International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This presentation will give a simple overview of image classification technique using difference type software focusing on object-based image classification and segmentation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This presentation will give a simple overview of image classification technique using difference type software focusing on object-based image classification and segmentation.
Sub-windowed laser speckle image velocimetry by fast fourier transform technique
Abstract
In this work, laser speckle velocimetry, a unique optical method for velocity measurement of fluid flow has been described. A laser sheet is developed and is illuminated on microscopic seeded particles to produce the speckle pattern at the recording plane. Double frame- single-exposure speckle images are captured in such a way that the second speckle image is shifted exactly in a known direction. The auto-correlation method has the ambiguity of direction of flow. To rectify this, spatial shift of the second image has been premeditated. Cross-correlation of sub interrogation areas is obtained by Fast Fourier Transform technique. Four sub-windows processed to obtain the velocity information with vector map analysis precisely.
IMAGE SEGMENTATION BY USING THRESHOLDING TECHNIQUES FOR MEDICAL IMAGEScseij
Image binarization is the process of separation of pixel values into two groups, black as background and
white as foreground. Thresholding can be categorized into global thresholding and local thresholding. This
paper describes a locally adaptive thresholding technique that removes background by using local mean
and standard deviation. Most common and simplest approach to segment an image is using thresholding.
In this work we present an efficient implementation for threshoding and give a detailed comparison of
Niblack and sauvola local thresholding algorithm. Niblack and sauvola thresholding algorithm is
implemented on medical images. The quality of segmented image is measured by statistical parameters:
Jaccard Similarity Coefficient, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR).
Performance Analysis of Spatial and Frequency Domain Multiple Data Embedding ...CSCJournals
Data hiding is an age-old technique used to hide data in an image. Several attacks are prevalent to hack the data hidden inside the image. Considerable researches are going on in this area to protect the hidden data from unauthorized access. The current work is focused towards studying the behavior of Spatial and Frequency Domain Multiple data embedding techniques towards noise prone channels enabling the user to select an optimal embedding technique. The Performance of the above techniques is also focused towards multiple embedded data inside a single cover image. The robustness of the watermark is tested by incorporating several attacks and testing the watermark strength.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR SEGMENTATION OF SECTOR SCAN SONAR IMAGES USING ADAPTIVE ...ijistjournal
The SAR and SAS images are perturbed by a multiplicative noise called speckle, due to the coherent nature of the scattering phenomenon. If the background of an image is uneven, the fixed thresholding technique is not suitable to segment an image using adaptive thresholding method. In this paper a new Adaptive thresholding method is proposed to reduce the speckle noise, preserving the structural features and textural information of Sector Scan SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) images. Due to the massive proliferation of SONAR images, the proposed method is very appealing in under water environment applications. In fact it is a pre- treatment required in any SONAR images analysis system. The results obtained from the proposed method were compared quantitatively and qualitatively with the results obtained from the other speckle reduction techniques and demonstrate its higher performance for speckle reduction in the SONAR images.
COLOUR BASED IMAGE SEGMENTATION USING HYBRID KMEANS WITH WATERSHED SEGMENTATIONIAEME Publication
Image processing, arbitrarily manipulating an image to achieve an aesthetic standard or to support a preferred reality. The objective of segmentation is partitioning an image into distinct regions containing each pixels with similar attributes. Image segmentation can be done using thresholding, color space segmentation, k-means clustering.
Segmentation is the low-level operation concerned with partitioning images by determining disjoint and homogeneous regions or, equivalently, by finding edges or boundaries. The homogeneous regions, or the edges, are supposed to correspond, actual objects, or parts of them, within the images. Thus, in a large number of applications in image processing and computer vision, segmentation plays a fundamental role as the first step before applying to images higher-level operations such as recognition, semantic interpretation, and representation. Until very recently, attention has been focused on segmentation of gray-level images since these have been the only kind of visual information that acquisition devices were able to take the computer resources to handle. Nowadays, color image has definitely displaced monochromatic information and computation power is no longer a limitation in processing large volumes of data. In this paper proposed hybrid k-means with watershed segmentation algorithm is used segment the images. Filtering techniques is used as noise filtration method to improve the results and PSNR, MSE performance parameters has been calculated and shows the level of accuracy
A Review over Different Blur Detection Techniques in Image Processingpaperpublications3
Abstract: In last few years there is lot of development and attentions in area of blur detection techniques. The Blur detection techniques are very helpful in real life application and are used in image segmentation, image restoration and image enhancement. Blur detection techniques are used to remove the blur from a blurred region of an image which is due to defocus of a camera or motion of an object. In this literature review we represent some techniques of blur detection such as Blind image de-convolution, Low depth of field, Edge sharpness analysis, and Low directional high frequency energy. After studying all these techniques we have found that there are lot of future work is required for the development of perfect and effective blur detection technique.
Fpga implementation of image segmentation by using edge detection based on so...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Fpga implementation of image segmentation by using edge detection based on so...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, we present the method of “FPGA implementation of image segmentation by using edge detection based on the sobel edge operator” .due to advancement in computer vision it can be implemented in fpga based architecture. image segmentation separates an image into component regions and object. Segmentation needs to segment the object from the background to read image properly and identify the image carefully. Edge detection is fundamental tool for image segmentation. Sobel edge operator, which is very popular edge detection algorithms, is considered in this work. Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edge and perform 2-D spatial gradient measurement for images uses horizontal and vertical gradient matrices .The fpga device providing good performance of integrated circuit platform for research and development. The compact structure of image segmentation into edge detection can be implemented in MAT LAB using VHDL code and the waveform is shown in the model sim.. Keywords: VLSI, FPGA, image segmentation, sobel edge operators, edge detection pixel, mat lab.
Comparison of Segmentation Algorithms and Estimation of Optimal Segmentation ...Pinaki Ranjan Sarkar
Recent advancement in sensor technology allows very high spatial resolution along with multiple spectral bands. There are many studies, which highlight that Object Based Image Analysis(OBIA) is more accurate than pixel-based classification for high resolution(< 2m) imagery. Image segmentation is a crucial step for OBIA and it is a very formidable task to estimate optimal parameters for segmentation as it does not have any unique solution. In this paper, we have studied different segmentation algorithms (both mono-scale and multi-scale) for different terrain categories and showed how the segmented output depends on upon various parameters. Later, we have introduced a novel method to estimate optimal segmentation parameters. The main objectives of this study are to highlight the effectiveness of presently available segmentation techniques on very high-resolution satellite data and to automate segmentation process. Pre-estimation of segmentation parameter is more practical and efficient in OBIA. Assessment of segmentation algorithms and estimation of segmentation parameters are examined based on the very high-resolution multi-spectral WorldView-3(0.3m, PAN sharpened) data.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Sub-windowed laser speckle image velocimetry by fast fourier transform technique
Abstract
In this work, laser speckle velocimetry, a unique optical method for velocity measurement of fluid flow has been described. A laser sheet is developed and is illuminated on microscopic seeded particles to produce the speckle pattern at the recording plane. Double frame- single-exposure speckle images are captured in such a way that the second speckle image is shifted exactly in a known direction. The auto-correlation method has the ambiguity of direction of flow. To rectify this, spatial shift of the second image has been premeditated. Cross-correlation of sub interrogation areas is obtained by Fast Fourier Transform technique. Four sub-windows processed to obtain the velocity information with vector map analysis precisely.
IMAGE SEGMENTATION BY USING THRESHOLDING TECHNIQUES FOR MEDICAL IMAGEScseij
Image binarization is the process of separation of pixel values into two groups, black as background and
white as foreground. Thresholding can be categorized into global thresholding and local thresholding. This
paper describes a locally adaptive thresholding technique that removes background by using local mean
and standard deviation. Most common and simplest approach to segment an image is using thresholding.
In this work we present an efficient implementation for threshoding and give a detailed comparison of
Niblack and sauvola local thresholding algorithm. Niblack and sauvola thresholding algorithm is
implemented on medical images. The quality of segmented image is measured by statistical parameters:
Jaccard Similarity Coefficient, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR).
Performance Analysis of Spatial and Frequency Domain Multiple Data Embedding ...CSCJournals
Data hiding is an age-old technique used to hide data in an image. Several attacks are prevalent to hack the data hidden inside the image. Considerable researches are going on in this area to protect the hidden data from unauthorized access. The current work is focused towards studying the behavior of Spatial and Frequency Domain Multiple data embedding techniques towards noise prone channels enabling the user to select an optimal embedding technique. The Performance of the above techniques is also focused towards multiple embedded data inside a single cover image. The robustness of the watermark is tested by incorporating several attacks and testing the watermark strength.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR SEGMENTATION OF SECTOR SCAN SONAR IMAGES USING ADAPTIVE ...ijistjournal
The SAR and SAS images are perturbed by a multiplicative noise called speckle, due to the coherent nature of the scattering phenomenon. If the background of an image is uneven, the fixed thresholding technique is not suitable to segment an image using adaptive thresholding method. In this paper a new Adaptive thresholding method is proposed to reduce the speckle noise, preserving the structural features and textural information of Sector Scan SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) images. Due to the massive proliferation of SONAR images, the proposed method is very appealing in under water environment applications. In fact it is a pre- treatment required in any SONAR images analysis system. The results obtained from the proposed method were compared quantitatively and qualitatively with the results obtained from the other speckle reduction techniques and demonstrate its higher performance for speckle reduction in the SONAR images.
COLOUR BASED IMAGE SEGMENTATION USING HYBRID KMEANS WITH WATERSHED SEGMENTATIONIAEME Publication
Image processing, arbitrarily manipulating an image to achieve an aesthetic standard or to support a preferred reality. The objective of segmentation is partitioning an image into distinct regions containing each pixels with similar attributes. Image segmentation can be done using thresholding, color space segmentation, k-means clustering.
Segmentation is the low-level operation concerned with partitioning images by determining disjoint and homogeneous regions or, equivalently, by finding edges or boundaries. The homogeneous regions, or the edges, are supposed to correspond, actual objects, or parts of them, within the images. Thus, in a large number of applications in image processing and computer vision, segmentation plays a fundamental role as the first step before applying to images higher-level operations such as recognition, semantic interpretation, and representation. Until very recently, attention has been focused on segmentation of gray-level images since these have been the only kind of visual information that acquisition devices were able to take the computer resources to handle. Nowadays, color image has definitely displaced monochromatic information and computation power is no longer a limitation in processing large volumes of data. In this paper proposed hybrid k-means with watershed segmentation algorithm is used segment the images. Filtering techniques is used as noise filtration method to improve the results and PSNR, MSE performance parameters has been calculated and shows the level of accuracy
A Review over Different Blur Detection Techniques in Image Processingpaperpublications3
Abstract: In last few years there is lot of development and attentions in area of blur detection techniques. The Blur detection techniques are very helpful in real life application and are used in image segmentation, image restoration and image enhancement. Blur detection techniques are used to remove the blur from a blurred region of an image which is due to defocus of a camera or motion of an object. In this literature review we represent some techniques of blur detection such as Blind image de-convolution, Low depth of field, Edge sharpness analysis, and Low directional high frequency energy. After studying all these techniques we have found that there are lot of future work is required for the development of perfect and effective blur detection technique.
Fpga implementation of image segmentation by using edge detection based on so...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Fpga implementation of image segmentation by using edge detection based on so...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, we present the method of “FPGA implementation of image segmentation by using edge detection based on the sobel edge operator” .due to advancement in computer vision it can be implemented in fpga based architecture. image segmentation separates an image into component regions and object. Segmentation needs to segment the object from the background to read image properly and identify the image carefully. Edge detection is fundamental tool for image segmentation. Sobel edge operator, which is very popular edge detection algorithms, is considered in this work. Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edge and perform 2-D spatial gradient measurement for images uses horizontal and vertical gradient matrices .The fpga device providing good performance of integrated circuit platform for research and development. The compact structure of image segmentation into edge detection can be implemented in MAT LAB using VHDL code and the waveform is shown in the model sim.. Keywords: VLSI, FPGA, image segmentation, sobel edge operators, edge detection pixel, mat lab.
Comparison of Segmentation Algorithms and Estimation of Optimal Segmentation ...Pinaki Ranjan Sarkar
Recent advancement in sensor technology allows very high spatial resolution along with multiple spectral bands. There are many studies, which highlight that Object Based Image Analysis(OBIA) is more accurate than pixel-based classification for high resolution(< 2m) imagery. Image segmentation is a crucial step for OBIA and it is a very formidable task to estimate optimal parameters for segmentation as it does not have any unique solution. In this paper, we have studied different segmentation algorithms (both mono-scale and multi-scale) for different terrain categories and showed how the segmented output depends on upon various parameters. Later, we have introduced a novel method to estimate optimal segmentation parameters. The main objectives of this study are to highlight the effectiveness of presently available segmentation techniques on very high-resolution satellite data and to automate segmentation process. Pre-estimation of segmentation parameter is more practical and efficient in OBIA. Assessment of segmentation algorithms and estimation of segmentation parameters are examined based on the very high-resolution multi-spectral WorldView-3(0.3m, PAN sharpened) data.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Grayscale Image Transmission over Rayleigh Fading Channel in a MIMO System Us...IJERA Editor
The consistent demand for higher data rates and ability to send large volumes of data without compromising the quality of communication has led the development of a new generations of wireless systems. But range and data rate limitations are there in wireless devices. In an effort to overcome these limitations, Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) systems can be used which also increase diversity and improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of wireless systems. They also increase the channel capacity, increase the transmitted data rate through spatial multiplexing, and/or reduce interference from other users. MIMO systems thus make a promising communication systems because of their high transmission rates without additional bandwidth or transmit power and robustness against multipath fading. This paper focuses on transmission of an image file using 2x2 MIMO system that achieves a full diversity gain using Alamouti’s Space Time Block Coding technique for 2 transmitting antennas and 2 receiving antennas. Different modulation techniques viz. BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM are used and performances has been evaluated in terms of BER vs. SNR to find out the best modulation technique in a given environment. Space-Time Codes have been used which in addition to the time and spectral domain, also exploit the spatial domain. Simple maximum likelihood decoding algorithm is used at the receiver side to decode the received encoded signal.
Estimation of Water Vapour Attenuation And Rain AttenuationIJERA Editor
Attenuation due to and water vapour and rain can severely degrade the radio wave propagation at centimeter or millimeter wavelengths. It restricts the path length of radio communication systems and limits the use of higher frequencies for line-of-sight microwave links and satellite communications. The attenuation will pose a greater problem to communication as the frequency of occurrence of heavy rain increases.In a tropical region, like Malaysia, where excessive rainfall is a common phenomenon throughout the year, the knowledge of the rain attenuation at the frequency of operation is extremely required for the design of a reliable terrestrial and earth space communication link at a particular location.
Dynamic Metadata Management in Semantic File SystemsIJERA Editor
The progression in data capacity and difficulty inflicts great challenges for file systems. To address these contests, an inventive namespace management scheme is in distracted need to deliver both the ease and competence of data access. For scalability, each server makes only local, autonomous decisions about relocation for load balancing. Associative access is provided by a traditional extension to present tree-structured file system conventions, and by protocols that are intended specifically for content based access.Rapid attribute-based accesstofile system contents is fulfilled by instinctive extraction and indexing of key properties of file system objects. The programmed indexing of files and calendars is called “semantic” because user programmable transducers use data about the semantics of efficient file system objects to extract the properties for indexing. Tentative results from a semantic file system execution support the thesis that semantic file systems present a more active storage abstraction than do traditional tree planned file systems for data sharing and command level programming. Semantic file system is executed as a middleware in predictable file systems and works orthogonally with categorized directory trees. The semantic relationships and file groups recognized in file systems can also be used to facilitate file prefetching among other system-level optimizations. All-encompassing trace-driven experiments on our sample implementation validate the efficiency and competence.
A Comprehensive Introduction of the Finite Element Method for Undergraduate C...IJERA Editor
A simple and comprehensive introduction of the Finite Element Method for undergraduate courses is proposed. With very simple mathematics, students can easily understand it. The primary objective is to make students comfortable with the approach and cognizant of its potentials. The technique is based on the general overview of the steps involved in the solution of a typical finite element problem. This is followed by simple examples of mathematical developments which allow developing and demonstrating the major aspects of the finite element approach unencumbered by complicating factors.
Performance of High-Strength Concrete Using Palm Oil Fuel Ash as Partial Ceme...IJERA Editor
The advancement in material technology has led to development of concrete with higher strengths. Presence of high cementitious materials contents in high strength concrete mixes increases heat of hydration that causes higher shrinkage and leading it to potential of cracking. However, use of supplementary cementitious materials leads to control in heat of hydration which further avoids higher shrinkage. Materials such as fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin and ground granulated blast furnace slag are largely been used as supplementary cementitious materials in High strength concrete mixes. In the present study use of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as partial cement replacement in high strength concrete mixes is evaluated with an experimental study. High strength concrete mix of M60 grade is taken as a reference and the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength where performed for 7, 28 and 56 days and analyzed it with results for partial replacement mixes of POFA 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% & 25%. It has been observed that concrete with 15% replacement of POFA gave the highest strength.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Depth Estimation from Defocused Images: a SurveyIJAAS Team
An important step in 3D data generation is the generation of depth map. Depth map is a black and white image which has exactly the same size of the original captured 2D image that indicates the relative distance of each pixel from the observer to the objects in the real world. This paper presents a survey of Depth Perception from Defocused or blurs images as well as image from motion. The change of distance of the object from the camera has direct relation with the amount of blurring of object in the image. The amount of blurring will be calculated with a comparison in front of the camera directly and can be seen with the changes at gray level around the edges of objects.
Application of Image Retrieval Techniques to Understand Evolving Weatherijsrd.com
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Mn3621372142
1. Aditya Venkatraman et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2137-2142
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Improvised
Monocular
Filter Approach
Images
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
for Estimating
Depth
from
Aditya Venkatraman1, Sheetal Mahadik2
1
2
(Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, ST Francis Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India)
(Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, ST Francis Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
ABSTRACT
Depth estimation or extraction refers to the set of techniques and algorithm’s aiming to obtain distance of each
and every pixel from the camera view point. Depth Estimation poses various challenges and has wide range
applications.Depth can be estimated using different monocular and binocular cues. In [1] depth is estimated
from monocular images i.e. by using monocular cues. The filters used for texture gradient estimation in [1]
detect false edges and are susceptible to noise. In this paper for depth estimation from monocular images, we
have obtained a monocular cue named texture gradient using Canny edge detector which is more robust to
noise and false edges as compared to six oriented edge detection filters (Nevatia Babu filters) used in [1]. We,
have reduced the dimensions of feature vector as compared to [1] and hence feature optimization for texture
gradient extraction is achieved.Even though reduced set of features are used our outputs gave better results as
compared to [1].
Keywords – Canny, depth estimation, linear least squares problem, monocular cue, texture gradient
I.
INTRODUCTION
Depth estimation is an important research
area since it has its extensive use in robotic vision
and machine vision because of which it will be
possible to construct robots and cars that move
themselves or automatically without human
assistance. In related work, Saxena’s algorithm [1]
generates depth map from monocular images. Depth
estimation has important applications in robotics,
scene understanding and 3-D reconstruction.
By using depth estimation techniques,
distance of each point seen in the scene can be
obtained from the camera view point. Depth
estimation has continuously become an effort-taking
subject in visual computer sciences. Conventionally,
depths on a monocular image are estimated by using
a laser scanner or a binocular stereo vision system.
However, using a binocular stereo vision system
requires adjustment on the camera taking a scanner
picture, and using a laser scanner takes huge capitals
as well, so both these apparatuses bring significant
complexities. Therefore, some algorithms have been
developed to process monocular cues in the picture
for depth estimation. In related work, Michel’s,
Saxena & Ng [2] used supervised learning to estimate
1-D distances to obstacles, for the
application of autonomously driving a remote control
car. Most work on depth estimation has focused on
binocular vision (stereopsis) [3] and on other
algorithms that require multiple images, such as
shape from shading [4] and depth from focus [5].
Gini & Marchi [6] used single-camera vision to drive
an in- door robot, but relied heavily on known ground
colors and textures.
www.ijera.com
In this paper a more accurate depth map as compared
to [1] is obtained by using an improvised filter for
texture gradient extraction.
II.
METHODOLOGY
In this paper monocular cues are used for
depth estimation. There are different monocular cues
such as texture variations, texture gradients,
interposition, occlusion, known object sizes, light and
shading, haze, defocus etc. which can be used for
depth estimation .The monocular cues used in this
paper are haze, texture gradient and texture energy as
these cues are present in most images as in [1]. Many
objects texture appear different depending on their
distances from the camera viewpoints which help in
indicating depth. Texture gradients, which capture
the distribution of the direction of edges, also help to
indicate depth. Haze is another cue resulting from
atmospheric scattering light.
To obtain haze, averaging filters are used.
To obtain texture energy, nine Laws filters are used
and to obtain texture gradient, Canny edge detector is
used as compared to six edge detectors (Nevatia
Babu filters) used in [1].
2137 | P a g e
2. Aditya Venkatraman et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2137-2142
Fig. 1. Shows block diagram for estimating depth
from monocular images
Convert original image
from RGB field to YCbCr
field
Segment the entire image
into plurality of patches
Using
filters
obtain
monocular cues, in order to
obtain initial feature vector
Incorporate local and
global features in initial
features vector to obtain
absolute feature vector
2.2 ABSOLUTE FEATURE VECTOR
For a patch i in an image I(x,y) the outputs
of two local averaging filter, Canny edge detector
and nine Law’s mask filters which are in total of 12
outputs are used as:
Ei(n) =∑(x,y) patch(i) |I(x,y) ∗ Fn(x,y)|k
from
After obtaining these monocular cues, using
them, an initial feature vector is obtained. Although
this initial feature vector gives some information
about depth using local information such as variation
in texture and
color of a patch, these
are
insufficient to determine depth accurately and thus
global properties have to be used. For example, just
by looking at a blue patch it is difficult to tell whether
this patch is of a sky or a part of a blue object. Due to
these difficulties, one needs to look at both the local
and global properties of an image to determine depth.
Thus the final feature vector which includes
both local as well as global features is used in a
supervised learning algorithm which predicts depth
map as a function of image.
The detailed explanation of feature
calculation and Learning is done in section 2.1, 2.2
and 2.3.
2.1 FEATURE VECTOR
The entire image is initially divided into
small rectangular patches which are arranged in a
uniform grid, and a single depth value for each patch
www.ijera.com
is estimated. Here absolute depth features are used
which are used to determine absolute depth of a
patch. Three types of monocular cues are selected:
texture variations, texture gradients and haze, as these
are present in most of the indoor and outdoor images.
Texture information is mostly contained within the
image intensity channel so Laws’ mask is applied to
this channel, to compute the texture energy. Haze is
reflected in the low frequency information in the
color channels, and is captured by applying a local
averaging filter to the color channels. To compute an
estimate of texture gradient, Canny edge detector [7]
is used which is more robust to noise and false edges
as compared to six oriented edge filters (Nevatia
Babu filters) used in [1]
Figure 2: Filters used for depth estimation wherein,
the nine filters indicate Law’s 3X3 masks.
Incorporate absolute
feature vector in a
supervised learning
algorithm which predicts
depth map as a function of
image
Figure 1: Block diagram for depth estimation
monocular images
www.ijera.com
(1)
Where for Fn(x, y) indicates the filter used.
Here n indicates the number of filters used, where,
n=1 to 12. Here k = {1, 2} gives
the sum absolute
energy and sum squared energy respectively. Thus an
initial feature vector of dimension 12 is obtained as
compared to dimension 17 in [1].
With these filters, local image features for a
patch is obtained. But to obtain absolute depth of a
patch, local image features centered on the patch are
insufficient, and more global properties of the image
have to be used. Image features extracted at multiple
image resolutions are used for this very purpose.
Objects at different depths exhibit very different
behaviors at different resolutions, and using multiscale features (scale 1, scale 3, and scale 9) allows us
to capture these variations. Computing features at
multiple spatial scales also helps to account for
different relative sizes of objects. A closer object
appears larger in the image, and hence will be
captured in the larger scale features. The same object
when far away will be small and hence be captured in
the small scale features. To capture additional global
features, the features used to predict the depth of a
particular patch are computed from that patch as well
as the four neighboring patches which is repeated at
each of the three scales, so that the feature vector of a
patch includes features of its immediate neighbors at
large scale, features of far neighbors at a larger
2138 | P a g e
3. Aditya Venkatraman et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2137-2142
spatial scale, and again features of very far neighbors
at an even larger spatial scale. Along with local and
global features, many structures found in outdoor
scenes show vertical structure so, additional summary
features of the column that the patch lies in, are
added to the features of a patch.
For each patch, after including features from
itself and its four neighbors at 3 scales, and summary
features for its four column patches, absolute feature
vector of dimension 24*19=456 is obtained as
compared to dimension of 34*19=646 in [1].
2.3 SUPERVISED LEARNING
A change in depth along the row of any
image as compared to same along the columns is very
less. This is clearly evident in outdoor images since
depth along the column is till infinity as the outdoor
scene is unbounded due to the presence of sky. Since
depth is estimated for each patch in an image, feature
is calculated for each patch whereas learning done for
each row as changes along the row is very less.
Linear least squares method is used for learning
whose equation is given by:
Өr=min (∑i=1 to N (di – xiT Өr )2 )
EXPERIMENTS
3.1 DATA
The data set is available online
(http://make3d.cs.cornell.edu/data.html)
which
consists of 400 images and their corresponding
ground truth depth maps which includes real world
set of images of forests, campus (roadside) areas and
indoor images
3.2 RESULTS
Depth is estimated from real-world test-set
images of forests (containing trees, bushes, etc.),
campus areas (buildings, trees and roads). The
algorithm was trained on a training set comprising
images from all of these environments. Here 300
images are used for training and the rest 100 images
are used for testing.
TABLE 1 shows the comparison of depth
map using Canny edge detector and depth map
obtained by [1] i.e. by using Nevatia Babu filters
based on RMS (root mean square) errors in various
environments such as campus, forest, indoor and
areas which include both campus and forest. The
result on the test set shows that our output less RMS
error as compared to [1].
TABLE 2 shows the comparison of depth
map obtained using Canny edge detector and depth
www.ijera.com
map obtained by [1] i.e by using Nevatia Babu filters
based on computation time ,set of features used and
average RMS error .It can be seen that we have
reduced set of features as only 456 as compared to
646 features used by [1]. Since we have used less set
of features , our total computation time is only as
compared to 24sec total computation of 44sec
[1].Even though we have used less set of features our
average RMS error is less than [1]
Table 1: Comparison of RMS errors resulting from
depth map using Canny edge detector and depth map
obtained using [1]
Test
Depth map
Depth map
Environments
using
using Canny
Nevatia
edge detector
Babu filters
Forest
1.1035
1.0365
Campus
0.6367
0.5968
Forest
&Campus
Indoor
0.6254
0.4386
1.234
1.220
(2)
In equation (2), N represents
the total
number of patches in the image. Here di is the ground
truth depth map for patch i, xi is the absolute feature
vector for patch i. Here Өr, where r is the row of an
image, is estimated using linear least squares
problem.
III.
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Table 2: Comparison of depth map using Canny
edge detector and depth map using Nevatia Babu
filters based on different parameters
Parameters
Depth map
Depth map
using Nevatia
using Canny
Babu filters
edge detector
Average
RMS error
Set
of
features
Computation
time(sec)
0.899
0.8229
646
456
44
24
Figure 3: Original image (Forest)
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4. Aditya Venkatraman et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2137-2142
Figure 3.1: Ground truth depth map (Forest)
Figure 3.2: Depth map using Nevatia Babu filters
(Forest)
Figure 3.3: Depth map using Canny edge detector
(Forest)
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Figure 4: Original image (Campus-roadside
(combined)
Figure 4.1: Ground truth depth map (Campusroadside (combined))
Figure 4.2: Depth map using Nevatia Babu filters
(campus-roadside (combined)).
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5. Aditya Venkatraman et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2137-2142
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Figure 4.3: Depth map using Canny edge detector
(Campus-roadside (combined))
Figure 5.2: Depth map using Nevatia Babu filters
(campus-roadside (combined)).
Figure 5: Original image (campus-roadside and
forest (combined))
Figure 5.3: Depth map using Canny edge detector
(campus-roadside (combined)).
Figure 5.1: Ground truth depth map (campusroadside and forest (combined))
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Figure 6: Original image (indoor)
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6. Aditya Venkatraman et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2137-2142
www.ijera.com
monocular cue named texture gradient not only set of
features are reduced but also depth map is predicted
more accurately as compared to [1].
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
Figure 6.1: Ground truth depth map (indoor)
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Figure 6.2: Depth map using Nevatia Babu filters
(indoor).
Ashutosh Saxena, Sung H. Chung, and
Andrew Y. Ng. "Learning depth from single
monocular images”, In NIPS 18, 2006.
Jeff Michels, Ashutosh Saxena and A.Y. Ng.
"High speed obstacle avoidance using
monocular vision", In Proceedings of the
Twenty First International Conference on
Machine Learning (ICML), 2005
D.Scharstein and R. Szeliski. A taxonomy
and evaluation of dense two-frame stereo
correspondence algorithms. Int’l Journal of
Computer Vision, 47:7–42, 2002M.
M. Shao, T. Simchony, and R. Chellappa.
New algorithms from reconstruction of a 3-d
depth map from one or more images. In
Proc IEEE CVPR, 1988
S.Das and N. Ahuja. Performance analysis
of stereo, vergence, and focus as depth cues
for active vision. IEEE Trans Pattern
Analysis& Machine Intelligence, 17:1213–
1219, 1995.
G. Gini and A. Marchi. Indoor robot
navigation with single camera vision. In
PRIS, 2002.
J. Canny, “A computational approach to
edge detection,” IEEE Trans.Pattern Anal.
Mach. Intell., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 679–698,
1986
Figure 6.3: Depth map using Canny edge detector
(indoor).
IV.
CONCLUSION
A detailed comparison of our method and
the method used by [1] is done in terms of average
RMS errors, computation time and set of features
used. This detailed comparison is done in set of
various indoor and outdoor environments. It is found
that by using Canny edge detector for estimating a
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