Types of attachment
•Download as PPT, PDF•
2 likes•5,426 views
Mary Ainsworth conducted research in Uganda and Baltimore that identified different types of attachment in infants. Her naturalistic observation of mother-infant relationships in Uganda found that some infants were securely attached and confidently explored their environment. Ainsworth concluded that securely attached infants used their mothers as a secure base. Her subsequent Baltimore Study observed American mothers and their infants to further study differences in attachment behaviors.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Types of attachment strange situation
Mary Ainsworth conducted research that provided empirical support for John Bowlby's theory of attachment. She observed differences in how infants attached to their mothers in Uganda, finding that some infants were securely attached and explored confidently while others were less secure. Ainsworth then designed the Strange Situation experiment to further study attachment patterns between American mothers and infants. The experiment identified three main types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
Individual differences in attachment
Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to observe infant responses to mild stress induced by short separations from and reunions with caregivers in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment styles - secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant - based on infants' behaviors regarding separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and reunion behaviors. While the Strange Situation provided useful insights, it also had limitations such as low ecological validity and potential to cause infant distress.
Attachment Theory
Mary Ainsworth developed attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment. The Strange Situation involves briefly separating an infant from their parent in a laboratory setting with another stranger present. It consists of eight episodes involving separations and reunions. Researchers observe the infant's behavior upon the parent's return to classify the infant's attachment style as secure, anxious/ambivalent, avoidant, or disorganized-disoriented. The infant's reaction indicates the quality of attachment to their parent.
Mod 3 attachment types evaluation
The document discusses Ainsworth's identification of three main types of attachment: secure attachment, insecure-avoidant attachment, and insecure-resistant attachment. It then provides a case study describing the behaviors of two brothers, Rob and Sam, and asks the reader to identify the type of attachment each boy demonstrates. Rob is identified as having an insecure-resistant attachment as he cried and seemed scared around strangers, while Sam displayed a secure attachment by happily greeting his mother and being comfortable with other adults. The document evaluates the strengths of Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment in reliably identifying attachment types, and also notes limitations, such as additional types of attachment identified by others and concerns about its cultural specificity.
Bowlby's theory
Bowlby's theory of attachment proposes that:
1) Infants form attachments to caregivers innately because it was adaptive for survival, ensuring infants received food and protection.
2) Infants have social releasers like crying and smiling that increase the chances of receiving care, while parents have an innate drive to provide care during the infant's critical period.
3) The first attachment relationship provides an internal working model that influences future attachments through the continuity hypothesis.
Attachment
Attachment refers to the affectional bond between two people, especially the bond formed between infants and their caregivers. This bond is important for survival as it ensures close proximity and helps infants feel secure. Psychologists have identified phases of attachment development from birth to one year, including an indiscriminate phase and specific attachment phase. The "Strange Situation" experiment studied how infants respond to separation from and reunion with caregivers, identifying secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles based on the infant's behaviors. Long-term effects of early attachments may influence relationships later in life.
Mary ainsworth 2
Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist known for developing attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment. Her work showed that early emotional attachment between infants and caregivers influences later development. She identified secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles in infants. Secure infants explored freely when caregivers were present and were distressed when separated but found comfort on reunion. Insecure styles involved avoiding, ignoring, or clinging to caregivers. A fourth disorganized/disoriented style was later identified and linked to higher stress levels in infants. Ainsworth's work highlighted the importance of children forming secure attachments at childcare settings before parents leave.
Bowlby evaluation
Bowlby's theory of attachment proposes that children form strong attachments to their primary caregivers. Several studies provide support for Bowlby's theory. Tronick found that children in all cultures form attachments, while the Minnesota longitudinal study found early attachments influence later behavior. However, some argue Bowlby underestimated the importance of other attachments like fathers. Alternative theories also suggest a child's temperament influences attachment as much as caregiver responsiveness.
Recommended
Types of attachment strange situation
Mary Ainsworth conducted research that provided empirical support for John Bowlby's theory of attachment. She observed differences in how infants attached to their mothers in Uganda, finding that some infants were securely attached and explored confidently while others were less secure. Ainsworth then designed the Strange Situation experiment to further study attachment patterns between American mothers and infants. The experiment identified three main types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
Individual differences in attachment
Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to observe infant responses to mild stress induced by short separations from and reunions with caregivers in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment styles - secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant - based on infants' behaviors regarding separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and reunion behaviors. While the Strange Situation provided useful insights, it also had limitations such as low ecological validity and potential to cause infant distress.
Attachment Theory
Mary Ainsworth developed attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment. The Strange Situation involves briefly separating an infant from their parent in a laboratory setting with another stranger present. It consists of eight episodes involving separations and reunions. Researchers observe the infant's behavior upon the parent's return to classify the infant's attachment style as secure, anxious/ambivalent, avoidant, or disorganized-disoriented. The infant's reaction indicates the quality of attachment to their parent.
Mod 3 attachment types evaluation
The document discusses Ainsworth's identification of three main types of attachment: secure attachment, insecure-avoidant attachment, and insecure-resistant attachment. It then provides a case study describing the behaviors of two brothers, Rob and Sam, and asks the reader to identify the type of attachment each boy demonstrates. Rob is identified as having an insecure-resistant attachment as he cried and seemed scared around strangers, while Sam displayed a secure attachment by happily greeting his mother and being comfortable with other adults. The document evaluates the strengths of Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment in reliably identifying attachment types, and also notes limitations, such as additional types of attachment identified by others and concerns about its cultural specificity.
Bowlby's theory
Bowlby's theory of attachment proposes that:
1) Infants form attachments to caregivers innately because it was adaptive for survival, ensuring infants received food and protection.
2) Infants have social releasers like crying and smiling that increase the chances of receiving care, while parents have an innate drive to provide care during the infant's critical period.
3) The first attachment relationship provides an internal working model that influences future attachments through the continuity hypothesis.
Attachment
Attachment refers to the affectional bond between two people, especially the bond formed between infants and their caregivers. This bond is important for survival as it ensures close proximity and helps infants feel secure. Psychologists have identified phases of attachment development from birth to one year, including an indiscriminate phase and specific attachment phase. The "Strange Situation" experiment studied how infants respond to separation from and reunion with caregivers, identifying secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles based on the infant's behaviors. Long-term effects of early attachments may influence relationships later in life.
Mary ainsworth 2
Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist known for developing attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment. Her work showed that early emotional attachment between infants and caregivers influences later development. She identified secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles in infants. Secure infants explored freely when caregivers were present and were distressed when separated but found comfort on reunion. Insecure styles involved avoiding, ignoring, or clinging to caregivers. A fourth disorganized/disoriented style was later identified and linked to higher stress levels in infants. Ainsworth's work highlighted the importance of children forming secure attachments at childcare settings before parents leave.
Bowlby evaluation
Bowlby's theory of attachment proposes that children form strong attachments to their primary caregivers. Several studies provide support for Bowlby's theory. Tronick found that children in all cultures form attachments, while the Minnesota longitudinal study found early attachments influence later behavior. However, some argue Bowlby underestimated the importance of other attachments like fathers. Alternative theories also suggest a child's temperament influences attachment as much as caregiver responsiveness.
Mary ainsworth pp 2
Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe patterns of attachment between mothers and children. The assessment involves briefly separating the child from their mother in an unfamiliar setting while a stranger is present, and observing the child's reactions. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment through this assessment: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment. Ainsworth's work helped establish the importance of the emotional bond between caregivers and children known as attachment.
Mary Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist born in 1913 who studied maternal-infant attachment. She worked with John Bowlby at the Tavistock Clinic in England where she began researching attachments between mothers and infants. Ainsworth is most known for her "Strange Situation" experiment which observed how children reacted to their mother briefly leaving an unfamiliar room. Based on her research, she identified three main attachment styles in children: secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant.
Individual differences in attachment
- Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment by observing how infants reacted to brief separations from and reunions with their caregiver in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment types: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
- Factors that can affect attachment type include the sensitivity of the caregiver to the infant's needs (sensitivity hypothesis) and the infant's innate temperament (temperament hypothesis).
- Early attachment types can influence later behaviors, such as social and learning behaviors in school as well as romantic relationships in adulthood. Securely attached infants tend to explore more and handle challenges better.
The effects of separation, deprivation and privation
- The document discusses the maternal deprivation hypothesis proposed by John Bowlby, which suggests that prolonged separation of a child from their primary caregiver can negatively impact the child's development.
- Bowlby believed separation could cause permanent effects on intellectual, social and emotional development. Studies by James and Joyce Robertson in the 1960s observing children in hospitals or nurseries supported this idea.
- Michael Rutter later distinguished between privation, referring to a lack of attachment due to inadequate care, and deprivation, which is the loss of an existing attachment. He believed privation would have more serious long-term consequences for development.
John bowlby attachment_theory
http://studiousguy.com/john-bowlby-achment-theory/
This website aims to provide study material for the students preparing for their exams, the articles are written by experts in respective subjects and are in a very understandable manner.
Attachment bowlby ainsworth
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers in the first years of life. These attachments develop through interactions between the baby and caregiver and influence the child's social-emotional development and future relationships. John Bowlby's influential theory argued that both infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments during a sensitive period in early development. Mary Ainsworth further studied infant attachments through her Strange Situation experiment and identified patterns of secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachment in children.
Developmental psychology continued
Mary Ainsworth conducted the Strange Situation Experiment to study infant attachment. Babies were observed interacting with their mother and a stranger in an unfamiliar room. Researchers discovered that infants could be securely or insecurely attached based on their reactions. Secure infants cried when their mother left but were happy when she returned, while insecure infants showed avoidant or anxious behaviors. Insecure attachment has been linked to later emotional and behavioral problems in children.
Attachment, deviance and young offending.
Attachment theory proposes that the way a child bonds with their caregiver influences their development and future behaviors. Insecure attachment, where caregivers are inconsistent or neglectful, is linked to difficulties with relationships, self-esteem, impulse control and criminality later in life. Early intervention programs that support child development and strong parent-child bonds can help reduce the risk of future antisocial behaviors by promoting secure attachment. However, attachment is just one of many factors that influence youth offending, and nature and nurture both play complex roles.
Attachment development
- Schaffer and Emerson proposed a 4-stage theory of attachment development based on their longitudinal study of 60 infants: indiscriminate attachments in the first 2 months, a preference for familiar people by 4 months, discriminate attachments to primary caregivers by 7 months, and the development of multiple attachments by 10 months.
- Their theory was generated from parent reports, which may not have been reliable or valid data and could be subject to biases. The study also used a small, ethnocentrically biased sample from 1960s Glasgow.
- While providing an
Attachment theory
John Bowlby developed attachment theory which proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in early childhood is important for child development. There are different styles of attachment including secure, avoidant, ambivalent/resistant, and disorganized. Attachment develops from the child's interactions and relationships with primary caregivers. Responsive caregiving leads to secure attachment while neglect, abuse or inconsistent care can result in insecure attachment styles.
Adult attachment 2
This document discusses adult attachment styles and their origins in childhood experiences. It notes that John Bowlby developed attachment theory in the 1950s, influenced by Freud, to explain how individual behaviors are mediated by feedback within an ecological system. While attachment was initially studied in infancy, it continues to influence people throughout their lives. Fearful childhood experiences can lead to insecure attachment styles as the child attempts to develop autonomy while overcoming fears. The document lists secure, dismissive, preoccupied and fearful as common attachment styles and notes they may influence adult interactions and outcomes. It concludes by questioning whether attachment theory has a true scientific basis or just heuristic value.
Using attachment theory
"Using attachment theory to understand parent-child conflict in non-adopted boys" looks at three detailed cases of young boys who present with difficulties in social situations and asks if Attachment Theory can offer a useful lens for understanding their difficulties.
AS Module 1 Developmental
The document discusses several studies related to developmental psychology and attachments:
- Ainsworth & Bell (1971) studied individual differences in infant attachments through observations of their reactions in various situations. They identified secure and insecure attachment types.
- Van Ijzedoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis finding variations in attachment types across cultures but greater variation within cultures.
- Hodges & Tizard (1989) investigated the effects of privation by comparing children who had been in care to a control group, finding some effects were reversible through adoption.
Attachment Theory
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers and that these bonds are important for survival. John Bowlby was the first major theorist of attachment, suggesting infants become attached to caregivers who are sensitive and responsive in order to feel safe and secure as they grow. Bowlby described four stages of attachment from birth through early childhood and proposed that attachment behaviors evolved to promote survival. Further research identified different styles of attachment in children, including secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachment.
bowlbys theory of attachment
Edward Bowlby was a British psychiatrist who developed attachment theory. He was raised primarily by a nanny and experienced the early loss of his mother figure. This fueled his later interest in attachment between caregivers and children. Bowlby believed that the bonds formed in early childhood have a lasting impact. His research found that children develop secure, avoidant, or anxious attachments depending on the responsiveness of their caregiver. Attachment styles influence relationships throughout life.
Cultural variations in attachment
The document discusses cultural variations in attachment theory and research. It compares individualist Western cultures like the US to more collectivist Eastern cultures like Japan. Some key points made include:
1) Attachment theory was originally developed based on Western ideals that emphasize independence, but may not apply universally across cultures.
2) Research has found that children in collectivist cultures show more signs of dependency and interdependence, which are viewed negatively in the West.
3) A meta-analysis of studies across many countries found that rates of insecure attachment varied significantly depending on cultural norms.
Strange situation
Mary Ainsworth was a student of John Bowlby and the first psychologist to identify different types of attachment relationships between babies/children and their primary caregivers. She observed mothers in Uganda and found that sensitive mothers had securely attached infants who were less anxious, cried less, and explored their environment more. To study attachment types further, Ainsworth designed the "Strange Situation" experiment involving brief separations from and reunions with caregivers. It identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments.
3. Conformity & Obedience
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology related to conformity and obedience. It discusses classic studies on conformity by Sherif and Asch, and on obedience by Milgram. Factors that influence conformity and obedience are explored, such as group size and unanimity. The document also examines theories to explain these behaviors, such as informational and normative influence, and the agentic shift proposed by Milgram to explain why people obey authority figures. Criticisms of classic studies and strategies for resisting social pressure are also summarized.
Maternal attachment
This document discusses maternal attachment and attachment theory. It defines attachment as a deep emotional bond between people that develops through caregiving behaviors and influences social and cognitive development. Attachment theory proposes that children have an innate need to attach to a primary caregiver, usually the mother, for security, exploration and emotional regulation. The quality of this early attachment relationship influences later relationships and development. Studies using the Strange Situation Procedure identified secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles in children based on their behaviors when separated from and reunited with their mothers.
observation.pdf
1) Observational learning occurs when people learn new behaviors or information from watching others.
2) Studies show that children are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe in adults. In one famous study, children who saw an adult act aggressively towards a Bobo doll were more likely to later act aggressively towards the doll themselves.
3) Several factors influence observational learning, including attention to the model, memory of the model's actions, ability to reproduce those actions, and motivation based on consequences for the model.
Social cognitive theory power point
Social Cognitive Theory explains how humans learn behavior through observational learning. This learning is shaped by cognition, environment, and reinforcement. Key aspects of SCT include modeling behaviors, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies. Studies show children learn aggression from observing adult models, and children's aggression can be predicted by their self-efficacy and expectations of rewards for aggression. Monkey studies also show animals learn behaviors from their mothers.
Strange situation & types of att
The passage describes Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, which was used to define types of attachment in children. The experiment involved observing a child's behavior in a laboratory during a sequence of short episodes involving the mother, child, and stranger. Researchers discreetly observed how the child reacted to separation and reunion with the mother, and their level of exploration. The experiment identified three main types of attachment that children can form: secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant.
More Related Content
What's hot
Mary ainsworth pp 2
Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe patterns of attachment between mothers and children. The assessment involves briefly separating the child from their mother in an unfamiliar setting while a stranger is present, and observing the child's reactions. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment through this assessment: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment. Ainsworth's work helped establish the importance of the emotional bond between caregivers and children known as attachment.
Mary Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist born in 1913 who studied maternal-infant attachment. She worked with John Bowlby at the Tavistock Clinic in England where she began researching attachments between mothers and infants. Ainsworth is most known for her "Strange Situation" experiment which observed how children reacted to their mother briefly leaving an unfamiliar room. Based on her research, she identified three main attachment styles in children: secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant.
Individual differences in attachment
- Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment by observing how infants reacted to brief separations from and reunions with their caregiver in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment types: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
- Factors that can affect attachment type include the sensitivity of the caregiver to the infant's needs (sensitivity hypothesis) and the infant's innate temperament (temperament hypothesis).
- Early attachment types can influence later behaviors, such as social and learning behaviors in school as well as romantic relationships in adulthood. Securely attached infants tend to explore more and handle challenges better.
The effects of separation, deprivation and privation
- The document discusses the maternal deprivation hypothesis proposed by John Bowlby, which suggests that prolonged separation of a child from their primary caregiver can negatively impact the child's development.
- Bowlby believed separation could cause permanent effects on intellectual, social and emotional development. Studies by James and Joyce Robertson in the 1960s observing children in hospitals or nurseries supported this idea.
- Michael Rutter later distinguished between privation, referring to a lack of attachment due to inadequate care, and deprivation, which is the loss of an existing attachment. He believed privation would have more serious long-term consequences for development.
John bowlby attachment_theory
http://studiousguy.com/john-bowlby-achment-theory/
This website aims to provide study material for the students preparing for their exams, the articles are written by experts in respective subjects and are in a very understandable manner.
Attachment bowlby ainsworth
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers in the first years of life. These attachments develop through interactions between the baby and caregiver and influence the child's social-emotional development and future relationships. John Bowlby's influential theory argued that both infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments during a sensitive period in early development. Mary Ainsworth further studied infant attachments through her Strange Situation experiment and identified patterns of secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachment in children.
Developmental psychology continued
Mary Ainsworth conducted the Strange Situation Experiment to study infant attachment. Babies were observed interacting with their mother and a stranger in an unfamiliar room. Researchers discovered that infants could be securely or insecurely attached based on their reactions. Secure infants cried when their mother left but were happy when she returned, while insecure infants showed avoidant or anxious behaviors. Insecure attachment has been linked to later emotional and behavioral problems in children.
Attachment, deviance and young offending.
Attachment theory proposes that the way a child bonds with their caregiver influences their development and future behaviors. Insecure attachment, where caregivers are inconsistent or neglectful, is linked to difficulties with relationships, self-esteem, impulse control and criminality later in life. Early intervention programs that support child development and strong parent-child bonds can help reduce the risk of future antisocial behaviors by promoting secure attachment. However, attachment is just one of many factors that influence youth offending, and nature and nurture both play complex roles.
Attachment development
- Schaffer and Emerson proposed a 4-stage theory of attachment development based on their longitudinal study of 60 infants: indiscriminate attachments in the first 2 months, a preference for familiar people by 4 months, discriminate attachments to primary caregivers by 7 months, and the development of multiple attachments by 10 months.
- Their theory was generated from parent reports, which may not have been reliable or valid data and could be subject to biases. The study also used a small, ethnocentrically biased sample from 1960s Glasgow.
- While providing an
Attachment theory
John Bowlby developed attachment theory which proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in early childhood is important for child development. There are different styles of attachment including secure, avoidant, ambivalent/resistant, and disorganized. Attachment develops from the child's interactions and relationships with primary caregivers. Responsive caregiving leads to secure attachment while neglect, abuse or inconsistent care can result in insecure attachment styles.
Adult attachment 2
This document discusses adult attachment styles and their origins in childhood experiences. It notes that John Bowlby developed attachment theory in the 1950s, influenced by Freud, to explain how individual behaviors are mediated by feedback within an ecological system. While attachment was initially studied in infancy, it continues to influence people throughout their lives. Fearful childhood experiences can lead to insecure attachment styles as the child attempts to develop autonomy while overcoming fears. The document lists secure, dismissive, preoccupied and fearful as common attachment styles and notes they may influence adult interactions and outcomes. It concludes by questioning whether attachment theory has a true scientific basis or just heuristic value.
Using attachment theory
"Using attachment theory to understand parent-child conflict in non-adopted boys" looks at three detailed cases of young boys who present with difficulties in social situations and asks if Attachment Theory can offer a useful lens for understanding their difficulties.
AS Module 1 Developmental
The document discusses several studies related to developmental psychology and attachments:
- Ainsworth & Bell (1971) studied individual differences in infant attachments through observations of their reactions in various situations. They identified secure and insecure attachment types.
- Van Ijzedoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis finding variations in attachment types across cultures but greater variation within cultures.
- Hodges & Tizard (1989) investigated the effects of privation by comparing children who had been in care to a control group, finding some effects were reversible through adoption.
Attachment Theory
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers and that these bonds are important for survival. John Bowlby was the first major theorist of attachment, suggesting infants become attached to caregivers who are sensitive and responsive in order to feel safe and secure as they grow. Bowlby described four stages of attachment from birth through early childhood and proposed that attachment behaviors evolved to promote survival. Further research identified different styles of attachment in children, including secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachment.
bowlbys theory of attachment
Edward Bowlby was a British psychiatrist who developed attachment theory. He was raised primarily by a nanny and experienced the early loss of his mother figure. This fueled his later interest in attachment between caregivers and children. Bowlby believed that the bonds formed in early childhood have a lasting impact. His research found that children develop secure, avoidant, or anxious attachments depending on the responsiveness of their caregiver. Attachment styles influence relationships throughout life.
Cultural variations in attachment
The document discusses cultural variations in attachment theory and research. It compares individualist Western cultures like the US to more collectivist Eastern cultures like Japan. Some key points made include:
1) Attachment theory was originally developed based on Western ideals that emphasize independence, but may not apply universally across cultures.
2) Research has found that children in collectivist cultures show more signs of dependency and interdependence, which are viewed negatively in the West.
3) A meta-analysis of studies across many countries found that rates of insecure attachment varied significantly depending on cultural norms.
Strange situation
Mary Ainsworth was a student of John Bowlby and the first psychologist to identify different types of attachment relationships between babies/children and their primary caregivers. She observed mothers in Uganda and found that sensitive mothers had securely attached infants who were less anxious, cried less, and explored their environment more. To study attachment types further, Ainsworth designed the "Strange Situation" experiment involving brief separations from and reunions with caregivers. It identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments.
What's hot (17)
The effects of separation, deprivation and privation
The effects of separation, deprivation and privation
Similar to Types of attachment
3. Conformity & Obedience
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology related to conformity and obedience. It discusses classic studies on conformity by Sherif and Asch, and on obedience by Milgram. Factors that influence conformity and obedience are explored, such as group size and unanimity. The document also examines theories to explain these behaviors, such as informational and normative influence, and the agentic shift proposed by Milgram to explain why people obey authority figures. Criticisms of classic studies and strategies for resisting social pressure are also summarized.
Maternal attachment
This document discusses maternal attachment and attachment theory. It defines attachment as a deep emotional bond between people that develops through caregiving behaviors and influences social and cognitive development. Attachment theory proposes that children have an innate need to attach to a primary caregiver, usually the mother, for security, exploration and emotional regulation. The quality of this early attachment relationship influences later relationships and development. Studies using the Strange Situation Procedure identified secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles in children based on their behaviors when separated from and reunited with their mothers.
observation.pdf
1) Observational learning occurs when people learn new behaviors or information from watching others.
2) Studies show that children are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe in adults. In one famous study, children who saw an adult act aggressively towards a Bobo doll were more likely to later act aggressively towards the doll themselves.
3) Several factors influence observational learning, including attention to the model, memory of the model's actions, ability to reproduce those actions, and motivation based on consequences for the model.
Social cognitive theory power point
Social Cognitive Theory explains how humans learn behavior through observational learning. This learning is shaped by cognition, environment, and reinforcement. Key aspects of SCT include modeling behaviors, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies. Studies show children learn aggression from observing adult models, and children's aggression can be predicted by their self-efficacy and expectations of rewards for aggression. Monkey studies also show animals learn behaviors from their mothers.
Strange situation & types of att
The passage describes Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, which was used to define types of attachment in children. The experiment involved observing a child's behavior in a laboratory during a sequence of short episodes involving the mother, child, and stranger. Researchers discreetly observed how the child reacted to separation and reunion with the mother, and their level of exploration. The experiment identified three main types of attachment that children can form: secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant.
Lifespan Development 3PS506 Lifesp.docx
Lifespan Development 3
PS506 Lifespan Development
Name
Class
Date
Professor
PS506 Lifespan Development
In this review of the article “Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year olds in a strange situation” the author Mary Ainsworth discusses an experiment she conducted known as the Strange Situation. This paper will review this experiment and the findings and provide an opinion on the credibility of the experiment. Two possible interventions for parent/child attachment will be offered.
Attachment Theory
The Strange Situation is an experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth in order to determine how attachment differs in toddlers. Attachment theory looks at the interpersonal relationship between people and how bonds are formed. John Bowlby developed the attachment theory finding people form emotional bonds with other people overtime. This attachment does not have to be shared with one person forming an attachment but the other not forming the same attachment. The Strange Situation experiment resulted in the development of three types of attachment between the mother and child. Each of these attachment styles developed by Ainsworth is beneficial to understanding the types of attachments children form.
Attachment is characterized by specific behaviors in children, such as seeking proximity with the attachment figure when upset or threatened (Bowlby, 1969). The attachment theory is designed to explain the parent-child relationship and how attachments form. The attachment theory was established by Bowlby but the discovery of different types of attachments by children was a discovery made by Schaffer and Emerson in 1964. The research conducted by Schaffer and Emerson (1964) discovered some children require more attachment from their caregivers while other infants required less time and cuddling. This discovery eventually led to the research conducted by Ainsworth.
Ainsworth was interested in discovering how attachment forms in infant and young children. The goal of the experiment was to see how children respond when they are placed in strange or uncomfortable positions. The Strange Situation procedure applied eight different episodes that lasted three minutes each.
1. Mother, child, researcher are in the room for around one minute
2. Next Mother and baby are left in room alone
3. Stranger joins Mother and child
4. Next Mother leaves the room leaving the baby and stranger alone
5. Next mother returns to the room and the stranger leaves
6. Next the mother leaves the room leaving the infant all alone
7. Stranger returns alone
8. Next Mother returns and stranger leaves
During the research Ainsworth would note the changes in the child’s behavior during every episode. During the research Ainsworth recorded behaviors, such as separation anxiety. Separation anxiety refers to the feelings of unease the infant child experienced when mother left room. The child’s willingn ...
G089 Yoshizawa, Ito, T., & Inoue, T. (2008). Roles and meanings of childrear...
G089 Yoshizawa, Ito, T., & Inoue, T. (2008). Roles and meanings of childrearing for a couple: A basis for family psychotherapy. 13th Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists Scientic Meeting, 330.
Similar to Types of attachment (7)
G089 Yoshizawa, Ito, T., & Inoue, T. (2008). Roles and meanings of childrear...
G089 Yoshizawa, Ito, T., & Inoue, T. (2008). Roles and meanings of childrear...
More from mpape
Bowlby maternal deprivation
John Bowlby developed the theory of maternal deprivation which argued that children have an innate need to form attachments, especially to their mother, during the critical first five years. Disruption of this attachment through separation, loss of the mother, or failure to attach could lead to long term emotional and behavioral problems. However, some studies have challenged Bowlby's claims, finding no link between deprivation and issues like delinquency or finding children were able to form relationships after deprivation.
Mod 6 cultural variations1
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries that used the Strange Situation procedure to assess infant attachment styles. They found that secure attachment was the most common style across cultures, though rates varied between countries. Individualistic cultures tended to have higher rates of avoidant attachment, while more collectivist cultures had higher rates of resistant attachment. However, variations in attachment styles within cultures exceeded those between cultures, suggesting childrearing practices among sub-cultures may also influence attachment.
Mod 3 attachment types question sheet
The document provides descriptions of 6 children's behaviors when their mothers leave and return to the room. It asks to identify each child's attachment type based on the descriptions, with A signifying a secure attachment, B an insecure-avoidant attachment, and C an insecure-resistant attachment. It provides descriptions of Tom ignoring his mother upon her return (B), Kenny crying but being soothed (A), Yasmin ignoring her mother upon return (C), Tilda being comforted by a stranger (B), Larry seeming angry with his mother upon return (C), and Helen being pleased and comforted quickly settling to play (A).
Mod 6 explanations of attachment
Here are 3 limitations of Bowlby's theory identified in the attachment booklet:
1. Bowlby did not consider individual differences in attachment styles. He assumed all children form a secure attachment.
2. Bowlby did not consider cultural differences in childrearing practices and attachment. His ideas were based mainly on Western societies.
3. Bowlby's theory does not fully explain how attachment behaviors and internal working models change over time in response to new experiences and relationships. He saw them as fixed after the critical period.
Mod 4 data presentation graphs bar charts tables
This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics and data representation techniques. It discusses measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It also covers different ways to present quantitative data visually, including graphs, tables, scatterplots, bar charts, histograms, and frequency polygons. The key purposes of descriptive statistics and data representation are to summarize patterns in data sets and communicate information effectively.
Mod 3 retrieval failure2
This document discusses explanations for forgetting, specifically retrieval failure due to the absence of cues. It explains that while information is stored in long-term memory, we can forget due to an inability to retrieve it without cues. Cues can be external contextual details or internal state-dependent details associated with the initial learning that help with recall. The encoding specificity principle holds that cues present during learning must also be present during retrieval attempts. A lack of cues results in cue-dependent forgetting.
Mod 3 retrieval failur
Memory stores differ in their coding, capacity, and duration. Specifically, the document discusses how memory is stored in various ways, can hold differing amounts of information, and lasts for varying lengths of time. Memory coding, capacity, and duration are the key factors that distinguish different types of memory storage.
Mod 3 forgetting interference theory
This document discusses interference theory as an explanation for forgetting. It describes two types of interference - proactive interference, which occurs when old memories interfere with recall of new memories, and retroactive interference, which occurs when new memories interfere with recall of old memories. It provides examples of how both types of interference can cause forgetting and discusses experimental evidence that supports interference theory, including studies that test recall of word lists and the effect of similar versus different word meanings on interference.
Mod 6 harlow
Harry Harlow conducted experiments with baby monkeys to test the hypothesis that animals learn to attach to the animal that feeds them. He found that baby monkeys kept in a bare cage with just food and water often died, while monkeys in cages with a bare wire or cloth-covered wire "mother" spent more time clinging to and seeking comfort from the cloth mother, even when the wire mother dispensed milk. His research demonstrated the important role of contact comfort, rather than just food, in the formation of attachment and healthy social-emotional development in young primates.
Mod 6 harlow
Harry Harlow conducted experiments with baby monkeys to test the hypothesis that animals learn to attach to the animal that feeds them. He found that baby monkeys kept in bare cages often died, while monkeys placed in cages with either a wire or cloth-covered "mother" spent more time clinging to and seeking comfort from the cloth mother, even when the wire mother dispensed milk. His research demonstrated that contact comfort is important for attachment formation and social/emotional development in young primates.
Mod 6 lorenz
Lorenz conducted a study on goslings to test the hypothesis that they will imprint on and follow the first moving object they see. He found that goslings followed either him or their mother, depending on who they saw first, providing early evidence that animals form attachments to caregivers during a critical period. This research influenced later theories of attachment in humans but had limitations as it only studied one species and conclusions about permanence of imprinting were later disproven.
Mod 6 fathers
The document summarizes research on caregiver-infant attachment. It describes Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study which identified 4 stages of attachment development. They found that most infants form their first attachment to their biological mother by 7 months. Additional research has explored attachments to secondary caregivers, particularly fathers. While some research suggests fathers play a distinct role through play and stimulation, other studies have been unable to clearly define the father's role in attachment. The role of fathers in infant development remains an area of ongoing research and debate.
Mod 6 attachment1
This document discusses attachment theory in developmental psychology. It defines attachment as the strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver that develops over time through interactions. Psychologists have studied how responsive caregiving promotes secure attachment through reciprocity and interactional synchrony between caregiver and infant. A key longitudinal study by Schaffer and Emerson found that infants first form specific attachments to their mothers between 7-12 months of age, displaying behaviors like separation protest and proximity seeking.
Cognitive interview1
The cognitive interview is a technique developed by Fisher and Gieselman in 1992 to improve the accuracy and detail of eyewitness testimony. It involves having the witness reconstruct the original context of the crime, report every detail in any order, and recall the event from different perspectives. Research has found the cognitive interview results in a 34% increase in correct recall compared to standard police interviews, but it may be difficult to apply in real-life criminal investigations due to time and cost constraints.
Cognitive interview
The cognitive interview is a technique for interviewing eyewitnesses that is intended to improve the accuracy and detail of their memories. It involves having witnesses report everything they remember, mentally reinstate the context of the event, change the order of details reported, and change perspectives. Research has found that the cognitive interview produces a 34% increase in correct recall compared to standard interviews and improves recall of details when multiple components are used. However, many real-world studies of the technique's effectiveness are difficult due to variations in police implementation of the full cognitive interview method.
Mod 6 anxiety1
This document discusses how anxiety can affect eyewitness memory and testimony in criminal cases. It notes that:
- Anxiety experienced during an event can negatively impact how well and accurately details are encoded and stored in memory. Important details like a person's appearance may not be remembered.
- When recalling memories, gaps and inconsistencies can arise. Memory retrieval involves reconstructing memories based on prior knowledge, which can introduce inaccuracies.
- While some research has found anxiety harms recall accuracy, other studies have found it can improve memory of important details. The level of anxiety likely influences its effects, as the Yerkes-Dodson law proposes an optimal level for performance.
- Field research on eyewitness
Mod 3 working memory model slides
The document summarizes Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model (WMM), which proposes that short-term memory consists of multiple active storage components. The model includes a central executive that oversees the phonological loop for auditory information, visuospatial sketchpad for visual and spatial information, and an episodic buffer that integrates information. Each component has limited capacity to store different types of coded information simultaneously. The WMM was an improvement over the multi-store model and helped explain findings from dual task experiments and case studies of brain-damaged patients. However, the central executive remains not fully understood.
Mod 3 types of ltm slides
This document discusses models of human memory, including short-term memory and long-term memory. It provides evidence from case studies of amnesia patients that long-term memory is not a single store, but consists of at least three types: episodic memory for autobiographical events, semantic memory for facts and knowledge, and procedural memory for skills and tasks. Brain imaging studies have found these different types of long-term memory are stored in separate regions of the brain.
Mod 3 multi store model
Memory can be divided into three main stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Key research has found differences in how information is coded, the duration it can be stored, and storage capacity across these three memory stores. Sensory memory stores information in its raw form for milliseconds. Short-term memory codes information acoustically and can store around 5-9 bits for up to 30 seconds. Long-term memory semantically codes information for retrieval over a lifetime. While this multi-store model is supported by research, it is an oversimplification as memory is more complex with multiple processes involved.
Mod 3 memory introduction
Memory is studied in cognitive psychology. It is divided into short-term and long-term stores. Psychologists have learned about memory from studying people with amnesia caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma. Models of memory explain how it works, and research looks at why we forget and how to improve eyewitness testimony accuracy.
More from mpape (20)
Types of attachment
- 1. Types of Attachment Psychologists began to identify individual differences in attachment quality and attachment behaviour. Mary Ainsworth conducted field research in Uganda that identified that some infants were ‘ securely attached ’ to their mothers and confidently explored their environment.
- 2. Mary Ainsworth concluded that the ‘securely attached infants’ used their mothers as a ‘ secure base ’.
- 3. Naturalistic Observation In a naturalistic observation behaviour is studied in a natural situation where everything has been left as it is normally. Mary Ainsworth conducted a longitudinal naturalistic observation of mother infant relationships.
- 4. Link to research methods Turn to p. 86 - 87 Read p.86 ‘Examples of different kinds of observation’ Read p.87 ‘Observational techniques’ Key terms : Naturalistic observation , Structured observations, and Controlled observation.
- 5. Link to research methods Turn to p. 91 Read the table headed: Evaluation of observational research. ‘ With reference to the naturalistic observation conducted by Ainsworth in Uganda give one advantage and one weakness of studying children in this way’ (2+2) Use the information in the table to answer the question below.
- 6. The Baltimore Study : Ainsworth et al ., 1971 Why was Ainsworth interested in studying mother infant relationships in an American city?
- 7. How many mothers were involved in the study? Any problems with the sample? Read the section on p.40 on the Baltimore study. How had the mothers with children who were classified as ‘secure’ behaved with their children in the first 3 months?
- 8. How could you use Ainsworth’s early studies to evaluate learning theory? How could you use Ainsworth’s early studies to evaluate Bowlby’s theory of attachment?
- 9. The Strange Situation (1969, 1978) This is a really important study its named on the specification so you could get questions on it. Learn it well. Click this for a video
- 11. 4. What behaviour is this episode intended to test?
- 12. 5. What behaviour is this episode intended to test?
- 13. 6. S - - - - - - - - - A - - - - - - -
- 14. 7. Stranger enters and offers comfort.
- 15. Write a description of this episode.
- 16. Answer the following questions (a) Ainsworth et al used observation in their study of attachment types. (i) Did they use an observational technique or an observational method? (ii) What is the difference between these two kinds of observation? (b) There are several IV’s and DV’s in this study Identify one IV and one DV and explain how these were operationalised.
- 17. (C) (i) What was the target population of the Ainsworth study? (ii) Suggest one technique that Ainsworth might have employed to select their participants. (d) The Strange Situation has been accused of lacking validity. Explain what this means in the context of this study. (e) How could you assess the reliability of the strange situation? (f) Identify one ethical issue arising from this research.
- 18. You need to know the 4 attachment types well. You need to be able to describe them but also to recognise them. What type of behaviours would be typical of a securely attached child? How would you recognise the behaviour of a child with an insecure attachment?
- 19. Some of the questions on the exam paper will require you to apply your knowledge not just reproduce it. Below is an example. Andrea has noticed that her two sons are quite different. When she gets home from work the first thing Sam does is to run to her and give her a great big hug, whilst she has to go to find rob to make sure he is okay. When a plumber came to the house the other day Sam was fine with him, but Rob wouldn’t stop crying and appeared scared. (a) Identify: (i) the type of attachment shown by Rob. (1 mark) (II) The type of attachment shown by Sam. (1 mark) (b) Explain how the type of attachment shown by each child could be assessed. (4 marks)