The document discusses key considerations for establishing and operating a successful distribution center for fruits and vegetables. It addresses questions around ideal location, required storage and handling equipment, storage space needs, product placement based on season, necessary storage conditions, staffing needs, capital requirements, and profitability. Key aspects covered include supply chain management, reducing waste, storage techniques, logistics, facility layout, operations, and quality control.
India is an agricultural-based economy and is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. Fruits & vegetables, being perishable in nature require certain techniques of preservation for retaining the quality and extend the self-life of the production. The estimated annual production of fruits and vegetables in the country is about 130 million tonnes. The cold storage & cold chain facilities are the prime infrastructural component for such perishable commodities.
Cold storage is a temperature – controlled supply chain network, with storage and distribution activities carried out in a manner such that the temperature of a product is maintained in a specified range, needed to keep it fresh and edible for a much longer period than in normal ambient conditions.
Tags
Are you planning to set up Potato Cold Storage, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Business Plan - Cold Store Storage Cold storage, Business Planning Cold Storage & Warehouse, Business Planning for a Cold Storage Facility, Cold room, cold storage (controlled atmosphere or ca) for potato, cold storage business, cold storage business model, cold storage business opportunity, cold storage business plan ppt, Cold Storage Consultant, cold storage cost of construction, cold storage for plantation and horticulture produce, cold storage industry trends, cold storage investment cost, cold storage profit and loss, cold storage project cost in India, Cold Storage Scheme, Cold Storage Unit for Fresh Onions, Cold Storage unit Projects, cold storage warehouse construction cost, Cold Storage: Hot Investment, Cold Storages and Controlled Atmosphere Storages, Cold truth of storage units, Complete Cold storage plant machinery, Construction of Cold Storage, Excellent opportunity in investing in 'cold-storages', Frozen Food Technology, How to Start a Cold Storage Business: Startup Business, How to start a warehouse and cold storage, How to Start Cold Storage Industry in India, is cold storage a profitable business in India, Most Profitable Cold Storage Business Ideas, Niir, NPCS, Onion Cold Storage, Perspectives on cold storage investment opportunities, Popular Cold Storage Book, Process technology books, profit in cold storage business in India, Project consultancy, Project consultant, Small-scale Cold Storage for Fruit and Vegetables in India, Start Your Own Cold Storage Unit, Starting a Cold Storage Business, Starting a Cold Storage Warehouses Business, Steps to Start Up a Freezer Warehouse, Process technology book on cold storage, cold storage book
India is an agricultural-based economy and is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. Fruits & vegetables, being perishable in nature require certain techniques of preservation for retaining the quality and extend the self-life of the production. The estimated annual production of fruits and vegetables in the country is about 130 million tonnes. The cold storage & cold chain facilities are the prime infrastructural component for such perishable commodities.
Cold storage is a temperature – controlled supply chain network, with storage and distribution activities carried out in a manner such that the temperature of a product is maintained in a specified range, needed to keep it fresh and edible for a much longer period than in normal ambient conditions.
Tags
Are you planning to set up Potato Cold Storage, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Business Plan - Cold Store Storage Cold storage, Business Planning Cold Storage & Warehouse, Business Planning for a Cold Storage Facility, Cold room, cold storage (controlled atmosphere or ca) for potato, cold storage business, cold storage business model, cold storage business opportunity, cold storage business plan ppt, Cold Storage Consultant, cold storage cost of construction, cold storage for plantation and horticulture produce, cold storage industry trends, cold storage investment cost, cold storage profit and loss, cold storage project cost in India, Cold Storage Scheme, Cold Storage Unit for Fresh Onions, Cold Storage unit Projects, cold storage warehouse construction cost, Cold Storage: Hot Investment, Cold Storages and Controlled Atmosphere Storages, Cold truth of storage units, Complete Cold storage plant machinery, Construction of Cold Storage, Excellent opportunity in investing in 'cold-storages', Frozen Food Technology, How to Start a Cold Storage Business: Startup Business, How to start a warehouse and cold storage, How to Start Cold Storage Industry in India, is cold storage a profitable business in India, Most Profitable Cold Storage Business Ideas, Niir, NPCS, Onion Cold Storage, Perspectives on cold storage investment opportunities, Popular Cold Storage Book, Process technology books, profit in cold storage business in India, Project consultancy, Project consultant, Small-scale Cold Storage for Fruit and Vegetables in India, Start Your Own Cold Storage Unit, Starting a Cold Storage Business, Starting a Cold Storage Warehouses Business, Steps to Start Up a Freezer Warehouse, Process technology book on cold storage, cold storage book
Project report, Detailed project report, Feasibility report, Pre-feasibility study, New Project Identification, Project Feasibility and Market Study, Identification of Profitable Industrial Project Opportunities, Preparation of Project Profiles, Pre-Investment and Pre-Feasibility Studies, Market Surveys, Studies, Preparation of Techno-Economic Feasibility Reports, Identification and Section of Plant, Process, Equipment, General Guidance, Technical and Commercial Counseling for setting up new industrial projects, Magazine, books, entrepreneur, entrepreneur india, entrepreneurship, industry, magazine, project profiles, Industrial , Monthly, Journal, Industrial, Development, Technologies, Project, Opportunities, detailed project feasibility report, process, Technology, self employment, ssi, small scale industry, Business, trade, laghu, udyog, feasibility study, market research report, directory, database, Cold Storage, refrigerators, temperature, perishable commodities, agriculture, agro climatic, cold chain , Cold Storage Market, cold storage industry, food processing sector , cold storage investment opportunity, controlled atmosphere
Tags
Are you planning to set up Potato Cold Storage, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Business Planning Cold Storage & Warehouse, Business Planning for a Cold Storage Facility - Cold room, cold storage (controlled atmosphere or ca) for potato, cold storage business, cold storage business model, cold storage business opportunity, cold storage business plan ppt, Cold Storage Consultant, cold storage cost of construction, cold storage for plantation and horticulture produce, cold storage industry trends, cold storage investment cost, cold storage profit and loss, cold storage project cost in India, Cold Storage Scheme, Cold Storage Unit for Fresh Onions - Vibrant Gujarat, Cold Storage unit Projects, cold storage warehouse construction cost, Cold Storage: Hot Investment, Cold Storages and Controlled Atmosphere Storages, Cold Store Detailed Project Report (Dpr), Complete Cold storage plant machinery with project profile, Construction of Cold Storage, Detailed Project Report on Cold Storage plant, Download free project profiles on Cold Storage plant, Excellent opportunity in investing in 'cold-storages', Feasibility report on Cold Storage Unit, Feasibility Study-Business Plan - Cold Store Storage Cold storage, Free Project Profiles on Cold Storage plant, How to Start a Cold Storage Business, How to Start Cold Storage Industry in India, Industrial Project Report, is cold storage a profitable business in India, mini cold storage project cost, mini cold storage project report, Most Profitable Cold Storage Business Ideas, multipurpose cold storage project report, NPCS, Onion Cold Storage, Perspectives on cold storage investment opportunities, potato cold storage project report, Pre-Feasibility Study, Compartmentalized Cold Storage, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Cold Storage Unit
Cold Storage Warehouse Best Practices: Forecasting & End-to-End Temperature M...Angela Carver
As products evolve and consumer demands change cold storage warehouse space is a more critical branch of the supply chain than ever. Products being stored in these refrigerated warehouses include frozen and refrigerated food, pharmaceuticals, petro-chemicals and high-tech electronics. Many of these products are strictly regulated by government agencies such as the FDA. To maintain compliant with these regulations many cold storage operations are focusing on implementing industry best practices. A top priority has continued to be temperature forecasting and monitoring and technology upgrades.
Forecasting temperature demand helps businesses operating in the cold chain to accommodate to changes in product demand and the financial implications. Completing inventory forecasts often will help to give your business a clear understanding of storage space requirements and what changes can be made the make the most of your existing facility space.
One way cold storage warehouses are making the most of their space is by implementing temporary curtains that allow them to break up facility space in order to create, expand or reduce the square footage of temperature zones. The flexibility of this tool helps refrigerated warehouse operators to reduce energy consumption while also ensuring temperature consistency to avoid spoiling.
In an effort to avoid the average 6 recalls that occur in the U.S. each day cold storage warehouses are implementing new and cutting edge technologies to aid in the tracking and monitoring of inventory temperature and condition. These tools include: thermometers for manual QA readings on an inventory or temperature zone level, RFID tags for passive temperature monitoring and location identification, data loggers for in-transit deliveries direct-to-customer, smart shipping containers for LTL and FTL shipments, and WMS for a centralized data collection and storage database. All of these tools used in varying combinations can help cold storage warehouses to reduce costs, improve data accuracy, guarantee product quality and maintain regulatory compliance.
Evaluate how these technologies can help your refrigerated warehouse implement industry best practices in temperature monitoring and tracking and solve any pre-existing QA issues today. Contact Datex experts with questions or for more information on this topic at marketing@datexcorp.com or 800.933.2839 ext 243.
Cold Storage Warehouse Best Practices: Warehouse Layout OptimizationAngela Carver
Cold storage warehouse facilities, just like other warehouses and distribution centers, struggle to make the most of their labor resources. One way warehouse operators in the refrigerated environment are addressing these concerns are by focusing on warehouse layout optimization. When facilities are laid out inefficiently or improperly marked many labor hours can be wasted on travel time. Taking the time to address warehouse layout design can help your warehousing operation to achieve maximum space utilization and process improvement. The first stage of warehouse layout optimization is the designation of functional zones. This is done using analytics on past activity and estimates on future needs. These reports will help your team to identify the proper size and location of each zone. This information should be accessible from your warehouse management system where inventory and activity data is recorded. The top 4 functional warehouse zones identified using forecasting and projections are storage, yard/dock, picking and VAS/kitting zones. To identify the proper size of the storage area evaluate key factors such as project inventory levels, temperature requirements, product dimensions, fulfillment rules, flow through rates and more. All of these factors will play a part in determining proper storage layout. Data must also be collected to determine yard and dock door requirements. Too little staging space and dock doors can create a significant bottle neck, slowing down warehouse productivity. When determining picking and shipping size and location identifying your picking strategy will help to make these decisions. Consider the space requirements needed for all types and which will work best for your available resources. If your refrigerated warehousing operation provides any variety of value added services such as kitting space and layout must also be considered for this. Determine what areas require their own designated space and which can operate in shared space. Planning this space effectively will promote faster inventory flow through rates. Leaders in the refrigerated and frozen supply chain are constantly evaluating these factors to ensure their space utilization provides growth opportunities. Do not let an inefficient warehouse layout stop your business from growing. Learn more about this cold storage warehouse best practice in this brief SlideShare.
WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTAjeesh Mk
This Presentation "Warehousing and storage in supply chain management" covers topics Warehouse and Storage, Warehouse Management, Functions, Economic and Service Benefit, Principles of Warehouse design, Kinds of Warehouse etc.
Detailed Project Reports of Cold Storage cover all the aspects of Cold Storage business, from analyzing the market, confirming availability of various necessities such as Market, Raw Material, Govt and various financial organizations Subsidy. The scope of the report includes assessing market potential, negotiating, investment etc. in a very planned manner by financial aspects by estimating the cost of raw material, cash flow statement, projecting the balance sheet etc.
A pallet rack is a material handling storage system designed to store materials on pallets, or ‘skids.’ While all types of pallet racking serve the same purpose – storing goods or materials in horizontal rows on multiple levels – there is a wide range available on the market to consider.
Maximizing the productivity of your warehouse is an essential part of any business. Read these tips on warehouse shelving and layout to increase your productivity.
Project report, Detailed project report, Feasibility report, Pre-feasibility study, New Project Identification, Project Feasibility and Market Study, Identification of Profitable Industrial Project Opportunities, Preparation of Project Profiles, Pre-Investment and Pre-Feasibility Studies, Market Surveys, Studies, Preparation of Techno-Economic Feasibility Reports, Identification and Section of Plant, Process, Equipment, General Guidance, Technical and Commercial Counseling for setting up new industrial projects, Magazine, books, entrepreneur, entrepreneur india, entrepreneurship, industry, magazine, project profiles, Industrial , Monthly, Journal, Industrial, Development, Technologies, Project, Opportunities, detailed project feasibility report, process, Technology, self employment, ssi, small scale industry, Business, trade, laghu, udyog, feasibility study, market research report, directory, database, Cold Storage, refrigerators, temperature, perishable commodities, agriculture, agro climatic, cold chain , Cold Storage Market, cold storage industry, food processing sector , cold storage investment opportunity, controlled atmosphere
Tags
Are you planning to set up Potato Cold Storage, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Business Planning Cold Storage & Warehouse, Business Planning for a Cold Storage Facility - Cold room, cold storage (controlled atmosphere or ca) for potato, cold storage business, cold storage business model, cold storage business opportunity, cold storage business plan ppt, Cold Storage Consultant, cold storage cost of construction, cold storage for plantation and horticulture produce, cold storage industry trends, cold storage investment cost, cold storage profit and loss, cold storage project cost in India, Cold Storage Scheme, Cold Storage Unit for Fresh Onions - Vibrant Gujarat, Cold Storage unit Projects, cold storage warehouse construction cost, Cold Storage: Hot Investment, Cold Storages and Controlled Atmosphere Storages, Cold Store Detailed Project Report (Dpr), Complete Cold storage plant machinery with project profile, Construction of Cold Storage, Detailed Project Report on Cold Storage plant, Download free project profiles on Cold Storage plant, Excellent opportunity in investing in 'cold-storages', Feasibility report on Cold Storage Unit, Feasibility Study-Business Plan - Cold Store Storage Cold storage, Free Project Profiles on Cold Storage plant, How to Start a Cold Storage Business, How to Start Cold Storage Industry in India, Industrial Project Report, is cold storage a profitable business in India, mini cold storage project cost, mini cold storage project report, Most Profitable Cold Storage Business Ideas, multipurpose cold storage project report, NPCS, Onion Cold Storage, Perspectives on cold storage investment opportunities, potato cold storage project report, Pre-Feasibility Study, Compartmentalized Cold Storage, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Cold Storage Unit
Cold Storage Warehouse Best Practices: Forecasting & End-to-End Temperature M...Angela Carver
As products evolve and consumer demands change cold storage warehouse space is a more critical branch of the supply chain than ever. Products being stored in these refrigerated warehouses include frozen and refrigerated food, pharmaceuticals, petro-chemicals and high-tech electronics. Many of these products are strictly regulated by government agencies such as the FDA. To maintain compliant with these regulations many cold storage operations are focusing on implementing industry best practices. A top priority has continued to be temperature forecasting and monitoring and technology upgrades.
Forecasting temperature demand helps businesses operating in the cold chain to accommodate to changes in product demand and the financial implications. Completing inventory forecasts often will help to give your business a clear understanding of storage space requirements and what changes can be made the make the most of your existing facility space.
One way cold storage warehouses are making the most of their space is by implementing temporary curtains that allow them to break up facility space in order to create, expand or reduce the square footage of temperature zones. The flexibility of this tool helps refrigerated warehouse operators to reduce energy consumption while also ensuring temperature consistency to avoid spoiling.
In an effort to avoid the average 6 recalls that occur in the U.S. each day cold storage warehouses are implementing new and cutting edge technologies to aid in the tracking and monitoring of inventory temperature and condition. These tools include: thermometers for manual QA readings on an inventory or temperature zone level, RFID tags for passive temperature monitoring and location identification, data loggers for in-transit deliveries direct-to-customer, smart shipping containers for LTL and FTL shipments, and WMS for a centralized data collection and storage database. All of these tools used in varying combinations can help cold storage warehouses to reduce costs, improve data accuracy, guarantee product quality and maintain regulatory compliance.
Evaluate how these technologies can help your refrigerated warehouse implement industry best practices in temperature monitoring and tracking and solve any pre-existing QA issues today. Contact Datex experts with questions or for more information on this topic at marketing@datexcorp.com or 800.933.2839 ext 243.
Cold Storage Warehouse Best Practices: Warehouse Layout OptimizationAngela Carver
Cold storage warehouse facilities, just like other warehouses and distribution centers, struggle to make the most of their labor resources. One way warehouse operators in the refrigerated environment are addressing these concerns are by focusing on warehouse layout optimization. When facilities are laid out inefficiently or improperly marked many labor hours can be wasted on travel time. Taking the time to address warehouse layout design can help your warehousing operation to achieve maximum space utilization and process improvement. The first stage of warehouse layout optimization is the designation of functional zones. This is done using analytics on past activity and estimates on future needs. These reports will help your team to identify the proper size and location of each zone. This information should be accessible from your warehouse management system where inventory and activity data is recorded. The top 4 functional warehouse zones identified using forecasting and projections are storage, yard/dock, picking and VAS/kitting zones. To identify the proper size of the storage area evaluate key factors such as project inventory levels, temperature requirements, product dimensions, fulfillment rules, flow through rates and more. All of these factors will play a part in determining proper storage layout. Data must also be collected to determine yard and dock door requirements. Too little staging space and dock doors can create a significant bottle neck, slowing down warehouse productivity. When determining picking and shipping size and location identifying your picking strategy will help to make these decisions. Consider the space requirements needed for all types and which will work best for your available resources. If your refrigerated warehousing operation provides any variety of value added services such as kitting space and layout must also be considered for this. Determine what areas require their own designated space and which can operate in shared space. Planning this space effectively will promote faster inventory flow through rates. Leaders in the refrigerated and frozen supply chain are constantly evaluating these factors to ensure their space utilization provides growth opportunities. Do not let an inefficient warehouse layout stop your business from growing. Learn more about this cold storage warehouse best practice in this brief SlideShare.
WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTAjeesh Mk
This Presentation "Warehousing and storage in supply chain management" covers topics Warehouse and Storage, Warehouse Management, Functions, Economic and Service Benefit, Principles of Warehouse design, Kinds of Warehouse etc.
Detailed Project Reports of Cold Storage cover all the aspects of Cold Storage business, from analyzing the market, confirming availability of various necessities such as Market, Raw Material, Govt and various financial organizations Subsidy. The scope of the report includes assessing market potential, negotiating, investment etc. in a very planned manner by financial aspects by estimating the cost of raw material, cash flow statement, projecting the balance sheet etc.
A pallet rack is a material handling storage system designed to store materials on pallets, or ‘skids.’ While all types of pallet racking serve the same purpose – storing goods or materials in horizontal rows on multiple levels – there is a wide range available on the market to consider.
Maximizing the productivity of your warehouse is an essential part of any business. Read these tips on warehouse shelving and layout to increase your productivity.
Postharvest Handling for Organic Crops ~ California
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For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY OF FRESH PRODUCE - Presented By Mustafa Atas
Recently I am working a project called “Factors Affecting Quality of Fresh Produce” and prepared presentation.
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY OF FRESH PRODUCE-Presented By Mustafa Atas
Recently I am working a project called “Factors Affecting Quality of Fresh Produce” and prepared presentation.
Avocado Quality Manual - Manual de calidad de aguacate hass - HABTerravocado
Este documento presenta los aspectos más relevantes sobre la calidad del aguacate variedad hass desde los procesos del cultivo hasta el consumidor final
Crafting frozen delights demands meticulous processing: from sourcing premium ingredients to precision freezing techniques, ensuring each scoop delivers irresistible flavor and texture. Our commitment to excellence transforms mere desserts into memorable indulgences.
Efficient warehouse operations demand reliable equipment. From forklifts to pallet racks, our comprehensive selection of warehouse equipment ensures seamless handling, storage, and distribution, optimizing productivity and safety in every step of your supply chain.
Stay Ahead of the Curve with Our Weekly Food-Tech Insights: Your Gateway to the Latest Innovations, Trends, and Industry buzz!
"Perishable nature of food and its potential of being
risk to health requires traceability in agri-food
sector. It is the ability to track the movement of a food product and its ingredients backward and forward through all stages of the supply chain. Continue reading this article in this weeks edition of Tech-knowledge with more such exciting news, articles and highlights form the Food and beverage industry. "
Post harvest handling and transportationDebomitra Dey
Handling and transporation of postharvest produce like fruits and vegetables from farm to industry. The necessary measures to be taken while transportation and handling of fresh produce for longer stability of produce.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Society.pdfssuser3e63fc
Just a game Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?
New Explore Careers and College Majors 2024.pdfDr. Mary Askew
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Hector is VP of Professional Development at the PMI Silver Spring Chapter, and CEO of Bold PM. He's a mid-market growth product executive and changemaker. He works with mid-market product-driven software executives to solve their biggest growth problems. He scales product growth, optimizes ops and builds loyal customers. He has reduced customer churn 33%, and boosted sales 47% for clients. He makes a significant impact by building and launching world-changing AI-powered products. If you're looking for an engaging and inspiring speaker to spark creativity and innovation within your organization, set up an appointment to discuss your specific needs and identify a suitable topic to inspire your audience at your next corporate conference, symposium, executive summit, or planning retreat.
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We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For event details, visit pmissc.org.
Exploring Career Paths in Cybersecurity for Technical CommunicatorsBen Woelk, CISSP, CPTC
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2. What should be the ideal location for the distribution centre?
What kind of storage and handling equipment is needed?
How much storage space is required for the different products?
Where should the products be located in the distribution centre and does that location depend on the time of
year?
What kind of storage conditions are needed in each location to reduce the keeping quality loss?
What kind of storage policy should be applied?
How much manpower will be needed?
What should be the capital involved and what should be the debt equity ratio?
What is the profitability?
Frequently asked questions for a distribution centre business
NOTE: These questions are answered though out the presentation
4. What is a Distribution centre for fruits and vegetables
It is a facility/ware house where fresh fruits and vegetables are collected from farms,
wholesalers, APMC markets, importers and graded, sorted, washed, cut, packed and
then supplied to retailers, supermarkets, grocery chains, processing industry, institutions,
direct delivery to customers (B2C) according to the orders.
The role of distribution centres
The role of distribution centres increases turnover and profit and also brings competitiveness for
the firm by providing customer needs in a high level. It is the most important link between the
farmer/ supplier for produce deliveries to customer with the optimum cost, in the required service
level and on time delivery with assured quality.
5. Farm to Collection Centre to Distribution Centre
Provide gentle harvesting and handling to avoid cuts, abrasions, and bruising damage that allow decay-causing
micro organisms to enter the tissue.
Harvest produce at the peak of quality.
Harvest during the cool part of the day. (usually just after sunrise or if light is available in the night)
Make successive plantings and use several varieties of varying maturity to spread the harvest season.
Shade is cheap and important. Hold produce in a shaded area while awaiting transport. Perform sorting and
packing operations in a shaded location.
Take care to avoid bruising in transportation to the packing shed, during unloading, washing and grading.
Most of the farms use subsoil water hence if the produce is washed on the farms chlorine treatment should be
used to reduce the microbial contamination.
9. Storage of fruits and vegetables
The storage of fruits and vegetables has a great importance to the establishments that
commercialize it, because they are very perishable and sometimes become a detriment to
the establishment, due to the great quantity of product waived because of loss of quality.
It is known that the management of a stock of fruits and vegetables is more complex than a
stock of processed products as the first ones need rapid commercialization and special
conditions of storage to reduce its loss of quality, because it reflects in reduction of its
commercial value
10. It is known that the management of a stock of fruits and vegetables is more complex than a stock of
processed products as the first ones need rapid commercialization and special conditions of storage to
reduce its loss of quality, because it reflects in reduction of its commercial value.
Fruits and vegetables are living commodities and highly perishable in nature. It is extremely important
to understand the and biological nature of fruits and vegetables and shelf life of fruits and vegetables
Every fruit or vegetable has well defined properties like colour, taste and overall appearance. The
diversity of marketed fresh fruits and vegetables in type, quality, and lifetime is enormous and is still
increasing due to changing consumer preferences, globalisation of markets and technological
innovations.
The assortment of a distribution centre is a list of the products that are handled or in stock during a
specific period of time. A year can be divided in one or more planning periods. The supply of many
perishables depends on the seasons. The numerous changes in the assortment during the year make
the activities in a distribution centre non-repetitive.
Distribution of vegetables and fruits is a complex process
11. Location for Collection Centre (CC) and Distribution Centre (DC)
In India most of the distribution centres are located in the metros.
The location not only determines where a new set of facilities must be located in an existing network of
facilities and customers, but also how much capacities can be allocated to the new facility.
Collection Centre
CC must be located in the radius of 50 km. max from the captive source of produce. If that is not possible
due to large area it should be located preferably near the highway and a 2nd grade city.
Skilled and unskilled work force should be available.
Distribution Centre
DC should be within a 5- 6 km radius from the APMC market
Adequate water supply and electricity should be available.
Easy entry and exit for the transport vehicles should be possible.
In case of a rental property the scope for expansion with adequate parking area for logistics should be
considered as a top priority.
12. Logistics plays the most important role in the distribution centre. . Vehicle routing determine the delivery
schedules for each vehicle.
The halls should be appropriate for logistic integration which consists value added services such as handling,
warehousing, and packaging.
The input output time of the truck tractor trailers to the hall should be minimized.
The input output time of light commercial vehicles to the hall should be minimized.
Products should be transferred to customers with at least transport and handling.
Investment costs should be minimized.
Operating costs should be minimized.
Loading and unloading of the produce should be planned in such a way that time required to do so is minimal
Logistics
13. Most carriers check their transport equipment before presenting it to the shipper for loading. The
condition of the equipment is critical to maintaining the quality of the products. Therefore, the shipper
also should check the equipment to ensure it is in good working order and meets the needs of the product.
Carriers provide guidance on checking and operating the refrigeration systems. All transportation
equipment should be checked for:
Cleanliness- the load compartment should be regularly steam cleaned.
Damage- walls, floors, doors, ceilings should be in good condition.
Temperature control- refrigerated units should be recently calibrated and supply continuous air circulation
for uniform product temperatures.
Odours- from previous shipments.
Insects- nesting in the trucks, vans.
Decaying remains- of agricultural products.
Debris- blocking drain openings or air circulation along the floor.
Lighting- in the hold of the truck, van.
Transport Equipment Inspection
14. Damage to walls, ceilings, or floors that can let in the outside heat, cold, moisture, dirt, and insects
Operation and condition of doors, ventilation openings, and seals
Provisions for load locking and bracing
With the doors closed, have someone inside the cargo area check for light. A smoke generator also can be
used to detect leaks.
The refrigeration unit should cycle from high to low speed when the desired temperature is reached and
then back to high speed.
Determine the location of the sensing element that controls the discharge air temperature. If it measures
return air temperature, the thermostat may have to be set higher to avoid chilling injury or freezing injury
of the products.
A solid return air bulkhead should be installed at the front of the trailer.
Equipment with a top air delivery system must have a fabric air chute or metal ceiling duct in good
condition.
Transport Equipment Inspection
15. The layout of distribution centres have a vital importance in terms of product conservation at the required service level
and delivering of products to the customer on time.
The layout of a distribution centre should be considered as a long term plan, with at least 5 years in mind with year on
year expansion especially when it is a rented property. It should be flexible and expansion possibilities should be
considered. The layout of distribution centre should be an integration of handling, storage, packaging and logistic that
includes value added services.
Turn around time of vehicles to the distribution centres should be minimized.
The products should be stored according to their characteristics.
Worker sanitizing area, Rest Rooms, Rest Areas, Change Rooms should be provided.
Adequate space for stores, cold storages ( Multiple)
Washing areas for fruits and vegetables crates should be designated
Quality control area for inbound as well as out bound produce should be designated
Solid waste disposal area should be designated as far as possible from processing area.
Layout planning of the distribution centre
16. Schematic layout for a distribution centre
Cold Storage Ripening
Chamber
Administrative
Office
Unloading BayLoading Bay
Inward QCDispatch Area
WashingArea
Stores Storage of fruits & vegetables
ready for processing
Outward QC
Processing Area for fruits and Vegetables
Processed & Packed
fruits & vegetables
Potato Onion &
Garlic Line
Sanitization
Rest
Rooms
Change
Rooms
Cafeteria &
Lunch Room
Crates
Washing
Solid Waste
Disposal
Lobby
Staff ParkingStaffParkingVisitorParking
AdditionalSpaceforCoveredStorage
Security Security
In GateOut Gate
17. Shelf life of fruits and vegetables is the period of time until which a product becomes unacceptable.
The keeping quality loss of fruits and vegetables is based on biological processes which remain active after the
harvest. The static keeping quality is the average number of days that a product is ‘fit for use’ if it is kept under the
same storage conditions. Storage conditions which maximise the keeping quality result in minimal keeping quality
loss. The following items are examples of factors that influence the keeping quality:
Initial keeping quality- The initial quality of an agricultural product varies because of differences in the cultivars
used, the production method, the season and the production region.
Storage time- Short storage times reduce the keeping quality loss.
Temperature- Each product has its own optimal temperature. Many agricultural products that now or in the past
from tropical or subtropical climates are chilling sensitive.
Relative humidity- A low relative humidity accelerates the dry out and therefore the ageing of a product. On the
other hand, a high relative humidity makes the product an ideal medium for all kinds of microorganisms.
Handling- Some perishables are very susceptible to mechanical damage like shock and vibration. Suitable
packaging can reduce the effects of shock and vibration during handling. Handling has, in general, a negative effect
on keeping quality.
Ethylene- The gas ethylene, a plant ripening hormone, plays a role in the interaction between products. High
concentrations of ethylene accelerate the ripening and decay of a large number of products. The production of
ethylene as well as the influence of this product interaction on the keeping quality are dependent on the
temperature.
Odours- Products like onions and garlic produce odours that are adsorbed by fruits such as melons.
Shelf life of fruits and vegetables
18. A distribution centre performs activities such as storage, conditioning, accumulation and consigning.
A distribution centre has two main functions: warehousing and distribution.
Warehousing includes all activities concerned with storage and retrieval of products.
The distribution function concentrates on the centre’s groupage and shipment of customer orders.
Groupage is the combination of one or more customer orders in a single consignment.
All products that are received in the distribution centre are subject to inspection and quality control.
The storage equipment such as racks and shelves creates in the storage accommodation locations and storage
space where products can be stored.
An important activity in a distribution centre for fruits and vegetables is the conditioning of products.
Adequate storage conditions such as relative humidity and temperature, minimal handling and avoidance of
product interactions such as odour and hormone transmission can reduce keeping quality loss.
An area in the storage with specific storage conditions is called a zone.
Distribution centre operations
19. By order picking the articles are collected from the storage accommodation and moved to the staging area.
In the staging area, customer orders for more than one item of the assortment or for a product that has to be
collected from several locations are accumulated before shipment to the customer.
Picking personnel or pickers move the products in the distribution centre.
Personnel need training to know what a specific article looks like, and whether the article picked for shipment
is the same as is ordered by the customer.
An administrative system such as a warehouse management system (WMS) can support the day to day
operations by giving storage and retrieval advice to the pickers. A storage policy determines on the
operational level where a product can be stored and a retrieval policy which product can be retrieved.
Distribution centre operations
20. A correct and fast information flow between the personnel is a requirement in the coordination of the
distribution chain of perishables.
Uniform article coding and barcodes are essential to achieve the necessary quality of the information
and speed of the information flow to the customers.
The short lifetime and the fast handling of the articles hinder the separate introduction of barcodes in
the distribution centre.
The storage time is too short to give all incoming articles a detailed internal code or sticker.
Due to the absence of a uniform article coding and the special conditions needed by perishables, all
articles that are kept in stock need a fixed slot or location in a distribution centre for perishables.
Personnel still have to check by visual inspection that the correct article is handled.
Wrong quality or incorrect packaging frequently result in rejects.
Distribution centre operations
21. Collection Centre (CC) Distribution centre (DC) operations- Flow Diagram
Farm
Whole seller/
Importer/
APMC
Outward QC
Produce to
designated
storage area
for processing
Cleaning/ Washing / Sorting/ GradingCC/ DC Receive
Produce
Inward QC
S. I gives prodn. schedule to pickers
Pickers/
Processing Man
power pick
material from
storage area for
processing
according to the
picking slips
Processing &
Packing
Storage of multi products
according to the customer order
Dispatch Rejects for
second/ third
Sale
Dump to Waste
Disposal
Information on
shortfall for
production
Production Schedule to CC/ DC
Administration Sales/ Accounts/ Purchase/ HR/
Stores
Dispatch Report
for daily billing
22. The type of handling equipment and the degree of mechanisation determine the differences in
handling methods.
The dimensions in the layout such as the maximum height of a rack and the minimum width of an aisle
define the possible handling equipment and vice versa.
The chosen handling equipment and the degree of mechanisation are two of the factors that influence
the maximum handling capacity or throughput of the distribution centre and the productivity of the
personnel.
Modern equipment such as automatic carousels and automated sorters are often dedicated to the type
of transport packaging and require specific storage equipment and high investment.
The combination of racks, carts, and forklift trucks remains a flexible, low cost handling system.
Mechanisation
23. A slot plan describes for each planning period where in the distribution centre and how much
storage space must be reserved for each product or quality change group.
Slot planning is primarily used to optimise the efficiency of the order picking operations
The storage accommodation has a fixed number of classes with a specific storage space
requirement and the products are assigned to a class based on the turnover rate.
Modelling the management of distribution centres class based storage policy, but a lower order
picking productivity.
The random storage policy does not take account of the specific storage conditions needed for
perishables.
The influence of the daily requests for storage and retrieval during a whole year can be studied
with a simulation model that assigns incoming loads of products to zones.
The daily storage and retrievals follow the seasonal production and demand of the products. All
requests are handled on a first in-first-out (FIFO) basis.
Slot Plan
24. Appearance- Visual
Size- Dimensions, weight, volume
Shape and form- Diameter/depth ratio, compactness, uniformity
Colour- Uniformity, intensity
Gloss- Nature of surface wax
Defects- Morphological, physical and mechanical, physiological, pathological, entomological
Texture- Firmness, hardness, softness Crispness Succulence, juiciness Toughness, fibrousness
Flavour- Taste and smell
Sweetness Sourness- Astringency Bitterness Aroma (volatile compounds)
Off flavours and off odours
Nutritional value- Carbohydrates (including dietary fibre) Proteins Lipids Vitamins Essential elements
Safety Naturally occurring toxicants Contaminants (chemical residues, heavy metals) Mycotoxins
Microbial contamination
Quality Parameters for Fruits and Vegetables
25. Stock level- The average volume of a product that is stored overnight in a slot is equal to the allocated
storage space of that slot. Therefore, the ethylene production of a product is based on the allocated storage
space of that product instead of the actual stock level.
Temperature- It is the most important effect with respect to the keeping quality of perishables.
Handling- It causes shock and vibration and thus stress to fresh produce. The effect of handling on the
keeping quality depends primarily on the quality change group.
Odour- Products with strong odours have to segregated from other products
HVAC- Good and efficient HVAC reduces the ageing process of fruits and vegetables and increases the shelf
life
Insect control- Insects like house flies along with them bring micro organisms which attack the fresh
produce and start decaying process hence it is imperative to use insect traps.
Rodent management- Fruits and vegetables are susceptible to rodent attack and rodent traps should be
used.
Keeping Quality
26. Strict hygiene and good manufacturing practices
Use of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points principles
Sanitation of processing line, product, and workers
Low temperatures during processing
Careful cleaning and/or washing before and after peeling
Good-quality water (sensory, microbiological, pH)
Use of mild processing aids in wash water for disinfection
Antioxidant chemicals such as ascorbic acid, citric acid, etc.
Calcium salts to reduce textural changes
Minimal damage during peeling, cutting, slicing, and shredding operations
Elimination of defective and damaged pieces
Gentle draining, spin- or air-drying to remove excess moisture
Correct packing materials and packaging methods
Selection of plastic films to ensure adequate O2 levels to avoid fermentation Correct temperature during
distribution and handling.
Basic requirements for preparation of minimally processed vegetables