Mary Ainsworth
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Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist born in 1913 who studied maternal-infant attachment. She worked with John Bowlby at the Tavistock Clinic in England where she began researching attachments between mothers and infants. Ainsworth is most known for her "Strange Situation" experiment which observed how children reacted to their mother briefly leaving an unfamiliar room. Based on her research, she identified three main attachment styles in children: secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant.
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Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe patterns of attachment between mothers and children. The assessment involves briefly separating the child from their mother in an unfamiliar setting while a stranger is present, and observing the child's reactions. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment through this assessment: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment. Ainsworth's work helped establish the importance of the emotional bond between caregivers and children known as attachment.
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This document provides information about schizophrenia, including:
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- It is currently diagnosed based on clinical symptoms rather than tests. Misdiagnosis is common as it shares symptoms with other disorders.
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Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe patterns of attachment between mothers and children. The assessment involves briefly separating the child from their mother in an unfamiliar setting while a stranger is present, and observing the child's reactions. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment through this assessment: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment. Ainsworth's work helped establish the importance of the emotional bond between caregivers and children known as attachment.
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- Schizophrenia is a chronic severe brain disorder often characterized by hallucinations and delusions. Symptoms include disorganized thinking and behavior.
- It is currently diagnosed based on clinical symptoms rather than tests. Misdiagnosis is common as it shares symptoms with other disorders.
- There are positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms involving loss of functions, and cognitive symptoms involving difficulties with memory and concentration.
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Mary ainsworth pp 2
Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe patterns of attachment between mothers and children. The assessment involves briefly separating the child from their mother in an unfamiliar setting while a stranger is present, and observing the child's reactions. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment through this assessment: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment. Ainsworth's work helped establish the importance of the emotional bond between caregivers and children known as attachment.
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DSM V Criteria
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Etiology and Pathogenesis
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Types of attachment
Mary Ainsworth conducted research in Uganda and Baltimore that identified different types of attachment in infants. Her naturalistic observation of mother-infant relationships in Uganda found that some infants were securely attached and confidently explored their environment. Ainsworth concluded that securely attached infants used their mothers as a secure base. Her subsequent Baltimore Study observed American mothers and their infants to further study differences in attachment behaviors.
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Attachment theory
Bowlby's theory proposed that children have an innate need to attach to a primary caregiver, usually the mother, for healthy development. Disruption of this attachment through separation could cause long-term emotional and behavioral issues. He argued that continuous care from the primary attachment figure is crucial, especially in the first two years. If separated during this critical period, the child may experience distress, despair, and detachment, and later develop problems with relationships, intelligence, and mental health. Secure attachment allows children to build an internal model of themselves and others as trustworthy and effective.
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- Selective mutism, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder.
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Mary ainsworth pp 2
Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe patterns of attachment between mothers and children. The assessment involves briefly separating the child from their mother in an unfamiliar setting while a stranger is present, and observing the child's reactions. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment through this assessment: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment. Ainsworth's work helped establish the importance of the emotional bond between caregivers and children known as attachment.
Separation anxiety
Historical background
Definition
Age of onset
Signs and Symptoms
DSM V Criteria
Comorbidity
Prevelance and Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment
Conclusion
Introduction To Clinical Psychology
Clinical psychology involves the scientific study and application of psychology to understand, prevent, and relieve psychologically-based distress. The field aims to promote well-being and personal development through practices like psychological assessment, psychotherapy, research, teaching, and consultation. Clinical psychology has evolved from pseudoscientific 18th century practices to a modern scientific discipline, influenced by thinkers like Sigmund Freud and developments like standardized testing during World Wars I and II. It encompasses diverse theoretical perspectives including behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, family systems, and emerging models like positive psychology.
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The document discusses mental disorders and the stigma associated with them. Approximately 57.7 million Americans are affected by mental disorders each year, though many do not seek treatment due to feelings of embarrassment or shame. Stigma has long been associated with mental illness and prevents those suffering from accessing insurance, housing, jobs, and optimal treatment. However, the document emphasizes that mental disorders are real and treatable medical conditions. Understanding builds compassion for those suffering from mental disorders.
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD)
Separation Anxiety Disorder(SAD) is a psychological condition in which an individual has an excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or with whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment.
Psychological Treatments
The document discusses various psychological treatments for mental disorders. It covers different types of psychotherapy like psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive therapy. It also discusses biological therapies using psychotropic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation. Specific treatments are most effective for certain disorders: cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety/OCD, many options for depression, lithium/antipsychotics for bipolar disorder, and antipsychotics for schizophrenia.
Attachment theories Bowlby Ainsworth
Attachment is an emotional bond between a child and caregiver that forms within the first year of life. John Bowlby developed the evolutionary theory of attachment, which suggests children are born with an innate need to form attachments for survival. Mary Ainsworth further studied attachment using the Strange Situation Test, observing how children respond to a caregiver's departure and return. She identified secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachment styles that develop based on a child's early experiences with caregivers.
Albert Ellis
This document provides biographical information about Albert Ellis, the founder of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). It discusses Ellis' childhood, education, early career focusing on writing, and eventual development of REBT. The summary is:
Ellis was born in 1913 in Pittsburgh and raised in New York. He had a difficult childhood but developed a passion for reading and problem-solving. After trying various careers including writing, he turned to psychotherapy and developed REBT which focuses on disputing irrational beliefs that cause emotional disturbances. REBT became his life's work and he published extensively on the topic until his death in 2007.
Separation anxiety disorder
Separation anxiety disorder involves excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or attachment figures. It is characterized by distress when anticipating or experiencing separation, persistent worry about harm befalling attachment figures, and reluctance or refusal to go places alone. It is diagnosed when fears or avoidance last at least 4 weeks in children or typically 6 months in adults and cause impairment. Treatment involves cognitive behavioral therapy and may include medication, parenting techniques, or family therapy. Prognosis is generally good with treatment, though co-occurring conditions or actual threats of separation decrease likelihood of positive outcomes.
Humanist perspective
The humanist perspective focuses on free will and individual responsibility for one's outcomes. It was created in the 1960s as a third force in psychology to replace psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Key figures included Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May. Maslow believed psychology ignored positive aspects like happiness. Rogers developed the idea of unconditional positive regard and congruence between one's inner feelings and outward presentation. He observed that conditional positive regard can lead people to suppress feelings and deny their true selves. May emphasized the unavoidable difficulties of human existence like loneliness and the search for meaning.
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The document discusses cognitive distortions, which are inaccurate or inflated thoughts that can negatively impact one's emotions and behavior. It provides an overview of cognitive distortions, noting they were first developed by Aaron Beck and made popular by David Burns. The document explains cognitive distortions can reinforce negative thinking and problematic states like depression. It states the general solution is to challenge distorted thoughts and replace them with more accurate perspectives. The document then lists and describes 12 specific cognitive distortions.
Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety: mood state characterized by strong, negative emotion and bodily symptoms in which an individual apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune
Psychodynamic approach
Freud's psychodynamic approach views abnormalities as arising from unconscious processes and intrapsychic conflicts between the id, ego, and superego. It proposes that fixation during psychosexual development stages like oral or anal can lead to disorders if a child is under or over gratified. Defence mechanisms like repression may form if conflicts cause anxiety, but if unsuccessful disorders may develop. While influential, weaknesses include its determinism, reductionism, and lack of scientific testability of concepts like the psyche's structures.
Psychoanalysis ppt
Psychoanalysis presentation in Counseling Theories, Tools, and Techniques.
If you like it and if you find it useful, just like it.
You can also suggest to update the slide. <3 Thanks!
psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and its fundamental assumptions include that unconscious factors motivate behavior, early childhood experiences shape personality, and unconscious motives and conflicts are central. His basic concepts include human nature being determined by unconscious drives, instincts being life instincts and death instincts, and the structural theory of personality comprising the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Defense mechanisms like repression are employed by the ego to reduce anxiety from unconscious conflicts. Psychoanalysis aims to make the unconscious conscious through techniques like free association, dream analysis, and interpretation of transference.
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Types of attachment strange situation
Mary Ainsworth conducted research that provided empirical support for John Bowlby's theory of attachment. She observed differences in how infants attached to their mothers in Uganda, finding that some infants were securely attached and explored confidently while others were less secure. Ainsworth then designed the Strange Situation experiment to further study attachment patterns between American mothers and infants. The experiment identified three main types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
Types of attachment
Mary Ainsworth conducted research in Uganda and Baltimore that identified different types of attachment in infants. Her naturalistic observation of mother-infant relationships in Uganda found that some infants were securely attached and confidently explored their environment. Ainsworth concluded that securely attached infants used their mothers as a secure base. Her subsequent Baltimore Study observed American mothers and their infants to further study differences in attachment behaviors.
Strange situation & types of att
The passage describes Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, which was used to define types of attachment in children. The experiment involved observing a child's behavior in a laboratory during a sequence of short episodes involving the mother, child, and stranger. Researchers discreetly observed how the child reacted to separation and reunion with the mother, and their level of exploration. The experiment identified three main types of attachment that children can form: secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant.
Mary ainsworth 2
Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist known for developing attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment. Her work showed that early emotional attachment between infants and caregivers influences later development. She identified secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles in infants. Secure infants explored freely when caregivers were present and were distressed when separated but found comfort on reunion. Insecure styles involved avoiding, ignoring, or clinging to caregivers. A fourth disorganized/disoriented style was later identified and linked to higher stress levels in infants. Ainsworth's work highlighted the importance of children forming secure attachments at childcare settings before parents leave.
Individual differences in attachment
Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to observe infant responses to mild stress induced by short separations from and reunions with caregivers in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment styles - secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant - based on infants' behaviors regarding separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and reunion behaviors. While the Strange Situation provided useful insights, it also had limitations such as low ecological validity and potential to cause infant distress.
Attachment Theory
Mary Ainsworth developed attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment. The Strange Situation involves briefly separating an infant from their parent in a laboratory setting with another stranger present. It consists of eight episodes involving separations and reunions. Researchers observe the infant's behavior upon the parent's return to classify the infant's attachment style as secure, anxious/ambivalent, avoidant, or disorganized-disoriented. The infant's reaction indicates the quality of attachment to their parent.
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Developmental psychology
Developmental psychology covers physical, social, cognitive, and moral development over the lifespan. Nature and nurture both influence who we become. Research methods include cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Physical development encompasses changes from prenatal development and infancy through adulthood and death. Social development involves attachment, parenting styles, and relationships. Cognitive development progresses through Piaget's stages of sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational thought.
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Sensation and perception
The document discusses several key aspects of sensation and perception:
1. Sensation is the process of detecting and encoding stimuli from the senses, while perception involves interpreting these sensations.
2. Our senses receive physical stimuli and transmit this information to the brain as electrical signals via a process called transduction.
3. The brain then interprets these signals through processes like sensation, perception, attention, organization, and interpretation to understand the world around us.
4. Factors like past experiences, knowledge, motives, and situational context influence our perceptions.
Attachment Theory Developmental Psychology
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers. Research in the 1950s found that infant monkeys separated from cloth mothers showed more distress than those separated from wire mothers, leading John Bowlby to theorize that infants have an innate need for emotional attachment. Mary Ainsworth later identified secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized attachment styles in infants based on their reactions in experimental separations from caregivers. Secure attachment is correlated with positive personality development while insecure attachments are linked to issues like low self-esteem.
Bowlby's theory of attachment
- John Bowlby was a British psychiatrist who developed the theory of attachment, which proposes that the bonds formed between children and their caregivers have a significant impact that lasts throughout life.
- Key aspects of attachment theory include the four phases of attachment development from birth to 2 years old, the concept of an internal working model, and different styles of attachment identified in Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiments, including secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized attachment styles.
- Attachment theory has influenced research showing relationships between early attachment and later social/emotional development, as well as the importance of caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness in forming secure attachment. However, critics note it focuses primarily on the mother's role and evolutionary
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Lifespan Development 3PS506 Lifesp.docx
Lifespan Development 3
PS506 Lifespan Development
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PS506 Lifespan Development
In this review of the article “Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year olds in a strange situation” the author Mary Ainsworth discusses an experiment she conducted known as the Strange Situation. This paper will review this experiment and the findings and provide an opinion on the credibility of the experiment. Two possible interventions for parent/child attachment will be offered.
Attachment Theory
The Strange Situation is an experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth in order to determine how attachment differs in toddlers. Attachment theory looks at the interpersonal relationship between people and how bonds are formed. John Bowlby developed the attachment theory finding people form emotional bonds with other people overtime. This attachment does not have to be shared with one person forming an attachment but the other not forming the same attachment. The Strange Situation experiment resulted in the development of three types of attachment between the mother and child. Each of these attachment styles developed by Ainsworth is beneficial to understanding the types of attachments children form.
Attachment is characterized by specific behaviors in children, such as seeking proximity with the attachment figure when upset or threatened (Bowlby, 1969). The attachment theory is designed to explain the parent-child relationship and how attachments form. The attachment theory was established by Bowlby but the discovery of different types of attachments by children was a discovery made by Schaffer and Emerson in 1964. The research conducted by Schaffer and Emerson (1964) discovered some children require more attachment from their caregivers while other infants required less time and cuddling. This discovery eventually led to the research conducted by Ainsworth.
Ainsworth was interested in discovering how attachment forms in infant and young children. The goal of the experiment was to see how children respond when they are placed in strange or uncomfortable positions. The Strange Situation procedure applied eight different episodes that lasted three minutes each.
1. Mother, child, researcher are in the room for around one minute
2. Next Mother and baby are left in room alone
3. Stranger joins Mother and child
4. Next Mother leaves the room leaving the baby and stranger alone
5. Next mother returns to the room and the stranger leaves
6. Next the mother leaves the room leaving the infant all alone
7. Stranger returns alone
8. Next Mother returns and stranger leaves
During the research Ainsworth would note the changes in the child’s behavior during every episode. During the research Ainsworth recorded behaviors, such as separation anxiety. Separation anxiety refers to the feelings of unease the infant child experienced when mother left room. The child’s willingn ...
Attachment Programs and Families Working Together Learn.docx
Attachment: Programs and
Families Working Together
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
▸▸ Discuss the history of attachment theory and be able to define attachment.
▸▸ Recognize the importance of developing a secure attachment in infants and young
children.
▸▸ Describe the four types of attachment and typical behaviors associated with each.
▸▸ Differentiate among the different kinds of temperaments and explain how a child’s
temperament can affect the development of attachment.
▸▸ Explain how parents can foster a child’s secure attachment during the first three stages
of Erikson’s psychosocial theory.
▸▸ Examine the relationship between cultural diversity and attachment.
▸▸ Identify how an early care and education program can develop and foster secure
attachment in infants and young children.
▸▸ Explain how an early care and education program and family can work together to
enhance the development of secure attachment.
2
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Attachment Theory Chapter 2
Introduction
It is a marvel to see a family of mallard ducks walk across a street, mother proudly in front and
tiny little ducklings following in a straight line behind. In a flock of sheep with new lambs, it is
amazing to see how each pair is somehow able to find each other. In these cases, there is an
inborn instinct or bond between the mother and new offspring. This is a survival mechanism
that helps the parent care for the tiny, vulnerable new babies.
But what about humans? Do we have a similar bond or connection? Is there some kind of
built-in mechanism that creates a connection between a parent and his or her newborn child?
It is generally believed that humans do have a similar connection or bond, known as attach-
ment (see Chapter 1). According to attachment theory, attachment plays a critical role in the
healthy development of the infant and young child and determines whether the child grows
into a secure or insecure adult. According to Ainsworth (1973), attachment is an emotional tie
formed between one individual and another specific individual. Bowlby (1988) believes that
babies are born with behaviors—crying, smiling, and clinging—that elicit caregiving behaviors
from parents. An infant, however, is not born with attachment. Rather, attachment develops
over time as the result of dynamic interactions between the infant and mother or other sig-
nificant caregivers.
Attachment develops slowly, from birth through the child’s first years. As infants interact with
important adults in their lives, they develop a concept or model of their relationship with oth-
ers—what we call an internal working model (Bowlby, 1973). This model then influences
the development of later relationships and acts as a guide to emotions, perceptions, and
attitudes. The view that attachment is a critical model that sets the stage for healthy develop-
ment is known as attachment theory. Not all children develop secur.
seek social which they develop with one or.docx
Infants seek social bonds with caregivers that are responsive to their needs. Through synchrony and attachment, infants form emotional bonds that allow them to safely explore their environment. While mothers are usually infants' primary caregiver, emotional connections can also form with fathers and daycare providers. The Strange Situation experiment revealed that secure attachment allows infants to use their caregiver as a safe base for learning, while insecure attachment can impair development.
Attachment
Attachment refers to the affectional bond between two people, especially the bond formed between infants and their caregivers. This bond is important for survival as it ensures close proximity and helps infants feel secure. Psychologists have identified phases of attachment development from birth to one year, including an indiscriminate phase and specific attachment phase. The "Strange Situation" experiment studied how infants respond to separation from and reunion with caregivers, identifying secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles based on the infant's behaviors. Long-term effects of early attachments may influence relationships later in life.
Intro To Attchment
Attachment refers to the affectional bond between two people, especially the bond formed between infants and their caregivers. This bond is important for survival as it ensures close proximity and helps infants feel secure. Psychologists have identified phases of attachment development from birth to one year, including an indiscriminate phase where infants respond to anyone, and a specific attachment phase where infants show preference to familiar caregivers. Mary Ainsworth studied infant-caregiver attachment through her "Strange Situation" experiment, identifying secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles based on infant behavior when separated from and reunited with the caregiver. Long-term effects of early attachment on future relationships are also explored.
Chap 6 life span development.pptx
1. The document discusses social and personality development in infancy, including the emergence of basic emotions like happy, sad and angry from birth. 2. Key milestones are discussed such as the first social smile around 6-9 weeks of age, social referencing starting around 8-9 months, stranger anxiety and separation anxiety emerging in the second half of the first year. 3. Theories of attachment are summarized, including Harlow's studies showing contact comfort is important, Bowlby's view that attachment has an evolutionary basis, and Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiments identifying patterns of secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment.
Chap 6 life span development.pptx
1. The document discusses social and personality development in infancy, including the emergence of basic emotions like happiness and sadness from birth, the development of smiling and social referencing between 6-9 weeks and 8-9 months, and the onset of stranger anxiety and separation anxiety around 7-8 months.
2. Attachment forms between infants and caregivers through interactions, with secure attachment being most common. Theories of attachment were proposed by Harlow, Bowlby, and Ainsworth, who studied behaviors in stressful situations.
3. Gender roles begin influencing behavior in infancy, with parents interacting differently with sons and daughters from a young age. Temperament and Erikson's stages of development also influence personality
Attachment
John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist and described attachment as a lasting psychological bond between human beings. Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed between children and their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. Psychologist Mary Ainsworth further studied attachment through her "Strange Situation" experiments, which observed how children responded to brief separations from their mothers. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment - secure, ambivalent, and avoidant - which can influence relationships and behaviors later in life.
Individual differences in attachment
- Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment by observing how infants reacted to brief separations from and reunions with their caregiver in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment types: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
- Factors that can affect attachment type include the sensitivity of the caregiver to the infant's needs (sensitivity hypothesis) and the infant's innate temperament (temperament hypothesis).
- Early attachment types can influence later behaviors, such as social and learning behaviors in school as well as romantic relationships in adulthood. Securely attached infants tend to explore more and handle challenges better.
Maternal attachment
This document discusses maternal attachment and attachment theory. It defines attachment as a deep emotional bond between people that develops through caregiving behaviors and influences social and cognitive development. Attachment theory proposes that children have an innate need to attach to a primary caregiver, usually the mother, for security, exploration and emotional regulation. The quality of this early attachment relationship influences later relationships and development. Studies using the Strange Situation Procedure identified secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles in children based on their behaviors when separated from and reunited with their mothers.
Attachment jeet
- Attachment theory proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in early childhood is important for long-term social-emotional development. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth were influential researchers.
- Ainsworth identified secure, avoidant, and ambivalent attachment styles based on children's responses in the "Strange Situation" experiment. Secure children were distressed when separated from but sought comfort from caregivers.
- Insecure attachment can result from inconsistent or neglectful caregiving and is associated with later relationship and mental health problems. Early attachment experiences strongly influence relationships in adulthood.
Blue and White Simple Minimalist Life Guide Presentation.pptx.pdf
Erik Erikson was a German-American developmental psychologist known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. According to Erikson, there are eight stages of development that take place throughout the lifespan. The stages from childhood to adolescence involve resolving conflicts that help develop virtues. For example, the stage between ages 1-3 involves developing trust over mistrust, and between ages 12-18 involves developing identity over confusion. Erikson's work expanded on Freud's psychosexual stages and contributed significantly to our understanding of personality development.
Attachment theory (group one)
Attachment theory proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in early childhood is critical for healthy social-emotional development. John Bowlby first described attachment as an emotional bond that connects people. Mary Ainsworth expanded on Bowlby's work and identified secure, avoidant, and ambivalent/resistant attachment styles in infants. Children with secure attachments feel safe exploring their environment knowing their caregiver will return to comfort them if needed. Insecure attachments can result from inconsistent or neglectful caregiving and are linked to later problems. Overall, attachment theory emphasizes the importance of early caregiving relationships for lifelong mental health and social relationships.
Personality And Social Development
This document discusses temperament and attachment in infants and young children. It describes three main temperament types - easy, difficult, and slow to warm up. It then discusses early social behaviors and milestones in social development from 2 months to 3 years old. The document also summarizes Harry Harlow's experiment on attachment in rhesus monkeys and John Bowlby's attachment theory. It explains Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment and the four attachment styles it identified - secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized.
attachment theory-1.pptx
This document discusses attachment theory and its key concepts. It begins by defining attachment as the emotional bond between children and caregivers, usually evidenced by infants seeking proximity to their mothers. John Bowlby is identified as the founder of attachment theory. His research in the 1950s emphasized the importance of the caregiver-child relationship for development. Mary Ainsworth further classified attachment styles in infants as secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized based on her Strange Situation experiments. Factors that promote secure attachment are identified as caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness to infant cues. Attachment disorders can result from maternal deprivation and lack of interaction with caregivers.
Psychology unit 1 developmental psychology
This PowerPoint leads on from my other PowerPoint which talks about cognitive psychology. Now I provide you with everything you need to know for AQA students studying for PSYA1 (unit 1) AS PSYCHOLOGY
ATTACHMENT THEORY.pptx
Attachment theory proposes that secure attachments to caregivers in early childhood are crucial to healthy social-emotional development. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth's research showed that children develop internal working models of relationships based on their caregiver's availability and responsiveness. These working models influence how people relate in future relationships. Attachment theory is applied in parenting, couples counseling, psychotherapy, education, health, leadership, and social policy areas to promote secure attachments and relationships.
bowlbys theory of attachment
Edward Bowlby was a British psychiatrist who developed attachment theory. He was raised primarily by a nanny and experienced the early loss of his mother figure. This fueled his later interest in attachment between caregivers and children. Bowlby believed that the bonds formed in early childhood have a lasting impact. His research found that children develop secure, avoidant, or anxious attachments depending on the responsiveness of their caregiver. Attachment styles influence relationships throughout life.
Attachment Theory
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers and that these bonds are important for survival. John Bowlby was the first major theorist of attachment, suggesting infants become attached to caregivers who are sensitive and responsive in order to feel safe and secure as they grow. Bowlby described four stages of attachment from birth through early childhood and proposed that attachment behaviors evolved to promote survival. Further research identified different styles of attachment in children, including secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachment.
Other theories of development
The document discusses several theories related to human development:
1. Social Development Theory by Lev Vygotsky argues that social interaction precedes development and cognition results from socialization. It emphasizes the roles of social learning and the Zone of Proximal Development.
2. Ecological Systems Theory by Urie Bronfenbrenner proposes that development is influenced by environmental systems from the micro to macro levels. It views human development as being shaped by different environmental contexts.
3. Structural Cognitive Modifiability by Reuven Feuerstein argues that the brain is highly flexible and can modify itself with assistance to develop higher-level thinking abilities. It demonstrates how cognitive structures can be developed through stimulation and association
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Syllabus
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Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Mary Ainsworth
- 1. Mary Ainsworth Shaquita Gates Dawlyn Dieudonne Gerara Ford
- 2. Who was Mary Ainsworth? ❏ Mary Ainsworth was born December 1, 1913 in Glendale, OH ❏ She worked with psychologist, John Bowlby, at the Tavistock Clinic in England where she started her research on maternal-infant attachments ❏ Most known for her famous "Strange Situation" assessment, which observes a child's reactions when their mother briefly leaves them in an unfamiliar room ❏ After her research, she concluded the three main attachment styles: secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant
- 3. Attachment Theory Mary Ainsworth “attachment theory” was based of the behavior children exhibited when the caregiver does not provide the necessary care or is absent. The absence from the caregiver makes the child insecure. Furthermore, the lack of a stable mother or caregiver causes the child to experiences emotional effects. Ainsworth believed that the attachment between the caregiver formed a secure base for children to explore. In addition to, caregivers being sensitive to children signals of need and patterns. Forming these securements now makes for a successful adulthood. This lead to her procedure called “The Strange Situation Experiment”. This experiment supported her theory by testing the amount of stress children displayed when a stranger was near. This lead to researches identifying four different attachment children have based on their securement with their caregiver.
- 4. Attachment Theory cont’d Stranger Situation Steps: ❏ Mother, baby and experimenter in room while baby plays. ❏ Mother and baby alone playing. ❏ Stranger joins mother and infant. ❏ Mother leaves baby and stranger alone. ❏ Mother returns and stranger leaves. ❏ Mother leaves; infant left completely alone. ❏ Stranger returns. ❏ Mother returns and stranger leaves.
- 5. Types of Attachment Secure - Describes the emotional bond between the caregiver and their children Anxious-Ambivalent Insecure - Describes children who are very suspicious of strangers and display severe distress when separated from their parents or caregiver. Comfort and reassurance do not occur when the parent or caregiver returns. Anxious-Avoidant Insecure - Describes children who completely avoid parents and caregivers. They don't seek comfort or contact. Disorganized - Describes children who express a mix of behaviors, like nervousness or avoidance, when their caregiver or parent approaches them.
- 6. Resources Cherry, K. (n.d.). Why Mary Ainsworth Is Important in Child Psychology. Retrieved October 8, 2014, from http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesal/p/ainsworth.htm McLeod, S. (2008, January 1). Mary Ainsworth | Attachment Styles | Simply Psychology. Retrieved December 15, 2014, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/mary-ainsworth.html Images retrieved from Google