this chapter covers the main information about management information system (MIS) of the book "Remond mcleod"....

1. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Chapter 4
System Users and Developers
1

2. OVERVIEW
 The Business Organization
 IS Support for Organization
 The information services
 The information specialists
 Trend from centralized to decentralized structure
 End-User Computing
 Benefits and Risks of End-User Computing
 Systems Development Knowledge
 Office Automation
 Virtual Organization
 The Societal Impact of Virtual Organization
2

3. BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
 A business organization is an individual or group
of people that collaborate to achieve certain
commercial goals.
 Some business organizations are formed to earn
income for owners.
 Other business organizations, called nonprofits, are
formed for public purposes.
 Types are:
 sole proprietorship,
 partnership,
 and corporation.
3

4. INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUPPORT FOR
ORGANIZATION
 IS have been developed to support the
entire organization, executives, and
business areas
 Such business areas are:
 finance,
 information service,
 human resource,
 manufacturing,
 and marketing.
4

5. INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPED
TO SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS
AND AREAS
5

6. INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPED TO
SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS AND
AREAS
 In figure:
 MIS intended to meet general information needs of
manager through out the firm.
 Executive information system is designed for use by the
firm’s strategic level managers.
 And the five information systems on the lower level
address the unique information needs of those business
areas.
 Those information systems are tailored to physical
organization.
 Physical resources are allocated to physical areas of firm.
 Firm’s activities are conducted without physical location. 6

7. INFORMATION SERVICES (IS) ORGANIZATION
 IS is a unit of firm that is responsible to handle the
information resources, also called IT department, or
MIS unit etc.
 Information resources:
 Hardware,
 Software,
 Information Specialist,
 Users,
 Facilities,
 Databases , and
 Information.
7

8. INFORMATION SERVICES (IS) ORGANIZATION
 Information specialists: Employee whose full-time
responsibility is the contribution for the availability
of information resources in the firm.
 System analysts
 Work with users to develop new systems and improve existing
systems.
 Are expert at defining problems and in preparing written
documentations.
 Programmers
 Use the system analyst’s documentation to code computer
programs.
 Operators
 Run the large-scale computing environment, such as
mainframe computers and servers.
8

9. INFORMATION SERVICES (IS) ORGANIZATION
 Database administrators
 An information specialist who is responsible for the planning,
implementation, operations and security of databases.
 Webmasters
 Is responsible for the content and presentation of firm’s web
site.
 Generally have expertise in graphics, and design.
 Ensure the communication between firm, partner and
customer with the help of NA.
 Network specialists
 Experts in the field of data communication/telecommunication,
also have web-based knowledge.
 Responsible for establishing, maintaining, and updating the
network.
9

10. THE INFORMATIONAL SERVICES ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE
 Information specialists in information
services are organized in various ways.
 In start, the centralized approach is used in
firms,
 All information located in IT department/unit.
10

11. TREND FROM CENTRALIZED TO
DECENTRALIZED STRUCTURE
 Centralized approach:
 Hierarchy.
 System analysts and programmers are used to
developed new systems and maintenance of existing
system.
 Manager is used to manage a group.
 Other operations (DBMS & N/W unit)contributed in
development and maintenance.
11

12. TREND FROM CENTRALIZED TO DECENTRALIZED
STRUCTURE
 Decentralization introduces in 1980’s .
 Resources and authorities allocated to business units.
 Divisional information officer (DIO) was introduced to
manage information resources in areas.
 Innovative
 In 1990’s the centrally decentralized structure was
accomplish:
 IS used to accomplish tasks related to IT resources and
business areas authority for strategic use.
 Problems:
 Prominent role of IT dept, fast technological change,
and lack of knowledge and skills about IT 12

13. THREE INNOVATIVE STRUCTURES
 Partner model
 Information services works with business areas in using
IT to achieve business innovation.
 Platform model
 Information services will not initiate business
innovations, but will provide resources.
 So that innovations can be accomplished by business
areas.
 Scalable model
 Resources must be obtained as soon as market
opportunities arise.
 And must b shed quickly when those opportunities no
longer exists. 13

14. A NETWORK MODEL OF INFORMATION SERVICES
ORGANIZATION
14
Incorporates the features of all 3
models.
Visioning n/w enables CIO to
work with top level in strategic
planning.
Innovative n/w is provides
interface to CIO & business areas
for development of innovative
applications.
Sourcing n/w interfaces CIO with
vendors for the purpose of
acquiring information resources.

15. END-USER COMPUTING
 End-user computing (EUC) is the development by
users of all or parts of their information systems.
 EUC has 4 main influences:
 The impact of computer education.
 Education programs in school, colleges, and
universities. Training programs for firm’s employees to
improve their IT skills.
 The information services backlog.
 Information services could not respond fast enough to
user’s demand, and backlogs built-up with jobs waiting
to go on the computers.
 Low-cost hardware.
 Prewritten software.
15

16. BENEFITS & RISKS OF EUC
 Benefits
 Match capabilities and challenges.
 Reduce the communication gap.
 Risks
 Poorly targeted systems.
 Poorly designed and documented systems.
 Inefficient use of information resources.
 Loss of data integrity.
 Loss of security.
 Loss of control.
16

17. EDUCATION CRITERIA, KNOWLEDGE, AND SKILLS
NEEDED FOR CAREERS IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
 Knowledge can be learned through formal courses
of study, individual effort as reading or observation.
 Systems development knowledge
 Computer literacy
 Information literacy
 Business fundamentals
 Systems theory
 Systems development process
 Systems life cycle (SLC) and Systems development life
cycle (SDLC)
 Systems modeling
17

18. KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS
18

19. EDUCATION CRITERIA, …(CONT’D)
 Systems development skills
 Communications skills
 Analytical ability
 Creativity
 Leadership
19

20. MANAGING THE KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTED BY
THE FIRM’S INFORMATION RESOURCES
 Firm’s information resources:
 Hardware
 Software
 Information specialists
 Users
 Facilities
 Databases
 Information
 Valuable storehouse of knowledge:
 Software: stores knowledge in the form of processes and
procedures.
 Databases: stores knowledge in the form of data and information.
 Users: stores knowledge in the form of computer literacy,
development and modeling.
20

21. MANAGING THE KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTED BY
THE FIRM’S INFORMATION RESOURCES
 Office automation:
 includes all of the formal and informal electronic
systems primarily concerned with the communication of
information to and from persons both inside and outside
the firm.
 Word processing, email, fax, and electronic calendaring.
 Shift from clerical to managerial problem solving.
 First OA applications support clerks and secretaries.
 Now professional and managers are computer literate
so that they are able to solve their problems.
 Email to communicate,
 Electronic calendaring to schedule meetings, and
 Video conferencing to connect.
21

22. THE VIRTUAL OFFICE
 Virtual Office:
 Firm’s work can be done every where employee is
located without physical location.
 Telecommuting:
 Telecommuting is working from a remote location outside
of a traditional office.
 The remote location can be from home, a coffee shop, or
hotel room.
 telecommuting is voluntary and may be terminated at any
time by either the employee or employer.
 Telecommuting does not change the employee's salary, job
responsibilities and benefits.
 Telecommuting means working from home full-time or
several days out of the work week.
22

23. THE VIRTUAL OFFICE (CONT’D)
 Hoteling:
 is when the firm provides a central facility that can be
shared by employees as the need for office space and
support arises.
 Advantages
 Reduced facility cost.
 Reduced equipment cost.
 Reduced work stoppages.
 Social contribution.
 Disadvantages
 Low morale.
 Fear of security risks.
23

24. THE VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION
 Three I Economy is those industries that are most
attracted to the concept of the virtual office and the
virtual organization and those that add value in the
form of information, ideas, and intelligence.
 The Human Element
 Most important ingredient in the development and use
of information systems.
 Main players
 Users
 Information specialists
24