The document discusses various types of mixtures used for internal administration, including simple and compound mixtures, and their applications in treating acute conditions like cough and indigestion. It details the classification of mixtures based on the solubility of their components, their preparation, and specific instructions for making effective mixtures. Additionally, it covers the use of containers, suspending agents, and examples of specific mixtures, highlighting the importance of proper preparation and labeling.

1. MIXTURES
MIXTURES

2. MIXTURES
MIXTURES
Mixtures are
Mixtures are fluid preparations
fluid preparations intended for
intended for internal
internal
administration.
administration.
Simple Mixture: if the solute is
: if the solute is soluble
soluble in the
in the vehicle
vehicle (large
(large
fluid component of the mixture).
fluid component of the mixture).
Compound Mixture: if the solute is
: if the solute is insoluble
insoluble or
or dispersed
dispersed
in the vehicle.
in the vehicle.
Mixtures are used in acute cases such as
Mixtures are used in acute cases such as cough
cough,indigestion
,indigestion,
diarrhea
diarrhea,
, constipation
constipation for which short period of treatment
for which short period of treatment
is adequate.
is adequate.

3. MIXTURES
MIXTURES
Advantages
Advantages
1
1. Quickly effect
2. Mask the properties of some medical agent such as
castor oil.
3. Therapeutically effect, some medical agents such as
bismuth salt act only in form of mixture as coat on
inflamed intestine.
4. To reduce side effects, some medical agents such as
potassium iodide cause gastric pain due to reaction with
gastric acid and release iodine, but when we give in form
of mixture this reaction is stop.
5. Psychological effect.

4. Containers for mixtures:
Containers for mixtures:
Plain white bottles
Plain white bottles should be;
should be;
1-
1- The bottle selected should then be
The bottle selected should then be fitted with a cork
fitted with a cork.
.
2-
2- The ideal fit should leave about
The ideal fit should leave about two -thirds
two -thirds of the cork projecting
of the cork projecting
from the neck of the bottle,
from the neck of the bottle, to ensure easy removal
to ensure easy removal.
.
3-
3- A
A white label
white label indicating the
indicating the dose is affixed on the bottle
dose is affixed on the bottle
Classification of Mixtures
Classification of Mixtures
1.
1. Simple
Simple mixtures.
mixtures.
2
2.
. Mixtures containing
Mixtures containing diffusible solids
diffusible solids.
.
3.
3. Mixtures containing
Mixtures containing indiffusible solids
indiffusible solids.
.
4.
4. Mixtures containing
Mixtures containing precipitate forming liquids
precipitate forming liquids.
.
5.
5. Mixture containing
Mixture containing slightly miscible liquids
slightly miscible liquids.
.
6.
6. Effervescent mixtures.
.

5. 1- Simple Mixtures
1- Simple Mixtures
Mixtures containing
Mixtures containing soluble substances
soluble substances such as
such as sod citrate
sod citrate,
, pot
pot
citrate
citrate,
, mag sulphate
mag sulphate,
, sod sulphate
sod sulphate and
and ephedrine HCl
ephedrine HCl are
are
prepared by
prepared by dissolving
dissolving the solid in a vehicle which may be;
the solid in a vehicle which may be;
1-
1- water
water
2-
2- aromatic water as
aromatic water as
- chloroform water
- chloroform water
The other liquid ingredients
The other liquid ingredients (
(spirit
spirit,
, syrup
syrup,
, tincture
tincture,
, extract
extract)
)
Then added and the mixture completed with the vehicle to volume.
Then added and the mixture completed with the vehicle to volume.

6. General Notes:
General Notes:
If solution
If solution is
is turbid
turbid, filter through cotton wool.
, filter through cotton wool.
If
If large crystals
large crystals are used, such as sodium sulphate
are used, such as sodium sulphate
crystals
crystals, it
, it should be
should be powdered and dissolved in mortar
powdered and dissolved in mortar.
.
Scale solids
Scale solids must be
must be crushed
crushed on paper and added to
on paper and added to
vehicle in beaker
vehicle in beaker
The use of
The use of hot water
hot water hasten dissolution of slowly soluble
hasten dissolution of slowly soluble
solids (e.g.
solids (e.g. borax
borax)
)

7. 2. Mixtures Containing Diffusible Solids
2. Mixtures Containing Diffusible Solids
These are
These are settle down at bottom
settle down at bottom and
and become distributed in liquid on shaking
become distributed in liquid on shaking, ( shake before
, ( shake before
use ) written on label.
use ) written on label.
A (
A (Shake The Bottle
Shake The Bottle) label
) label must
must be used.
be used.
Mixtures requires
Mixtures requires no suspending agents
no suspending agents.
.
Examples
Examples;
;
mag carbonate
mag carbonate,
, light kaolin
light kaolin,
, magnesium trisilicate
magnesium trisilicate,
, bismuth sulphate
bismuth sulphate and
and bismuth carbonate
bismuth carbonate
WHITE MIXTURE
WHITE MIXTURE:
:
R/
R/
Magnesium sulphate …………… 4 gm
Magnesium sulphate …………… 4 gm
Magnesium carbonate (light)…… 2 gm
Magnesium carbonate (light)…… 2 gm
Peppermint water ad…………..... 30 ml
Peppermint water ad…………..... 30 ml
Fait Mixture, Mitte ii 60 ml
Fait Mixture, Mitte ii 60 ml
Sig.,
Sig., two table spoonful to be taken half an hour before breakfast
two table spoonful to be taken half an hour before breakfast
- Used as
- Used as laxative
laxative.
.

8. 3.
3. Mixtures Containing
Mixtures Containing In
In-diffusible Solids
-diffusible Solids
These are not distributed on shaking. These are prepared by increase viscosity of
vehicle by add gum acacia or tragacanth or mucilage.
( suspending agent )
They required a suspending agent.
They required a suspending agent.
Examples
Examples of insoluble indiffusible solids include:
of insoluble indiffusible solids include: Acetylsalicylic acid
Acetylsalicylic acid
benzoic acid
benzoic acid, bismuth oxychloride, chlorbutol,
, bismuth oxychloride, chlorbutol, phenacetin
phenacetin,
,
phenobarbitone
phenobarbitone
Suspending Agents:
Suspending Agents:
These are subs included to keep insoluble medicament(s) in a state of suspension at
These are subs included to keep insoluble medicament(s) in a state of suspension at
least sufficiently long for a dose to be poured out of the container.
least sufficiently long for a dose to be poured out of the container.
The
The amount of suspending agent
amount of suspending agent required depends upon the
required depends upon the volume of the mixture
volume of the mixture.
.

9. Suspending agents for general use are:
Suspending agents for general use are:
1. Compound powder of tragacanth: 2% w/v
: 2% w/v
Acacia 20%
Acacia 20%
Tragacanth 15%
Tragacanth 15%
Starch 20%
Starch 20%
Sucrose 45%
Sucrose 45%
2.
2. Powder of
Powder of tragacanth
tragacanth: 6.25% to 6.32% w/v
: 6.25% to 6.32% w/v
3.
3. Powder of
Powder of acacia
acacia 6% to 10% w/v
6% to 10% w/v
4.
4. Mucilage of tragacanth
Mucilage of tragacanth; 1/4 the volume of the mixture
; 1/4 the volume of the mixture
5.
5. Mucilage of acacia
Mucilage of acacia: 1/4 the volume of the mixture
: 1/4 the volume of the mixture
For
For bismuth salts
bismuth salts in mixtures, the suspending agents that can be used are
in mixtures, the suspending agents that can be used are compound powder of
compound powder of
tragacanth
tragacanth,
, but not
but not used with
used with acacia
acacia because they tend to form
because they tend to form Cement - like mass
Cement - like mass

10. 4.
4. Mixtures Containing Precipitate Forming Liquids
Mixtures Containing Precipitate Forming Liquids
These are contain resin gum that precipitate when mix with water, to
avoid that we add suspending agent.
• The resin is precipitated and may adhere to the sides of the bottle
List of some substances precipitate forming
1-Tincture of tolu
2- Benzoin tincture
3-Tincture of myrrh
If the mixture contains other
If the mixture contains other tinctures or spirits
tinctures or spirits, they are
, they are mixed
mixed with
with
the resinous
the resinous tinctures first
tinctures first before adding to water or to the vehicle.
before adding to water or to the vehicle.
The suspending agent
The suspending agent is
is added before
added before adding the
adding the precipitate forming
precipitate forming
liquids
liquids.
.

11. 5.
5. Mixtures Containing Slightly miscible liquids
Mixtures Containing Slightly miscible liquids
1.
1. Slightly soluble liquids
Slightly soluble liquids
The insoluble portion of
The insoluble portion of slightly soluble liquids is not readily diffusible
slightly soluble liquids is not readily diffusible, and a
, and a
suspending agent
suspending agent is therefore
is therefore necessary
necessary.
.
Examples: Creosote is soluble (1 in 150), guaiacol (1 in 80), paraldehyde
(1 in 9)
2.
2. Slightly soluble solids:
Slightly soluble solids:
The insoluble portion of
The insoluble portion of slightly soluble solids is diffusible
slightly soluble solids is diffusible and if
and if
presented in the form of a fine powder, it requires no suspending
presented in the form of a fine powder, it requires no suspending
agent.
agent.
Examples
Examples of substances commonly prescribed in a quantity greater than
of substances commonly prescribed in a quantity greater than
will dissolve:
will dissolve: Borax
Borax (1 in 20)
(1 in 20) boric acid
boric acid (1 in 20),
(1 in 20), caffeine citrate
caffeine citrate (1 in
(1 in
32)
32)

12. 6-
6- Effervescent mixtures
Effervescent mixtures
An effervescent mixture is one containing a recently prepared salt
An effervescent mixture is one containing a recently prepared salt
by combining an acid (citric, tartaric) and a bicarbonates or
by combining an acid (citric, tartaric) and a bicarbonates or
carbonate ( K, Na or NH4 ) at the time of dispensing and
carbonate ( K, Na or NH4 ) at the time of dispensing and
producing by this means a mixture charged with carbon dioxide.
producing by this means a mixture charged with carbon dioxide.
Effervescent preparations are more agreeable to the taste when
slightly acid
Examples:
Examples:
1.
1. Limonade purgative
Limonade purgative E.P. (
E.P. (Magnesium citrate
Magnesium citrate).
).
2.
2. Effervescent mixture
Effervescent mixture.
.

13. Effervescent mixture E.P.
Effervescent mixture E.P.
Solution no. 1
Solution no. 1
Sodium bicarbonate 40 g
Sodium bicarbonate 40 g
Simple syrup 170 ml
Simple syrup 170 ml
Distilled water to 1000 ml
Distilled water to 1000 ml
Solution no. 2
Solution no. 2
Citric acid 33 g
Citric acid 33 g
Simple syrup 170 ml
Simple syrup 170 ml
Spirit of lemon 10 ml
Spirit of lemon 10 ml
Distilled water to 1000 ml
Distilled water to 1000 ml
The two solutions are freshly prepared in separate bottles.
The two solutions are freshly prepared in separate bottles.

14. 7. Miscellaneous mixture
7. Miscellaneous mixture
A. mixtures containing small dose of potent medicaments
A. mixtures containing small dose of potent medicaments
most potent substances given as small dose, so difficult to weight by
most potent substances given as small dose, so difficult to weight by
using ordinary balance, so we measure small quantity in solution.
using ordinary balance, so we measure small quantity in solution.
Small quantity in solution , example
Small quantity in solution , example
Antispasmodic mixture
Antispasmodic mixture
Hyoscine HBr gr.
Hyoscine HBr gr. 1
1
/
/150
150
Chloroform water
Chloroform water

15. 7. Miscellaneous mixture
7. Miscellaneous mixture
A. mixtures containing small dose of potent medicaments
A. mixtures containing small dose of potent medicaments
most potent substances given as small dose, so difficult to weight by
most potent substances given as small dose, so difficult to weight by
using ordinary balance, so we measure small quantity in solution.
using ordinary balance, so we measure small quantity in solution.
Small quantity in solution , example
Small quantity in solution , example
Antispasmodic mixture
Antispasmodic mixture
Hyoscine HBr gr.
Hyoscine HBr gr. 1
1
/
/150
150
Chloroform water ad F.dram II
Chloroform water ad F.dram II

16. Other forms of mixtures
Other forms of mixtures
a.
a. Drought
Drought
A draught is a
A draught is a liquid medicine
liquid medicine which is usually ordered in from
which is usually ordered in from one to three doses
one to three doses sent in
sent in
a separate bottle
a separate bottle.
.
b.
b. Linctuses
Linctuses
Linctuses are
Linctuses are viscous
viscous preparations usually
preparations usually containing medicaments
containing medicaments having a
having a local action
local action
on the mucous membrane of the
on the mucous membrane of the throat
throat and are usually prescribed
and are usually prescribed for the relief of cough
for the relief of cough
The vehicle
The vehicle is some
is some mucilaginous syrupy
mucilaginous syrupy or
or viscous subs
viscous subs.
.
It usually consists of a simple solution of the
It usually consists of a simple solution of the active agent in a high conc of sucrose
active agent in a high conc of sucrose
For diabetic use
For diabetic use the
the sucrose
sucrose is usually
is usually replaced
replaced by
by sorbitol
sorbitol
Examples
Examples are
are Codeine Linctus in sucrose syrup
Codeine Linctus in sucrose syrup
Diabetic
Diabetic Codeine Linctus in sorbitol solution
Codeine Linctus in sorbitol solution,
,

17. c.
c. ELIXIRS
ELIXIRS
Elixirs are clear, pleasantly flavored,
Elixirs are clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic
sweetened hydroalcoholic
liquids
liquids intended for
intended for oral use
oral use.
.
The main ingredients
The main ingredients in elixirs are
in elixirs are ethanol
ethanol and
and water
water but
but glycerin, sorbitol propylene
glycerin, sorbitol propylene
glycol, flavoring agent, preservative,
glycol, flavoring agent, preservative, and
and syrups
syrups
They are used as
They are used as flavors
flavors and
and vehicles
vehicles for drug substances
for drug substances (e.g.
(e.g.
aromatic elixir USP).
aromatic elixir USP).
Examples of medicated elixirs
Examples of medicated elixirs
Dexamethasone
Dexamethasone elixir USP -
elixir USP - Phenobarbital
Phenobarbital elixir USP
elixir USP
d.
d. DROPS
DROPS
A mixture is designated “Drops” when it is ordered in doses of
A mixture is designated “Drops” when it is ordered in doses of less than one
less than one
teaspoonful
teaspoonful. Drops may be remedies given in their original form without dilution.
. Drops may be remedies given in their original form without dilution.

18. Protective effect of gums on colloidal precipitate
Protective effect of gums on colloidal precipitate
The addition of an electrolyte,
The addition of an electrolyte, e.g.
e.g. pot bromide
pot bromide, and
, and mag sulphate
mag sulphate to certain colloidal
to certain colloidal
solutions (e.g. resins) cause rapid agglomeration of the particles, the colloid is then
solutions (e.g. resins) cause rapid agglomeration of the particles, the colloid is then
said to be precipitated. With other colloidal solutions,
said to be precipitated. With other colloidal solutions, e.g.
e.g. a solution of
a solution of acacia
acacia or
or
tragacanth
tragacanth no such precipitation takes place.
no such precipitation takes place.
a solution of acacia is a protective colloid, i.e. not only is it stable with electrolytes, but it
a solution of acacia is a protective colloid, i.e. not only is it stable with electrolytes, but it
also prevents precipitation of other colloids when an electrolyte is added thereto.
also prevents precipitation of other colloids when an electrolyte is added thereto.
Stock solutions:
Stock solutions:
It is quicker to measure a liquid than to weigh a solid, hence stable soluble salts in
It is quicker to measure a liquid than to weigh a solid, hence stable soluble salts in
frequent use are often made into solutions of known strength.
frequent use are often made into solutions of known strength.
Stock mixtures
Stock mixtures
 These are mixtures prepared in bulk, to enable small volumes to be dispensed quickly
These are mixtures prepared in bulk, to enable small volumes to be dispensed quickly
when required.
when required.