The document discusses inventory management and control processes. It describes determining optimal inventory levels, controlling inventory levels, planning inventory control systems, and organizing inventory control. It then summarizes different inventory control techniques like ABC analysis and different inventory classification systems. ABC analysis classifies inventory into A, B, and C categories based on annual usage value to prioritize control efforts.

1. Process of inventory management and control Inventory management and control refers to the planning for optimum quantities of materials at all stages in the production cycles and evolving techniques which would ensure availability of planned inventories. Four steps are involved in the process:

2. Determination of optimum inventory levels and procedures of their review and adjustment. Determination of the degree of control that is required for the best results. Planning and design of the inventory control system Planning of the inventory control organisation

3. The inventory system provides the organisational structure and the operating policies for maintaining and controlling goods to be inventoried. The system is responsible for ordering and receipt of goods, timing the order placement, and keeping track of what has been ordered, how much, and from whom. Further the system must provide follow up to enable the answering of such questions as: Has the vendor received the order? Has it been shipped? Are the items correct? Are the procedures established for reordering or returning undesirable merchandise?

4. Types of inventory systems Fixed order quantity system A fixed quantity of material is ordered whenever the stock on hand reaches the reorder point. The fixed quantity of material ordered is nothing but the economic order quantity (EOQ). When the new consignment arrives the total stock (existing + new arrival) shall be within the maximum and the minimum limits.

5. Fixed order periodic system – periodic system, periodic review system, fixed order interval system. In this system, the stock position of each item of the material is regularly reviewed. When the stock level of a given item is not sufficient to sustain the production operation until the next scheduled review, an order is placed replenishing the supply. The frequency of review varies from firm to firm. It also varies among materials within the same firm, depending upon the importance of the material, specific production schedules etc.

6. Inventory control techniques Always better control (ABC) classification High, medium and low (HML) Vital, essential and desirable (VED) Scarce, Difficult and easy to obtain (SDE) Fast moving, slow moving, and non-moving (FSN) Seasonal – Off seasonal XYZ analysis for finished goods inventory Government, ordinary, local and foreign (GOLF) supplies Economic order quantity (EOQ) Max-minimum system Two bin system Materials requirement planning (MRP) Just –in –time (JIT)

7. ABC Analysis Most widely used technique Very effective tool for classifying, monitoring control of inventories Also known as Selective Inventory Control, Control by Importance and Exception and Proportional Value Analysis The firm puts maximum control on items whose monetary value is the highest Higher value items are classified ‘A items’ and would be under tight control The other end of the classification is ‘C items’ ‘ B items fall in between and require reasonable attention

8. Categorisation of Inventory Category No. of Items (%) Item value (%) A 15 70 B 30 20 C 55 10 Total 100 100

9. List each item carried in inventory by number or some other designation Determine the annual volume of usage and rupee value of each item Multiply each item’s annual volume of usage by its rupee value Compute each item’s percentage of the total inventory in terms of annual usage in rupees. Select the top 10 per cent of all items which have the highest rupee percentages and classify them as ‘A’ items Select the next 20 % of all items with the next highest rupee percentages and designate them ‘B’ items The next 70% of all items with the lowest rupee percentages are ‘C’ items

10. Table 26.1 : Example of ABC Inventory Analysis Inventory item Annual use in Rs. % of total inventory usage in Rs. 101 3000 0.3% B 102 40000 4.0% B 103 2000 0.2% 104 10000 1.0% 105 5000 0.5% A 106 400000 40.0% A 107 7000 0.7% 108 9000 0.9% 109 8000 0.8% A 110 300000 30.0% A 111 1000 0.1% B 112 50000 5.0% B 113 15000 1.5% B 114 20000 2.0% B B.115 90000 9.0% B 116 8000 0.8% 117 7000 0.7% 118 11000 1.1% 119 9000 0.9% 120 5000 0.5% Total 20 items Rs. 10,00,000 100.0%

11. Items A ItemsB Items C 106 102 All 14 remaining items 110 112 70% of 20 items 10% of 20 items 114 10% of Rs. 10,00,000 70% of Rs. 10,00,000 115 20% of 20 items 20% of Rs. 10,00,000

12. Items A Items B Items C 1. Very' strict control 1. Moderate control 1. Loose control 2. No safety stocks (or very low) 2. Low safety stocks 2. High safety stocks 3. Frequent ordering or weekly 3. Ordering once in 3 months 3. Bulk ordering, once in deliveries 6 months 4. Weekly control statements 4. Monthly control statements 4. Quarterly reports 5. Maximum follow-up and 5. Periodic follow-up 5. Follow-up in exceptional expediting cases 6. Rigorous value analysis 6. Moderate value analysis 6. Minimum value analysis, 7. As many sources as possible 7. Two or more reliable sources 7. Two sources for each item for each item 8. Accurate forecasts in 8. Estimates based on past 8. Rough estimates materials planning data 9. Minimisation of waste, 9. Quarterly review 9. Annual review obsolete, and surplus (review every 15 days) 10. Individual postings 10. Small group postings 10. Group postings 11. Central purchasing and 11. Combination purchases 11. Decentralised purchasing. storage 12. Maximum efforts to reduce 12. Moderate efforts 12. Minimum efforts lead time 13. To be handled by senior 13. To be handled by middle 13. Can be fully delegated. officers management

13. EOQ Economic order quantity refers to that level of inventory at which the total cost of inventory is minimum. The total inventory cost comprises ordering costs and carrying costs. Shortage costs are excluded in adding total cost of inventory due to difficulty in computation of shortage cost. EOQ is also known as Economic Lot Size