This document summarizes a presentation on ad hoc networks. It discusses: 1) The types of ad hoc networks including mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), and flying ad hoc networks (FANETs). 2) The advantages of ad hoc networks including flexibility, mobility, quick deployment, and economic benefits. Applications include file sharing between devices and emergency communications. 3) The technical challenges of ad hoc networks like limited battery power, changing network topology, scalability issues, and unreliable wireless connections.

1. Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah
Ad Hoc Network
Types, Applications, and Routing

2. Presentation Outlines
❖ Introduction
❖ Cellular VS Ad-Hoc Networks
❖ Advantages and Applications
❖ Types of Ad-Hoc Networks
❖ Technical Challenges and Issues
❖ Ad-Hoc Wireless Media Access Protocols
❖ Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 2

3. Introduction
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 3
❖ Ad-Hoc Networks are type of Multi-Hop Wireless
Networks MHWNs.
❖ They are defined as a collection of nodes that
communicate with each other wirelessly by using radio
signals with a shared common channel.

4. Introduction
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 4
❖ Nodes in the network are mobile in general.
❖ The wireless hosts in such networks, communicate with
each other without the existing of a fixed infrastructure
and without a central control.
❖ A mobile ad-hoc network can be connected to other
fixed networks or to the Internet.

5. Cellular VS Ad-Hoc Networks
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 5
Cellular or Traditional Networks

6. Advantages and Applications
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 6
Ad-hoc networks have several advantages over the
traditional networks, like:
❖ Ad-hoc networks can have more flexibility.
❖ It is better in mobility.
❖ It can be turn up and turn down in a very short time.
❖ It can be more economical.
❖ It considered a robust network because of its non-
hierarchical distributed control and management
mechanisms.

7. Advantages and Applications
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 7
There are lots of applications for Ad-Hoc networks, like:
• Group of people with laptops and they want to exchange
files and data without having an access point.

8. Advantages and Applications
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 8
• Incase if we need to exchange information and the
network’s infrastructure has been destroyed.
• It is suitable for military communications at battlefield
where there is no network infrastructure.

9. Types of Ad-Hoc Networks
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 9
Based on the application domain Ad Hoc Networks can be
classified into three main categories
Types of Ad-hoc
Network
Mobile Ad-hoc
Networks
(MANETs)
Vehicular Ad-hoc
Network
(VANETs)
Flying Ad-hoc
Networks
(FANETs)

10. Types of Ad-Hoc Networks
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 10

11. Types of Ad-Hoc Networks
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 11
1. Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)
❖ Special type of wireless network
❖ Nodes form a temporary network without any fixed
infrastructure
❖ Nodes are mobile
❖ Each node can act as a source, destination or just an
intermediate node.

12. Types of Ad-Hoc Networks
2. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANETs)
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 12

13. Types of Ad-Hoc Networks
3. Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs)
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 13
Multi-UAV communication design architectures

14. Types of Ad-Hoc Networks
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 14
Parameters MANETs VANETs FANETs
Node Type
Smartphone, Laptop,
PDA, Tablet
Car, Bus,
Motorbike, Truck
Drone, Aircraft,
Copter, Satellite
Mobility Low High Very High
Node Density Low High Very Low
Mobility Model
Random
2D or 3D
Regular
2D
Random
3D
Topology Change Slow Fast Fast
Power
Consideration
Medium Low or no need High

15. Technical Challenges and Issues
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 15
The main challenges face the Ad-Hoc networks are the
following:
❖ Battery power constraints: Nodes in Ad-Hoc networks
are equipped with limited batteries.
❖ Unstructured and/or time-varying network topology:
Because of the nodes’ mobility, that makes the network
topology usually unstructured and makes the
optimizing process a difficult task.
❖ Scalability: In some cases, there will be a huge number
of nodes

16. Technical Challenges and Issues
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 16
❖ Low-quality communications: In general, wireless
networks are less reliable than the wired networks. In
addition to that, the quality of the network can be
affected by the environmental factors.
❖ Resource-constrained computation: The resources in
Ad-Hoc networks such as energy and network
bandwidth are available in limited amounts.
❖ Hidden-node and exposed-node problems may occur

17. Technical Challenges and Issues
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 17

18. Ad-Hoc Wireless Media Access Protocols
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 18
MAC Protocols
Sender-Initiated
Ex. MACA
Receiver-Initiated
Ex. MACA-BI

19. Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 19
There are lots of routing protocols which have been
developed for Ad-Hoc networks. When these protocols
have been developed, it has been taken in the
consideration the limitations of this type of network.
Example:
• Destination Sequenced
Distance Vector (DSDV)
• Wireless Routing
Protocol (WRP)
Example:
• Ad-Hoc On-Demand
Distance Vector Routing
(AODV)
• Dynamic Source Routing
(DSR)
Example:
• Zone Routing Protocol
(ZRP)

20. Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols
Presented By Basheer A. Abdullah 20
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

21. Lectured By Basheer A. Abdullah 21