Adult Attachment Analysis

Adult Attachment Analysis
Styles of Attachment. Adult attachment is typically understood by use of a two–dimensional model
that can be sorted into four quadrants: secure, dismissive, preoccupied, and fearful. (Unger & De
Luca, 2014) Secure attachment is perceived as the ideal attachment orientation, resulting in low
levels of both anxiety and avoidance, suggesting that the individual believes they are worthy of love,
are trusting of others, and have a sense of relational competence. (Muller, Gragtmans, & Baker,
2008) The other 75% of the possible attachment orientations are labeled as "insecure," implying a
lack of availability of the individual's caregivers in early infancy and either high in anxiety or
avoidance. Within insecure attachment, measures suggest three ... Show more content on
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Ainsworth and Silvia M. Bell's Strange Situation (1970), it was found that attachment behaviors
(such as proximity–seeking) can be activated by the context that the individual is in, specifically if
the situation is one that can be perceived as threatening. This study also illustrated key differences in
the way that individuals of different attachment orientations respond behaviorally, with some acting
ambivalent and some acting defensive upon the return of the caregiver. A more modern study found
similar differences in the way that individuals with different attachment styles respond emotionally,
with high anxiety orientations (such as preoccupied or fearful) being more likely to use crying as a
coping strategy than individuals with high avoidant orientations (fearful or dismissing). (Drenger,
Mikulincer, & Berant, 2016) It seemed that, for anxious individuals, crying tended to be purposeful,
with the goal of eliciting closeness and support from their attachment figures while avoidant
individuals sought to deactivate the attachment system to keep from crying, which they viewed as
threatening since it suggested vulnerability. This avoidance of vulnerability seems typical of
insecure attachment in the literature, which is repeatedly found to be strongly correlated with
"maladjustment and distress." (Lopez & Gormley, 2002, p.
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Personality Psychology Essay
John Bowlby is the person behind the theory of attachment. According to Bowlby, we are all born
with innate behaviors that draw us close to our caregivers especially in times of perceived danger.
This initial attachment behavior and the response of the caregiver to that behavior latter develop in
to a sense of security and insecurity as well as several other personality traits in adults. Therefore,
clearly defining one's attachment styles helps us understand how that person would behave in a
given circumstance. The general research question of the article was to investigate whether adult
attachment theory explains employee behavior at work. The researchers (David A. Richards and
Aaron C.H. Schat) conducted two studies so as to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. Attachment anxiety will result in better organizational citizenship behaviors than attachment
avoidance.
7. Turnover will be high in both anxiety and avoidance attachment individuals.
Based on my attachment related anxiety and avoidance scores, the attachment style I approximate is
dismissing. Dismissing attachment style is characterized by low anxiety and high avoidance
attachment. I agree with this result as I reflect upon my experiences. However, I am a bit skeptical
of some of the questions. The reason I am not fully accepting of my result is because there were
some questions that didn't apply to me, which I still had to answer. I am sure those questions have
distorted my score on both dimensions of attachment to some extent.
With the exception of prediction number 5, all the rest were either fully or partially supported by the
findings of the research. As I mentioned above, I do believe my result from the questionnaire is
accurate to a great extent. For this reason, I am inclined to trust the accuracy of measure used to
infer the study findings. For example, I can attest to the finding that supported hypothesis 5d on the
article based on my result from the questionnaire. I have scored relatively high on the attachment–
related avoidance and according to the findings on the study; attachment avoidance is negatively
associated with the support seeking behavior. Specifically hypothesis 5d states that

Secure Attachment Theory
While there are many influences that may shape a person's experience with love such as culture, one
interesting factor is the attachment style. Called the attachment theory, this theory suggest that
people used their attachment styles they had with their caregiver when they were younger and used
that as a model when pursuing a romantic relationship during adulthood. There are three infant
attachment classifications that may influence future relationships: secure attachment style,
anxious/ambivalent attachment style, and avoidance attachment style. To further elaborate on this
theory, we shall look into three people: Carly, Derek, and Jake. Each one has been exposed to
different attachment styles and as a result will experience different effects on forming intimate
relationships. First we have Carly who has report having a secure attachment classification. As a
child with a secure attachment style, young Carly would have been distressed when her parent or
caregiver left her, but would become happy upon their return. This is evidences that Carly and her
caregiver developed a sense of trust between one another, allowing them to express positive
emotions during interactions. Having been able to learn a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Also known as the preoccupied attachment style, signs of this classification can been seen when a
young Derek would become upset even before his caregiver leaves him. And when the caregiver
returns, he would have difficult calming down, showing a mixture of anger and indifference.
Children with the anxious/ambivalent attachment style has the inability to predict when and how
people will respond to their needs. Upon entering adulthood, Derek will begin to be quicker to enter
a romantic relationship with the need to be close to their partner. Derek will, however, will be prone
to worry that his partner will not return his affections and thus having his relationship being

A Qualitative Study to Show How Other Affect Individual...
A qualitative study to show how other affect individual development, using thematic analysis.
ABSTRACT This study will examine the ways that adults construct their own attachment
experiences and relationships along and how others influence these attachments and their
development. The chosen method for data collection was interviews as they provide full and detailed
data for thematic analysis. Other researchers studying within the social constructionist perspective
with a main focus on attachment found that attachment relationships are a central part of our lives,
which can stem from childhood experiences through to later adult life. There is also some evidence
to suggest environment influences an individual. Thematic analysis ... Show more content on
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This type of interview allows room for discussion and the opportunity to speak freely in answer to
the questions giving the participant a more relaxed feeling of a conversation not an interview. The
interview was videotaped as well as transcribed (see appendix one for full transcript) this provides
the researcher with two forms of data each of which would not give the complete picture on their
own. The participant was a 50 year old single British woman which ha been provided by the Open
University, who gained the consent of the participant for the materials to be used. The participant
was fully briefed before the interview and debriefed after the interview, the interviewer also
informed the participant that she had the right to withdraw from the research at any point and also
asks for the consent form to be read and signed. When the interview had been completed thematic
analysis was carried out, re–watching the videotape with the transcript to first make descriptions of
what is going on, before making interpretations of the meanings presented and finally identifying
any recurrent themes or ides throughout the

Attachment Theory : A Deep Emotional Bond
Attachment theory is a deep emotional bond that connects the child to the caregiver across time and
space. The child is attached by specific behaviors in children, such a seeking proximity with a
primary caregiver when the parent is upset or threatened. The types of attachment styles are secure
attachment; Preoccupied attachment; Dismissing Attachment; and "Unresolved for Trauma or Loss'
Attachment (Levy, Ellison, Scott, & Bernecker, 2011). The Secure attachment are when children or
adults are open to explore their surroundings and relationships. People tend to be open,
collaborative, committed, compliant, trusting of therapists, and able to integrate their therapist's
comments (Levy, Ellison, Scott, & Bernecker, 2011). Children form an emotional attachment to an
adult who is attuned to them, who is sensitive and responsive in their interactions with adults.
During the second year, the child begins to use this adult as a secure base from which to explore the
world and become more independent. Secure attachment has been linked with positive development
outcome for children in many areas (Siegel, 2014). Children are emotionally attuned, and have
consistent continent communication with their parents or caregivers (Siegel, 2014). Preoccupied
Attachment are clients that are interpersonally engaged, they are easier to treat. They are eager to
discuss their worries and relationship difficulties as well as their personal problems. Clients tend to
make chaotic and contradictory

Mary Main was Ainssowrth student. She therefore introduced...
Mary Main was Ainssowrth student. She therefore introduced another fourth category of attachment
styles with her attachment studies with adults. During her longitudinal research project alongside her
colleague Goldwyn on middle class children's attachment styles, they found that about 79% of the
time attachment styles remained constant from 18 months to 6 years of age (in Brandell & Ringel,
2007,). However in their observations about 5%) that did not fit into Ainsworth's classification of
attachment styles, which they called 'disorganized/disoriented attachment' (Main & Solomon, 1986,
1990). These children were fearful and engaged in repetitive or aggressive behaviors. Their
behaviors at reunion were unpredictable. They displayed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Dismissive: These adults did not remember much about their childhood memories. They were
reluctant to talk about their pasts. Although they described their parents as perfect, they displayed
examples of the opposite. Most of these adults, had children who were avoidantly attached.
Preoccupied: These adults were still highly occupied with their pasts and were still full of hurt and
anger. They had difficulties in separating emotionally from their parents and past memories. Their
children were mostly ambivalently attached. Unresolved–disorganized: This type of attachment was
associated with loss and trauma. It is similar to the disorganized attachment style of children. These
adults exhibited unresolved and disoriented mental state with irrational beliefs, extreme behaviors,
denial of the loss or abuse, and inability to integrate the loss or trauma. 2.2.4 Daniel Siegel
According to Siegel (2001) attachment relationship between a child and primary caregiver seriously
influence the structure of the developing brain which impacts on its function. Siegel noted that
integration referred to the process by which functional separate parts of the brain become grouped
together to form a functional whole. Therefore Siegel (2001) when a child is exposed to poor
attachment experiences, the experiences he called suboptimal attachment experiences then
integration is negatively affected. Essentially, when children go

The Effects of Attachment Style on Adult Romantic...
The Effects of Attachment Style on Adult Romantic Relationships Abstract Individual attachment
style and its effects on adult romantic relationships were examined. The hypothesis of this literature
review was that insecure attachment style would negatively affect the overall dynamic of adult
romantic relationships while secure attachment would promote positive and healthy romantic
relationships. Empirical studies looking at attachment style and relationship issues such as one's
views of self and others, communication, sexual intimacy, childhood family dynamic and God were
evaluated. Reviews of studies were in line with the hypothesis indicating that insecure attachment
does negatively affect the overall dynamic of romantic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, those who are disorganized–disoriented, show very inconsistent, confused behavior to their
caregivers. Adult Attachment Styles Kim Bartholomew took Bowlby's theory a step further and
proposed four styles of adult attachment based on working models of self and others (Lyddon &
Sherry, 2001). These styles were secure, preoccupied, dismissing and fearful. Secure adults feel self
worth and expect other people to be trustworthy. Preoccupied adults feel unworthy but feel better
about other people. Dismissing adults feel they are worthy but have a negative view of others. And
fearfully attached adults tend to feel unworthy and untrusting of others (Lyddon & Sherry, 2001).
All of the styles noted except for secure would also fall under the broader category of insecure.
Psychologist Phillip Shaver expanded upon Bowlby's theory too and stated that the attachments
formed in one's infancy extend to adult romantic relationships (Feldman, 2011). According to
Shaver, securely attached adults enter into romantic relationships confidently and happily. They also
tend to be supportive and sensitive to their partner's needs. Those who have avoidant attachment
style tend to be less into relationships and feel lonelier. Ambivalent or anxiously attached adults tend
to be too invested in their relationships, have low self–esteem, and often are intrusive rather then
helpful when

Hazan And Shaver's Approach To Adult Romantic Attachment...
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In present generation, we can observe that adolescents being young and flexible have specific ways
of handling the kinds of relationship they are into. Generally, they are known to be incredibly active
in exploring, engaging and developing relationships either in a friendship level or romantic level.
Moreover, building relationships is essential in one's life, it has the ability to influence positively in
terms of psychological and physical well–being (Moore & Leung, 2002). However, individuals also
experience relationship setbacks and stumble upon undesirable situations. In other words, these
established relationships may also lead to dilemmas when negative situations arises, such as break–
ups, loss of a loved one, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are widely varying culture and ethnic groups that possess distinct cultural principles and
attachment styles which is believed to have a deep influence in romantic preferences (Hatfield &
Rapson, 1995). Eastern and Western culture clearly varies in two basic principles, specifically,
individualism and collectivism (Hofstede, 1980; Phinney, Ong, & Madden, 2000; Triandis,
Bontempo, &Villareal, 1988).
In individualism, from its root word "individual", highlights the rights and the significance of one's
goals. While, collectivism emphasizes the rights and welfare of the group that a person belongs to
(Lalonde, Hynie, Pannu & Tatla, 2004). To name a few, individualistic nationalities include
European–Americans, the intermediate in individualism and collectivism are Americans and Pacific
Islanders, and Chinese–Americans were considered to be collectivist (Doherty et. al.,

Adult Attachment Interview
In relation to the Adult Attachment Interview, one study focused on the states of mind and previous
traumas of 70 neglectful or high risk mothers using a coding system called Hostile–Helpless (HH).
This coding system for the Adult Attachment Interview according to Milot (2014),was developed to
capture disorganized attachment states of mind that would result from childhood relational trauma."
(P.1351)The mothers were accessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, while results were
coded from interview transcripts. The results of this study showed that there was a high prevalence
of disorganized attachment states within the sample observed. Almost all of the mothers revealed a
form of previous trauma, and in many causes reporting multiple ... Show more content on
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This is essential for a variety of reasons, including the importance of the caregivers understanding of
the origins of the child's behavior and how to use interventions to benefit the child. Another reason
is so the child is able to effectively use what they learned in therapy outside of treatment. The
caregivers presence is beneficial because the child almost always,lacks the capacity to both
internalize and generalize the benefits of therapy into their own social sphere (Zilberstein,
2010,p.89) A caregiver has the ability to help the child incorporate any skills and experiences
cultivated in therapy in their everyday environments, and can also help to manage behavior. Case
studies support the significance of a caregivers presence, suggesting that outcomes have a tendency
to be less successful when an attachment figure is not able to participate in treatment. (Zilberstein,

Adult Attachment Styles By Mary Ainsworth
Adult Attachment Styles The attachment style that an individual exhibits as an infant can affect their
adult romantic relationships. An attachment pattern is established in early childhood attachments
and continues to function as a working model for relationships in adulthood. This model of
attachment influences how each of us reacts to our needs and how we go about getting them met.
The ability to recognize one 's attachment can help someone to understand their strengths and
vulnerabilities in a relationship. Psychologist, Mary Ainsworth, provided the most famous body of
research offering explanations of individual differences in attachment. She devised as assessment
technique called the Strange Situation Classification to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As an adult people with dismissive avoidant attachment have the tendency to emotionally distance
themselves from their partner. They deny the importance of loved ones and detach easily from them.
They can shut down emotionally and are able to turn off their feelings. Preoccupied / Ambivalent
Attachment occurs because parents are inconsistently available to the child. This can result in a high
degree of attachment – seeking behavior, mixed with angry feelings. As an adult, people tend to
become clingy and demanding toward their partner. Instead of feeling real love or trust toward their
partner they look to their partner for a sense of safety and security by clinging to their partner. They
often feel unsure of their partner 's feelings and unsafe in their relationship. Unresolved /
Disorganized Attachment the child has an unusually high level of fear and might be disoriented,
which can be caused by a traumatic event such as a parent 's death or abuse. A person with a fearful
disorganized attachment lives in an ambivalent state of being afraid of being both too close to or too
distant from others. They tend to be mixed up or unpredictable in their moods and experience
emotional storms. The attachment styles and close relationships questionnaire that I completed,
based on my

The Impact Of Child Sexual Abuse On Attachment
Impact of Child Sexual Abuse on Attachment The current research shows that child sexual abuse has
a long–lasting impact on attachment style from early childhood continuing into adulthood. Fresno et
al. (2014) were interested in the attachment representations in preschool aged children in Chile
because few studies focus on CSA survivors that young and the results of those few studies have not
been conclusive. Past studies have found inconsistent results; some studies have determined a CSA
is directly linked to insecure attachment representations in survivors, and other studies have found
no differences in self–representation among children with CSA history and non–abused children and
furthermore, children who were sexually abused had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like Fresno et al., Meyer et al. (2017) found a direct relationship between CSA and attachment
style–this time following survivors into adulthood. Meyer et al. were interested in the persistent
complications of CSA into adulthood, including adult attachment styles. They hypothesized that
CSA directly leads to insecure attachment, especially avoidant and anxious attachment, which in
return results in maladaptive emotion regulation and inappropriate behaviors. They also
hypothesized that women who experienced CSA would be closely associated with anxious
attachment and CSA men would be associated with avoidant attachment. Meyer et al. explored this
by administering an online survey advertised to local college campuses, community organizations,
mental health counseling groups, and local 12–step sexual addiction treatment groups. The survey
measured attachment style outcome using the Close Relationships Scale. Out of 751 participants,
129 or 16% of participants reported experiencing CSA (32 males and 97 females). The results
showed that those with CSA in their history were more likely to have an anxious adult attachment,
and surprisingly found no relationship for avoidant attachment. This is a direct relationship between
CSA history and insecure adult attachment, and was found to not be mediated by gender. There were
no gender differences as both men and women were likely to

How Has Bowlby’s Original Formulation of Attachment Theory...
Bowlby's (1946) original formulation of attachment theory drew upon both psychoanalytic and
ethological theory and generated a significant amount of subsequent research. The core principle
behind Bowlby's theory was that the formation of a stable, healthy attachment with a caregiver in
the early years of life is the key for an infants' future emotional, social and cognitive development.
Bowlby explained that this primary attachment relationship develops because infants need a
mechanism to ensure survival. Attachment is therefore an adaptive behaviour which ensures the
infant receives food, security and a safe base from which to explore the world. Several innate
behaviours have evolved in order to elicit caregiving such as crying and ... Show more content on
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When children have an IWM of themselves as valued and understood coupled with an IWM of
significant others being responsive and predictable, they will have an increased sense of security and
a more optimistic opinion of social relationships accompanied by higher levels of self–esteem and
self–confidence. These qualities characterise children who are securely attached. The level of
security in the first attachment relationship is thought to be the most influential component in the
formation of children's internal working models (IWM) of relationships, helping to shape future
interpersonal bonds. The 'Strange Situation' technique (Ainsworth (1978) provides a standardised
means of assessing the strength or quality of the kind of attachment relationships described by
Bowlby. The Strange Situation consists of eight episodes. A mother and an infant of about 12
months of age are introduced to a playroom within a laboratory, where they are later joined by an
unfamiliar woman. While the stranger plays with the infant, the mother leaves briefly and then
returns. A second separation ensures during which the infant is completely alone. Finally, the
stranger and then the mother return. The key events are the parent's departure and return, and the
infant's behaviour in response which led to Ainsworth identifying three attachment types:– Type

Relationship Between Sexual And Sexual Satisfaction
The Issue: Romantic relationships are a prominent feature in many people's lives. Some romantic
relationships are healthy and others are not. Using the attachment perspective to predict relationship
and sexual satisfaction, is an ongoing theme in psychology. The attachment perspective can provide
knowledge and research opportunities to better understand the effects of attachment types on
romantic relationships. This report specifically focuses on the effects of avoidant attachment
individuals. Individuals labeled as avoidant tend to feel uncomfortable with closeness and emotional
intimacy (Butzer & Campbell, 2008) and are found to be less invested in their relationships and
strive to remain independent (Hazan & Shaver, 1994). By understanding the negative effects of
avoidant attachment in relationships, therapists can help guide couples to a more satisfying
relationship. Definitions: Attachment perspective – The quality of infant–parent attachment/quality
of caregiving affects a child's later relationships and emotional state. Three major types – secure,
anxious, and avoidant. Avoidant attachment – Caregivers show more rejecting behaviors, display
self–comforting strategies in turn the child tends to be independent and less support seeking. What
Science Tells Us: Attachment history Attachment, originally proposed by Bowlby, refers to the
sensitivity of caregiving. For example, if a mother is consistent and appropriately available for her
child, the child forms a

The Influence of Parenting Styles and Attachment Styles on...
Many human developmental psychologists will agree that the attachment styles and parenting styles
a child receives is the design for the rest of their relationships. The relationship an infant or child has
with the primary caregiver is the most important because their adult behaviors are directly
influenced from these experiences. This is the basic theory of attachment styles that states that the
earliest bonds a child forms correlates to the kinds of relationships people form as adults. Families
are the first social interactions that infants and children have. Before Mary Ainsworth, a
developmental psychologist, people underestimated the importance of a parents/caregivers role on a
child's development and how that development affected their future. Ainsworth conducted a research
experiment in 1978 that questioned the types of attachment styles of infants. Between Ainsworth
and her colleagues they identified three different patterns. The attachment styles are secure, anxious
or ambivalent, and avoidant. Each specific attachment style demonstrates specific types of adult
attachment styles. Depending on which one the child was exposed to depends on which adult
attachment style they will likely endure. Adult attachment styles vary from infant attachment styles
in that they fearful and dismissing, preoccupied, and secure. Children's attachment styles come from
a combination of social learning and biological influences. Their caregiver's behavior and
interactions towards

Relationship Between Platonic And Romantic Relationships
The transition from childhood to emerging adulthood consists of a unique and distinctive period in
an individual's life regarding their network of platonic and romantic relationships. Extra–familial
relationships become more central in an individual's social world; thus, an individual's capacity for
intimate relationships begins to develop with both friends and romantic partners (Allen & Land,
1999). Simultaneously, a romantic partner quickly becomes the focus in one's relationship hierarchy
(Collins & van Dulmen, 20006). Each emerging adult's relationship quality as well as their
attachment bond with their romantic partners constitutes a primary role in their transition into
adulthood (Arnett, 2000), and it is also important in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Previous studies have indicated that sexual intimacy, or lack thereof, can be a source of instability or
dissatisfaction in relationships. Romantic relationship instability is a common problem in western
civilization as evidenced by recent divorce rates across the nation (Ceners for Disease Control and
Prevention [CDC], 2012). Currently, the United States has the highest divorce rate of any Western
Nation, with a divorce rate of 6.8 per 1,000 individuals in 2012 (CDC, 2012). Approximately one–
half of all first marriages end in dissolution in the United States, and even higher rates of divorce are
present for second marriages (Broman, 2002). Additionally, those who cohabitate and are not
married are more likely to separate than those who are married (Kiernan, 200). However, rates of
divorce tend to underestimate the problem relating to relationship distress and dissatisfaction given
that some couples choose to remain in their relationships even when they perceive their relationship
to be of poor satisfaction and/or stability (Karney & Bradbury, 1995). Interestingly enough, the
sexuality of sexual–minority (lesbian, bisexual, queer, unlabeled, questioning, etc.) females who are
currently in a committed relationship has received little to no

A Long Lasting Impact On Romantic Relationships
In the field of developmental psychology, the attachment theory has been a key point to help
researchers understand how relationships are formed between people after it was first proposed by
Bowlby (1973) such as romantic relationships based on the premise of different attachment styles
found (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). However, the results regarding if infancy attachment styles
affect adult romantic relationships is mixed, thus the main focus of this paper will be to see that
various attachment styles present in infancy does have a long lasting impact on romantic
relationships in adulthood. According to Bowlby (1973), all infants own a prepared a built–in
psychobiological system that stimulates them to look out for their attachment ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The secure attachment is defined by people who are willing to be close and depend on people and
scoring low on both dimensions (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Next, the anxious–ambivalent
attachment style are those who crave for being close to their partner exaggeratingly and have fears
that they would be deserted by scoring high in anxiety but low in avoidance (Bartholomew &
Horowitz, 1991). The fearful–avoidant attachment style that crave and dread being close to their
partner by scoring high on the anxiety and avoidance dimensions, while the dismissing–avoidant
attachment style where they prefer to be independent and uphold emotional distance from their
partners and scoring high in avoidance but low in anxiety (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). A
study conducted by Waters, Merrick, Treboux, Crowell & Albersheim (2000) involved having a total
of 50 Caucasian participants who were first assessed in the Strange Situation when they were 1 year
old being interviewed two decades later utilizing the Berkeley Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). It
was found that 72 % of the participants possessed the same attachment style that they did when they
were 1 year old, showing that attachment styles tend to remain steady in people's lives (Waters et al.,
2000). A strength of the study was that

Discuss the Influence of Childhood on Adult Relationships....
Discuss the influence of childhood on adult relationships. (24 Marks)
Many attachment psychologists argue that early relationships with our primary caregivers provide
the foundation for later adult relationships. Bowlby called this the continuity hypothesis. This is the
claim that early relationship experiences continue in later adult relationships.
According to the attachment theory, young children develop an 'internal working model' from their
first relationship with their primary carer. This is then the basis on which they consider what is
acceptable in future relationships and whether they are able to trust or rely other individuals (based
on preconceptions from previous relationships). Young children also develop characteristic ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They devised a 'love quiz' in a local newspaper, asking readers to describe their feelings and
experiences about romantic relationships and their childhood relationships with parents. They found
a strong correlation between childhood and adult relationship patterns: for example, insecure–
avoidant types doubted the existence of love, feared closeness and found it hard to forgive;
insecure–resistant types were intensely emotional, jealous and untrusting; and secure types believed
in love, were very trusting and liked being close to others.
However it is unlikely that our attachment types as children are fixed. Life events, such as divorce
of parents or loss of a loved one, can cause a 'securely attached' child to become 'insecure', therefore
it is unrealistic to say that our early relationships determine whether or not we have successful long–
lasting relationships.
Also, this is a very deterministic view. It suggests that we have no control over the effect our
childhood has on our future and that we do not have free will. (For example the idea that because a
child was abused, when they grow up they 'will' become abusers is not only is this untrue, but it
plays on the idea that we have no power over who we become.)
Relationships with peers also have an influence on later adult relationships. Peers become more
influential as a child progresses into adolescence, playing a significant role in an individual

Adult Attachment Theory
Take a few minutes to think about a moment in time where everything was perfect, where
everything made sense, where all was right in the world. A moment that made people cry with joy or
laugh until they hurt. Was it the sight of a child being born? Maybe a beautiful sunrise early in the
morning where all the colors bounce off the sky? Maybe it was on a wedding day where a person
said, "I do" to someone they loved. Now, heartbreakingly take that moment and think of the worst
possible situation that could have happened. Whether someone was in a car accident because of the
sunrise, or the child was stillborn, or maybe the person changed their mind on their wedding day.
That pit in a person's stomach, that loss of breath, the agony of not understanding ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They include many different aspects and the aspects reflect the category system brought on by a
person and/or shared by a group. It is hierarchical, starting at academic to non–academic areas and
then to general self–concept. Self–concept by itself is stable but as in decreases on the hierarchy the
less stable it becomes. As people go, from infancy to maturity, self–concept begins at a general state
to evolving into more specific. These constructs both describe and evaluate. It can be differentiated
from other constructs such as academic achievement (Shavelson and Bolus 1981). To begin the one
particular item that connects these two theories is response, but what makes them different is that
response. Adult Attachment Theory is a spouse's response due to the attachment injury. They
respond by becoming more shut down and less respondent. They could go from being in the secure
in their attachment ability to being anxious and so on. In the theory of Self–Concept, they respond
by how they feel about themselves. Where as in Adult Attachment the person is responding by how
their husband/wife first responded to

The Common Romantic Relationship Relationships
Most of the adults in this world are involved in a romantic relationship or will be eventually. The
most common romantic relationship includes the sexual dating relationship, the domestic
partnership, and the marriage. The adults or partners involved in these relationships inevitably reach
a point of conflict and how they react to the conflict can show whether the partners are a securely,
avoidant, or anxious attached person. The securely attached adults usually have a positive view
when dealing with relationship issues. Whereas, an avoidant attached adults are more hesitant and
distance themselves from their partner. Adults who tend to be more emotional, jealous, and
possessive and demand closeness have an anxious attachment. People should strive for the secure
attachment style for the best satisfaction level, commitment level, and ability to adapt to change in
their romantic relationship, that is what most of the adults have and most want their partner to be the
same. Many theorist noticed that there tended to be a pattern with the attachment styles that people
have as adults to what attachment style they had as children. John Bowlby designed the Attachment
Theory to explain the bond between a child and people serving in the caregiver role (Feldman,
2011). In 1987, Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver applied Bowlby's views on attachment to include the
bonds between adults and their romantic partners (Nudson–martin, 2012). Hazan and Shaver viewed
attachment in adult romantic

The Erikson 's Human Development Theory
The discontinuity of attachment style from infancy to later life
Cheung Ka Ho
43751916
The University of Queensland
According to Erikson's human development theory, there were eight distinct stages in human
growth, each stage was unique and special (Rosenthal, Gurney & Moore, 1981). The first critical
period was infancy, which could be influenced by the attachment they received from their
caregivers. Attachment was a continuing emotional bond that formed between infants and their
caregivers (Weems, Berman, Silverman & Rodriguez, 2002). Caretaker built up the connection with
infant by using different attachment styles. In order to measure attachment style, a laboratory
measure called strange situation would be used to evaluated ... Show more content on
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Fraley (2002) hypothesized that prototype perspective brought huge influence to child development,
early experience of infants retained stalely over a long period of time and affected their future
behavior. Whether the effect of attachment style stably processed after infancy was still uncertain.
Hamilton (2000) conducted a family lifestyle project on the continuity of attachment style. The
sample size of this test was two hundred and five American families including fifty–one two parent
families, fifty–three social contract couple, twenty–six families in domestic living groups, forty–five
single mothers and thirty families in creedal communes. When infants were twelve months old,
strange situation was used to test the attachment style of infants. As an outcome, one hundred and
fifty–three secure oriented, thirty avoidant oriented, nineteen resistant oriented infants were found.
When infants grew up, they received an adolescent version of adult attachment interview which
measured the adolescence attachment style. Negative life event was an important factor in this test,
the study focused on the correlation of the change in attachment style and the life events.
Participants and their parents were asked information related to their change of life. Especially for
parents, they were

Adult Attachment Styles
Attachment research has predominately thought of attachment as a single personality trait constant
across relationships. Early research on adult attachment was based on the thought that individual
differences were categorical and that people fell into one of several different attachment styles, such
as secure, avoidant, or anxious–ambivalent. Although the categorical model continues to guide
much of attachment research, it is now challenged by the dimensional model of adult attachment
styles. The current study uses modern taxometric methods to compare the two models to see if
adults have a categorical attachment style or a dimensional attachment style. The Experiences in
Close Relationships–Relationships Structure Questionnaire (ECR–RS) was used to measure
attachment in a variety of relationship type including parental, romantic partners, and nonromantic
best friends. The ECR–RS was also used to assess general attachment styles. Participants were
recruited online, and two samples were collects for both exploratory and conformity ... Show more
With the MAXCOV program covariance between two indicators are examined to see if they are a
function of a third factor. The study examined if the characteristic of relationship avoidance is more
compatible with a categorical model verse a dimensional model. Six items on the ECR–RS were
used to assess global avoidance. The MAXCOV curve indicated avoidance better fit with a
dimensional model than a categorical model. The study then examined relationship anxiety, three
items on the ECR–RS were used to assess global anxiety. As with avoidance the data is better
predicted by the dimensional model in comparison to the categorical model. Separate taxometric
analyses was performed for indicators of avoidance and anxiety within each of the four relationship
domains. The data indicated all four domains were better explained with the dimensional

My Mother Has Been The Primary Caregiver
My mother has been the primary caregiver to myself and my sister who is two years older. My
mother was a single parent, who worked two to three jobs at a time, which did in a way affect our
experiences throughout childhood. I cannot remember my childhood from when I was very little but
do have memories from the age of 5 and onward. As I child, I remember having the opportunity to
explore the outdoors around me. These exploring adventures had the appropriate supervision if it
was needed; however I remember many things being experienced without my mother next to me or
around. My mother had built a strong, trusting attachment with me during my young childhood
years in which allowed me to go exploring and come back within a decent time frame. When I
returned I remember doing a "check in" with my mother where my sister and I would tell her all of
my exciting stories. My mother promoted her children to have safe amounts of independence in
which I was to learn new things by experiencing them, and being able to know if I needed anything I
could always run back to my mother who would be there waiting. These exploring adventures
occurred mostly when we lived in St.Annes, and once we had moved back to the city as a family the
exploring had more guidelines and rules. My mother was always loving and caring towards me
during my young childhood years she would kiss my boo boos better, sing songs, allow me to crawl
into her bed, make events overly special even if I had just lost a tooth.

Infant Attachment Styles Essay
Do these adult styles seem to map well to the infant attachment styles? An infant's attachment style
is that of security and attachment to their guardian and using the guardian as a security model for
exploration. The guardians of attachment tend to be receptive and cognoscente to their emotions so
they can be explorative. In the same way these adult styles are similar their attachment method is
available when they have a secure base. The attachment needs are quintessential. How much
continuity in styles would you expect to exist across the lifespan? The concepts of attachment and
security are relevant as infants and relevant as adults. Particularly in children one year to three years'
attachment is formed very quickly. Human attachment is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Research has shown that attachment avoidance has been related to a mother's expression. If she was
angry or unhappy there is a possibility that the child will have attachment avoidance. Attachment
anxiety is related to how the child processes the expression of the parent's face. Children have an
open way of processing the expression on their parent's face with how they feel attached to the
parent. Attachment expectations are connected with how the child processes the expressions that
their parents are giving off. The children follow the parent's eyes in particular to understand the
emotional expressions the parent has. Children who feel more safety attached to their parents tend to
look at their faces

Relationship Between Female And Young Adult Couples And...
This current study investigates the relationship between both members of pregnant adolescent and
young adult couples and romantic attachment style and depressive symptoms. This study was
conducted by Desrosiers, Sipsma, Callands, and Hansens (2007) at Yale University. Before
conducting the study, surveys were gathered a random places of participants of varying ages, but it
was found inconsistent. The participants were found at the local obstetrics and gynecology, and
ultrasound clinics, which were selected based on proximity and population served. Of the 944
couples screened possible couples, 413 were eligible, and 296 of the couples enrolled into the study.
All of the 296 participants in this study were young adult females and their male ... Show more
The lack of resources, social support, and challenges in attaining educational goals, increased the
vulnerability of the depressive symptoms/disorders that occur during adolescence, (Eshbaugh,
Lempers, & Luze, 2006). The depressive symptoms were found more in women than men, although
symptoms of depression during the prenatal period were also exhibited by the male partners.
Prenatal depressive symptoms in men have been associated with depression in their female partners,
suggesting the possibility of reciprocal influence (Field et al., 2006). Preliminary findings suggest
that the younger the father the more the significant the depressive symptoms found in the men.
Factors that contributed to depressive symptoms negative parent–child relationships and
abandonment issues. It was reported that the samples of the young adult participants were reported
to have an increased insecure romantic attachment. The attachment was assessed by a process called
36–item Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory. Which is a questionnaire that is used to
evaluate the construct of the attachment between the young couples. The participants have to rate 36
statements on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly disagree). Of those 36 items, 17 were
avoidant attachment and 19 were anxious attachment. Avoidant attachment is the tendency to
emotionally distance oneself from their partner and anxious attachment is the tendency to form a
bond

Exploring How Parental Divorce Before the Age of Six...
The likelihood of a person's marriage ending in divorce presently stands at fifty–percent in the
United States. As a consequence many children will go through the divorce process as well. What is
important to note is that many children go through divorce before the age of six and this is very
significant to their development. Most importantly from infancy through the early years of life
(preschool years), children are working on forming secure attachments. There have not been many
studies done about the impact of divorce on children younger than six years old. Only one study was
found where child participants were aged 3 to 6 years (Nair, & Murray, 2005). The few that have
found interesting results, discuss how divorce prior to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Regarding divorce and its affects on attachment theory, Rogers (2004) reviewed how divorce often
leads to the separation from an attachment figure and the affects this has on a young child. The
interruption in development of the parent–child relationship seems to be most harmful to children
under the age of six post–divorce. The separation can cause a disruption in the development of an
attachment figure (Emery, 1999). Risk and protective factors that are commonly associated with
post divorce adjustment in young children were also looked at. The experience of parental divorce
may possibly affect the way an adult recalls early relationships and with parents. This appears to
have an adverse impact on participants' recollection of early bonds but not on current adult
attachment orientations (Lopez, Melendez, 2000). Those children with insecure attachments post–
divorce may or may not be at higher risk for divorce themselves as adults. In fact, in many studies it
os the children who had formed secure attachments as children that are more likely to divorce in
adulthood. In one study children from divorced families who were classified as secure had a very
low rate of divorce and that the group most likely to divorce within the first 6 years of marriage
were those who were classified as Secure in their attachment relationships to parents but insecure
and unhappy in their relationships with the partner (Crowell, Treboux and Brockmeyer,

Effects Of Disorganized Attachmentment
A typical caregiver's behavior can reflect on how they grew up. Evidence suggest that caregiver's
who perform atypical behaviors often have a history of dealing with some type of unresolved trauma
(Benoit, 2004). According to research, 15% of babies have little psychosocial risk do to their parent
and or guardians experiencing a certain trauma in their early on life (Benoit, 2004). Young adults
who had experienced disorganized attachment with their own caregiver as an infant, have higher
levels of overall psychopathology at 17 years of age (Benoit,2004). A previous situation of
disorganized attachment can result in a child being impaired to operation skills and self–regulation.
However, according to Lyons–Ruth's study found that 25% of ... Show more content on
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Children with disabilities tend to grow slower than most children, making additional difficulties like
being less likely to be social and higher stress levels. This can lead to a negative affect on the
mother–child attachment process (Malekpour, 2007). Being a parent to a child with disabilities can
take on many challenges, causing stress, fear, and anger. However, there are some strategies for
parents to develop their early on attachment patterns with their children. Showing emotions, using
your general motor skills like touching, and being alert are other strategies to build attachment with
their disabled child (Malekpour, 2007). Whether you grew up with organized or disorganized
attachment, every type effects how you handle relationships as an adult. Rising studies show that
connection early on has a sufficient role in adulthood bonds (Morris & Weiss, 1982). The process of
studying infant to adult attachment was mainly started by two men named Hazan and Shaver in
1987. Shaver and Hazen (1988) connected their theory to past establishments of how we love. They
also gave sufficient support for the three different attachment types. Positive characteristics in
relationships correlate to secure attachment; Couples who show less intimacy and happiness tend to
be involved in avoidant attachment; anxious–ambivalent attachment correlates to couples who show
no satisfaction, except intimacy. (Feeney & Noller, 1990). Thanks to all the data and studies collects

The Relationship Between Adult Attachment Classification...
Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between adult attachment
classification and symptoms of depression. By assessing adult attachment classifications in this
study it is proposed it will identify individuals at risk to depressive symptoms and help in gaining a
better understanding of the types of treatment interventions that may be most effective given an
individual's attachment style. One hundred undergraduate students will complete two online
questionnaires each, with one on adult attachment and one on depression. Data on age and gender
will also be collected. It is hypothesized that participants with a preoccupied or fearful style
(negative view of self) will have higher levels of depression symptoms ... Show more content on
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Secure adults consider themselves as worthy of the concern, care, and affection of others; perceive
significant others as being accessible, reliable, trustworthy, and well intentioned; and tend to have
relationships characterised by intimacy and trust. Adults with an avoidant attachment style tend to
deny their own emotional needs for attachment and perceive others as untrustworthy, thereby
limiting their capacity for developing truly intimate relationships. Adults with anxious–preoccupied
attachment styles have negative working models of themselves and positive models of significant
others, such that their relationships are characterized by worry about abandonment, hyper vigilance,
and jealousy (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Levy & & Davis, 1988).
Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) developed a Relationships Questionnaire (RQ) which is a self–
report instrument is designed to assess adult attachment within Bartholomew's (1990) four–category
framework. Styles A and B correspond to the secure and fearful–avoidant attachment patterns,
respectively. Styles C and D correspond to the preoccupied and dismissing–avoidant attachment
patterns respectively. Both the fearful and preoccupied adult attachment styles have been found to
be associated with depression (Carnelley et al., 1994). The core purpose of study is to look into the
relationship between adult attachment classification and the symptoms of depression in an adult
population,

Adult Attachment Style And Forgiveness
Adult Attachment Style & Forgiveness. Adult attachment style may be a key component in
understanding an individual's willingness to forgive a partner after a transgression. Attachment
behavior is dependent on the impact of the close relationships individuals' have experienced starting
from childhood. Adult attachment styles include: secure attachment, characterized by a
comfortableness with both intimacy and independence in romantic relationships; anxious–
preoccupied attachment, encompassing a strong desire for intimacy and attention from a partner;
dismissive–avoidant attachment, including a desire for independence, suppression of feelings, and
denial of the need for intimate relationships; and fearful–avoidant attachment, including a desire to
have emotionally close relationships, but also possessing an inability to express emotions, display
affection, and also illustrating mistrust of the intents of a partner.
There is considerable evidence that attachment security is associated with many cognitive,
emotional, and social benefits, and contributes to positive adjustment by fostering an open, flexible,
and optimistic approach to life's diverse and often unpredictable challenges, coined as ego–
resilience (Block & Block, 1980; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2008). This suggests that repeated
experiences in secure attachment relationships may allow for organization and optimization of
emotion–regulation strategies, which are aimed at alleviating distress and maintaining comfortable,

Relationship Between A Parent And A Child
Introduction When imagining the relationship between a parent and a child, one usually envisions a
caring mother or father cradling an infant in their arms, playing games with a toddler, or even
teaching a school age child to read. These caring images are one of positivity and optimism. Indeed,
familial relationships of this nature are rather typical for the typical supportive family, but what can
happen when the family is not of typical form? When the picture takes on a dark undertone, say a
tone of physical or emotional abuse or neglect, how might the relationships between a caregiver and
child be affected? This relationship is described as attachment, which is the relational pattern a child
begins to develop in infancy with at least one primary caregiver (Lehman, Jegtvig 2004). Within the
first example, the child develops a relatively normal, healthy attachment; however, within the
second scenario where abuse or neglect is present, children may form a type of attachment know as
Reactive Attachment Disorder, or RAD (Lehman, Jegtvig 2004). This disorder has profound
implications for the child's overall development. Defining Reactive Attachment Disorder Reactive
Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a relational pattern characteristic of children who have learned not to
trust, rely on, help, or love another human being (Lehman, Jegtvig 2004). Children who have
developed this attachment do not reach out to one specific caregiver for support, and do not show
preference for

Attachment Styles And Its Effect On Adult Romantic...
Attachment Styles and its Effect on Adult Romantic Relationships Attachment is a deep and
enduring emotional bond that connects a caregiver to their child. The relationship between the
caregiver and the child plays a vital role in the child's behavior, mind, and emotions at any time in
their life, from child to adulthood. A child's attachment style is developed through childhood
experiences. Depending on the style of attachment influences how a person reacts to their needs and
how they go about getting them met. When there is a secure attachment individuals are confident
and independent and know how to get theirs and their significant others needs met. However, when
there is an insecure attachment individuals express anxious, avoidant, and ambivalent behaviors,
which makes them unsure of what type of romantic partner they need in their life to satisfy, love,
and accept them. While many believe that a person's attachment style does not impact their
relationships, I conceive that a child's attachment style affects everything in their adult romantic
relationships. From their partner selection to how well their relationship progresses and how it ends.
The attachment theory was developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Bowlby believed that
attachment begins at infancy and continues throughout life and there are early family relationships
that effect personality development. (Bowlby, 1991) For example, maternal separation and
deprivation at an early age. Like Bowlby,

Effects Of Adult Attachment Styles On American College...
Konrath, S.H., Chopik, W.J., Hsing, C.K., & O'Brien, E. (2014). Changes in adult attachment styles
in American college students over time: A meta–analysis. Personality and Social Psychology
Review, 18(4), 326–348. doi: 10.1177/1088868314530516 In the world of psychology, we often
associate the words "secure attachment" with early psychological studies examining children's
attachment to their caregivers. However, more recent research by Konrath, Chopik, Hsing, &
O'Brien (2014) focuses instead on the various types of attachments that adult individuals form with
others and how these attachments may be changing across generations. In this study, Konrath et al.
(2014) found an increase in the proportion of insecure attachment styles, particularly the dismissive
attachment style. This study defined these attachment styles according to how a person views
oneself and others. In secure attachment styles, people hold positive views both of themselves and
others. In dismissive attachment, the self is viewed favourably while others are viewed in a negative
fashion (Konrath et al., 2014). The increase in dismissive attachment therefore corresponds to a
decrease in a positive view of others across time. These findings by Konrath et al. (2014) may have
implications going forward as our society faces the possibility of increased detachment and a
weakening of the social bonds that define humanity as a whole. May, A.L., & Stone, C.A. (2010).
Stereotypes of individuals with learning

Analysis Of Bartholomew & Quot ; An Adult Attachment Model
Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) developed an adult attachment model conceptualized through the
understanding that a person's image of the self and the other is dichotomized as positive or negative.
Through this framework they developed four dimensions, that range from a combination of
understanding the self as worthy of love or not and seeing other people as trustworthy or unreliable.
This paper will focus on one dimension, dismissive attachment, and how the behaviors, thoughts,
and feelings associated with this group disrupts the fundamental need for meaningful connections to
people. Baumeister & Leary (1995) developed the Need to Belong Theory, which states that people
have a pervasive drive to form and maintain stable interpersonal ... Show more content on
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Those experiences with the caretaker are internalized and become a model for attachment
expectations in later relationships. Attachment styles provide internal working models through
which individuals perceive and relate to the world and to others (Shorey & Snyder 2006). The type
of attachment style impacts what kinds of internal working models are developed. Subsequently, if
an internal working model is seen as dysfunctional, there is the possibility of creating vulnerabilities
to the development of psychopathology.
Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) also defined the different attachment styles, secure, preoccupied,
fearful, and dismissive, according to dependence and avoidance. The researchers defined avoidance
as the degree to which people avoid close contact with others as a result of their expectation of
aversive consequences; and dependence is defined on a spectrum where those low in dependence
represents the establishment of positive self–regard internally without the need for validation from
others and those high in dependence are only able to internalize positive self–regard when they
receive constant external validation.
When combining the two dimensions, a dismissive attachment style indicates feelings of worthiness
combined with a negative regard for other people. As a result of these ways of being, dismissive
people protect themselves against being disappointed by avoiding relationships and maintaining
independence and

Video Family Assessment : Winter Solstice Essay
Video Family Assessment: Winter Solstice
Sade Thompson
University of Southern California, Rossier School of Education
Introduction Emotionally Focused Family Therapy (EFFT) was developed by Dr. Susan Johnson
and Dr. Leslie Greenberg in the 1980s'. EFFT is a structured, short–term approach to couples,
family, and individual therapy. Emotionally Focused Family Therapy tries to shift the emotional and
cognitive balance by highlighting the key role of the knowledge of adaptive emotion in therapeutic
transformation. EFFT includes components of person–centered therapy, Gestalt therapy, systemic
therapy, constructivist therapy, and attachment theory. I chose this intervention for the Winters
family because it focuses on both interpersonal and intrapsychic systemic processes on the
emotional system (Gehart, 2014).
Dr. Susan Johnson's work has been on the frontline of applying adult attachment theory to the
therapeutic process. Adult attachment helps explain the perplexing behavior amongst intimate adult
relationships. In EFFT, it is essential to assess for client's attachment history, and identify possible
attachment injury. Attachment injury is a specific type of violation, abandonment, betrayal, loss,
crisis, affair etc. and when the other person fails to offer the needed nurturance and support; the
injury profoundly redefines the relationship as an unsafe one (Gehart, 2014). I will go into further
detail of the attachment injury as I explain the presenting

An Investigation And Refinement Of Attachment Theory
Attachment refers to the ability of individuals to form robust and affectionate bonds throughout the
lifespan. John Bowlby was the one of first researchers to draw attention to the idea of attachment
and spent his career dedicated to the investigation and refinement of attachment theory. Bowlby was
a practicing psychoanalyst and sought to explore the link between mental health, behavioural
dysfunctions and early childhood experiences. Bowlby (1969, 1973, 1980) posited that the
emotional bonds that are formed in early development through close contact between the young
(especially infants) and caregivers, have a profound influence on the child's psychological,
interpersonal and behavioural functioning, as the primary purpose of attachment is to ensure the
survival and security of offspring (Khetrapal, 2009).
Recent research has shown that traumatic early life experiences such as abuse or neglect can have a
profound influence on the development of psychopathic traits in later life (Craparo, Schimmenti,
Caretti, 2013). While not all individuals qualifying as psychopaths report such events, many do, and
attachment theory may help us understand the correlation between the two. As we know, insecure
attachment styles foster the adoption of internal working models that are typically negativistic in
nature. Children with insecure attachments to their primary caregivers frequently go on to establish
adult relationships that emulate these attachment patterns and adopt behaviours that

Family Reflection Paper On Family
Essay on Family Reflection Paper In life we have four attachment styles which are secure,
ambivalent, avoidant and disorganize attachment. As a child we might start forming up a secure
attachment with our caregivers, parents, grandparents or our faster parents. That's when we feel safe
and know that our parents are there to watch over us. A secure attachment could also be when we
start going to school and we know our parents will pick us up after school. Ambivalent attachment is
when a child is confuse and doesn't know what to expect from a parent. These kinds of parents are
those parents that show that they care and are nurturing and others times they just show that they
don't care for their child's needs. An ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of this skill will help them have a better higher self–esteem. Ambivalent Attachment Ambivalent
attachment is when a child is confuse and doesn't know what to expect from a parent. These kinds of
parents are those parents that show that they care and are nurturing and others times they just show
that they don't care for their child's needs. These makes the child feel confused, suspicious of their
parents and clingy to their care giver. The child that has an ambivalent attachment learns that the
only way he or she will get their needs met will be by clinging on to their attachment figure.
Avoidant Attachment According to the Article Psychalive.org/anxious–avoidant–attachment/,
avoidant attachment is that connection and bond the parent or caregivers form with the infant during
his or hers first few months of life. When the parent ignores or tends to be unavailable to the infants'
needs he or she is creating an avoidant attachment. This is making the infant create his or her on
coping strategies. They believe that crying will only lead them to rejection or punishment. Some
children will learn to rely on self–soothing and self–nurturing behaviors. Disorganize Attachment
Disorganize attachment develops when a child is afraid of their parents or their caregivers. The
parents can be an abuse parent or can be that parent that neglects their child. Disorganize attachment
can also come from a trauma. Personal Early

The Facebook Self : Characteristics And Psychological...
The journal that I am critiquing is called, "The Facebook–self: characteristics and psychological
predictors of false self–presentation on Facebook," and the main purpose and goal of the study is to
argue and demonstrate that the use of Facebook can also be associated with other psychological
problems, beyond addiction. It specifically suggests that the use of Facebook, and perhaps other
social media sites, can promote false presentation of the self. False self–presentations are presumed
to be unhealthy because they can ultimately lead to reduced wellbeing and promote various
psychological pathologies. This research also specifies the method of research chosen (ANOVA and
SEM), in order to prove the goal/purpose of the research that low self–esteem and low–authenticity
cause people to present a False–Facebook self. The aim of this study is to analyze key psychological
processes leading to a false Facebook–self, with an emphasis on key predictors mentioned in the
previous sections. And the goal was to find out how the presentation of a "fake self" on Facebook is
derived from psychological problems during the early years of upbringing. The theory presented
stated that negative attachment styles (avoidant and anxious) both affect the person's representation.
Such false self–representations on Facebook can lead to similar negative consequences and may
merit increased awareness, and in some extreme cases – when the gaps between the true and fake
self are at

The Correlation Between Shame Vs. Guilt, And The Self...
In the empirical article Bound to Feel Bad About Oneself: Relations Between Attachment and the
Self–conscious Emotions of Guilt and Shame in Children and Adolescents by Peter Muris, Cor
Meesters et. al. (2014) discusses the correlation between shame vs. guilt and the affects it has on
children and adolescents. Some of the affected areas that were present in the study are defensive and
avoidance behavior, psychopathological behaviors including: anger and aggression, depression,
post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, eating problems, personality pathology,
suicidal and self–injurious thoughts, and substance abuse. This study is important because it
explains why some people have the issues that they develop as an adult; it is because of the lack of
proper attention as a baby. Introduction The research in this article is significant because as we have
learned in developmental psychology of children and adolescents, the relationship between shame
and guilt and attachment is very fragile. Erikson's explains that from one and a half years old to
three years old are essential to whether the child will spend the rest of his/her life with reaching the
stages of autonomy and initiative or shame and guilt. The results of completing these stages depends
on the type of attachment the child will have on his/her parents and other people in their life. This
article also states that the dysregulation of shame and guilt can lead to psychopathological
symptoms. In

Attachment Stereotypes
The authors are trying to understand how language used in emotion regulation processes relate to
attachment styles. Attachment classifications are known to be associated with psychosocial
outcomes. Similarly, language use is also associated with psychiatric diagnoses. It will be interesting
to see if language use differs across attachment styles in regards to emotion regulation and also if the
findings can be valid for clinical as well as non–clinical contexts. In this study the authors asked
whether the language people use to describe their attachment history would explain the variability in
emotional distress after controlling for attachment classification. They hypothesize that people with
Autonomous attachment will use more affect words, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The authors found significant differences in emotion language use between the attachment
classification groups. The findings provided cross–method validation of distinct patterns of emotion
regulation for varying attachment styles. Despite clinical applications suggested by the authors, the
pattern of language use can also be applied to a variety of contexts. From organizations to dating
websites, analyzing pattern of language use can be very beneficial in maintaining good relationship
with clients, employees, employers and significant

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