
π π
As
π
π
= π
ππ = ππ π
π =
ππ
π π
20