Mitosis is the process of nuclear division where a parent cell divides into two daughter cells with identical genetic material. It consists of four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In metaphase, the chromosomes align along the center of the cell. In anaphase, the sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell. Finally, in telophase, the daughter nuclei form and the cell divides through cytokinesis to complete cell division.

1. Mitotic cell division
RINI JOSEPH

2. Definition
 Mitosis is a process of nuclear division in
eukaryotic cells that occurs when a parent
cell divides to produce two identical daughter
cells .
 During cell division , mitosis refers
specifically to the separation of the
duplicated genetic material carried in the
nucleus .

4. Phases of mitosis
Mitosis consists of four basic phases :
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

5. EARLY PROPHASE :
In early prophase , the cell starts to break
down some structures and built others up
setting the stage for division of the
chromosomes .
» The chromosomes start to condense.
» Mitotic spindle begin to from –
microtubules , strong fibers that are part of the
cells “skeletal ”.
» The nucleolus a part of the nucleus where
ribosomes are ,made disappears .

6. Prophase:
 The chromosomes condense and become
visible - chromatids .
 The centrioles form and move toward
opposite ends of the cell(“the poles”)
 The nuclear membrane dissolves
 The mitotic spindle forms .
 Spindle fibers from each centriole attach to
each sister chromatid at the kinetochore.

7.  Creating kinetochores
 Microtubules attach at kinetochores
 Connect centromeres to centrioles
 Chromosomes begins moving.

8. Metaphase:
 Chromosomes align along middle of cell
 Metaphase plate
 Meta=middle
 Spindle fibers coordinate movement
 Helps to ensures chromosomes separate properly
 So each new nucleus receives only one copy of
each chromosome

10. Anaphase
 Sister chromatids separate at kinetochores
 Move to opposite poles
 Pulled at centromeres
 Pulled by motor proteins “waking” along
microtubules
 Increased production of ATP by mitochondria
 Poles move farther apart
 Polar microtubules lengthen

12. Separation of chromatids
 In anaphase, proteins holding together sister
chromatids are inactivated.
 Separate to become individual chromosomes.
Chromosome movement
 Kinetochores use motor proteins that “walk”
chromosome along attached microtubules.
 Microtubules shortens by dismanting at
kinetochore(chromosome ) end.

13. Telophase
 Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
 Daughter nuclei form
 Nucleoli form
 Chromosome disperse
 No longer visible under light microscope
 Spindle fibers disperse
 Cytokinesis begins
 Cell division

15. Cytokinesis
 Cytokinesis is often mistakenly thought to be
the final part of telophase.
 Cytokinesis is a separate process that beings at
the same time as telophase.
 Cytokinesis is technically not even a phase of
mitosis , but rather a separate process
 Necessary for completing cell division .
 In animal cells, a cleavage furrow (pinch)
containing a contractile ring develops where
the metaphase plate used to be pinching off
the separated nuclei.

16.  In both animal and plants cells, cell division
is also driven by vesicles derived from the
golgi apparatus, which move along
microtubules to the middle of the cell
 In plant cell this structure coalesces into a
cell plate at the centre of phargmoplast and
develops into a cell wall, separating the two
nuclei.