This document discusses various mining methods and technologies. It describes longwall mining, continuous mining equipment, surface and underground mining methods. It provides examples of typical mining operations and modeling a mineral field. It discusses blasting methods and advanced longwall mining. It focuses on rock reinforcement techniques like rock bolting and shotcreting. It also describes tunnel boring machines and their use in hard rock tunneling. Organo-mineral foam is discussed for strata consolidation and rock reinforcement.

1. LAMANNA LUIGI FRANCO
March, 2019

2. ✔
AllphotosillustredarecopiedfromtheWEB
✔✔
LONGWALL MINING OF COALPNEUMATIC HAND-HELD COCK DRILLS
ROTATING DRUM MACHINE - ROADHEADERMETHODS OF SURFACE MINING
UNDERGROUND MINING METHODS
CONTINUOUS EQUIPMENT

3. TYPICAL EXAMPLE MINING EXPLOITATIONS
AllphotosillustredarecopiedfromtheWEB
DRAWING: MODELING A MINERAL FIELD

4. BLASTING
AllphotosillustredarecopiedfromtheWEB

5. IT IS THE MOST ADVANCED METHOD TECHNICALLY. IT IS DEFINED BY LARGE VOLUMES OF
MATERIAL AND STERILE MINERALS. STERILE MATERIALS CAN BE DISPOSED OF ON THE OUTSIDE
OR INSIDE OF THE SLASH.
THESE EXPLOITATIONS CAN BE CARRIED OUT LONGITUDINAL, TRANSVERSAL OR MIXED.
All photos illustred are copied from the WEB
ELIMINATE THE BARREN AND THE MINERALS WITH MEANS
OF APPLICATION OR MECHANICS

6. 1 2
3
4
6
5
DRILLING THR SHOT HOLES
CHECKING THE HOLES CHANGING WITH EXPLOSIVES
DETONATING THE EXPLOSIVES
SHOTPILE READY FOR LOADING
FRONT
BARRENO
MINERAL BROKEN
FACE SURVEY
SOLUTION “A” - DRILLING PROCESS AND OPEN

7. In many cases, engineered slopes require stabilization to
ensure their long-term viability andreduce localized slope
failure (which includes erosion and rockfall). Generally
speaking, themost effective strategy is to prevent the
failure at the source through stabilization, not to
installstructures to protect against them in the future.There
are many methods that can be used to stabilize a rock
slope. These include altering theslope geometry, installing
drainage, adding reinforcement, or a using combinations of
these methods.

8. AllphotosillustredarecopiedfromtheWEB
TYPICAL EXAMPLES SYSTEMS MINING OPEN PIT
(MINER SUSTAINABLE)

9. NOTE
The image on the slide shows some cones in the drilled holes ready to
pour explosives into them. Note the regular pattern of exploding holes.
There is also a pattern in the times of detonation of the explosives in
each explosion hole. Typically, the detonation times of the explosives in
two adjacent boreholes differ by a few milliseconds (called the delay
time), so that the explosion occurs in a particular direction within the
explosion pattern to avoid exploding too much rock.
Explosions should not "vent" and be too spectacular. If they are, energy
is wasted. The goal is to keep the energy of the explosion in the ground
to fracture the rock as much as possible. Ideally, the explosion should
lift the rock and then the fractured rock settles.

10. +EXPLOSIVO
ORGANO-MINERAL FOAM
AllphotosillustredarecopiedfromtheWEB
THIS MIGHT BE VENTING WHERE THE EXPLOSIVE
ENERGY IS NOT TRANSMITTED TO THRE ROCK CONTROLLED BLASTING
CONTROLLED BLAST DESIGN OPENCAST MINES
...... With the increase in the height of the bank,
the larger drilling diameters and the higher
explosive power (cost reduction), has implied an
increase in the concentration of blasting energy.

11. If this explosive energy is not controlled, you will definitely need a decrease in the angle of the slope,
with greater economic consequences (higher removal rate) and safety (loose rock on the bank side,
berm berlands planning less safe or it would not exist)
The best way that this force does not damage the walls is to control the explosive energy (controlled
blasting) .....

12. SUPPORT SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS SUMMARY:
- Mixing ratio of 100: 100 parts by mass (1: 1 parts by volume).
- Start of reaction: 2 minutes (± 15 sec); Complete reaction: 6 - 9 minutes.
- Appearance of the expanded product: flexible foam with closed white cell.
- Expansion factor: 5 - 6 times.
- REACTION TEMPERATURE: 50 - 52 ° C
ORGANO-MINERAL FOAM:
Is a bicomponent polyurethane resin, injection that produces a low reaction temperature,
ideal for use in works where highly flammable substances are present.
CONTROLLED EXPLOSION PERMITS
... REACTION TEMPERATURE: MAX 50 - 52 ° C ....

13. COAL COAL
TRACKLESS CUTTER DRILLING
EXPLOSION COAL MINING
“ORGANO-MINERAL FOAM”
RESIN INJECTION
0,80 m
To 7,0 m
To 7,0 m
0,80 m
5,0 m
CONVENTIONAL MINING: UNDERGROUND
DRILLING

14. GRIPPER TBM - HERRENKNECHT AG
SOLUTION “B”: MINING AND HARD ROCK TBM

15. Underground mines are used to mine high-grade and deep ore bodies. However, there is no
limit degree above which underground mining is always carried out, nor is there a limit depth
below which underground mining is always carried out. Depends on the extraction method
used.
For underground mines, the extraction rate is usually less than 20,000 tons per day (tpd);
10,000 tpd is a large capacity (and highly mechanized) underground mine. However, the
block excavation method can achieve extraction rates much greater than 20,000 tpd.
The results of underground mining in a single waste stream: tailings that are the result of a
process of separation of minerals in the concentrator or processing plant. Very little waste
rock is generated as a result of sinking the well or driving the tunnels to gain access to the
hours.
.
Underground mining is generally more selective than open-pit mining, but the degree of
selectivity depends on the underground mining method.

16. TUNNELS
MINERAL
TOPOGRAFIA ORIGINAL
SOLUTION "A"
SOLUTION “B”: UNDERGROUND MINING
SUBSIDENCIA
FENÓMENOS
TUNNELS
(TBM is used in "Solution B")
REMOVING THE BARREN AND MINERAL WITH BLASTING
OR MECHANICAL MEANS

17. The important design problems of an underground mine are: the geometry of underground
mining, ground support and the logistics of material handling.
Mechanical excavation offers numerous advantages over drilling and blasting for all types
of mine development, including:
The safety of the personnel has improved a lot due to the elimination of explosions and
toxic fumes;
With the excavation of the machine, soil disturbance is drastically reduced, resulting in
significantly lower assumption requirements to provide a safe and stable opening;
The smooth walls created by the perforation of the machine also mean reducing the
ventilation requirements;
Unlike drilling and blasting, the machine generates a uniform dung size, which allows the
implementation of continuous material transport systems, such as conveyor belts;
The excavation of the machine provides continuous operation, which makes it very suitable
for remote control and automation.

18. TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF THE
ARRANGEMENT OF ROCKBOLTS
WITH IN TUNNEL
ROCK REINFORCEMENT
"ORGANO-MINERALFOAM”
FORSTRATACONSOLIDATION

19. PNEUMATIC HAND-HELD COCK DRILLS
All photos illustred are copied from the WEB
SYSTEM MECHANIZED WITHIN THE TBM
GROUND CONSOLIDATION WITH "ORGANO-MINERAL"
RESIN OF DENSE GLUE FOR FRACTURED ROCK, NOT SENSITIVE TO WATER. REACTION
TIME: 90 TO 120 SECONDS.
EXTREMELY STRONG WITH GOOD ADHERENCE TO THE HUMID AND CONCRETE ROCK,
FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE LIMOUS AND SANDY STRATES.

20. ADHESION
RESIN INJECTION
CEMENT
ORGANO-MINERAL FOAM FOR STRATA FOR
ANCHORING REINFORCING AND CONSOLIDATION
ELEMENT PRIOR TO TENSIONING:
- CONVENIENT
- SIMPLE
- VERY HIGH STR. ANCHOR
- PERFECT FOR VERTICAL AND OVERHEAD ROUTING
ROCKBOLTS
THESE ARE REINFORCING ELEMENTS WHICH ARE TENSIONED DURING INSTALLATION. THEY CONSIST OF
A ROD AND MECHANICAL OF GROUTED ANCHORAGE (RESIN INJECTION) COUPLED WITH SOME MEANS
OF APPLYING AND RETAINING THE ROD TENSION. MECHANICAL FIXING ARE SUITABLE FOR HARD ROCK,
WHEREAS GROUTED, FIXED LENGTH BOLTS CAN BE USED IN MOST ROCK TYPES. THE LENGTH VARIES
BETWEEN 2 TO 8 M FOR RESIN INJECTION BARS, AND 3 TO 20 M FOR AN EXPANDING SHELL FIXING ON A
BAR.
YES
NO
TYPE OF ANCHORED ROCKBOLTS

21. Most reinforcement systems work to strengthen the rock mass internally by
increasing itsresistance to shear stress and sliding along fractures. Other
systems work externally to protectthe rock from weathering and erosion and to
add a small amount of structural support. An exsample of this is shotcrete
(concrete or mortar that’s “shot” onto the rock.
Internal Stabilization
Internal stabilization is accomplished by tensioned and untensioned rock
anchors, injectableresin, and drainage.
Rock Anchors
The most common type of internal reinforcement are anchors, which are
threaded steel bars orcables that are inserted into the rock via drilled holes and
bonded to the rock mass by cement grout or resins. (Friction bolts are
considered temporary measures and typically are notused in the transportation
industry.) Because the bond strength between the cement grout orresin and the
rock is less than the maximum yielding stress of the steel, it has a large impact
on the design load of the rock reinforcement.
REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS

22. Rock anchors can be used to secure a single loosened block or to stabilize an
entire rock slopethat is affected by a prevalent rock structure.
Bolt and cable lengths are highly variable and arecompatible with a variety of
rock types, structural characteristics, and strengths. Anchors can becombined
with other stabilization techniques if they cannot mitigate the hazard alone.
Disadvantages include relatively high cost, susceptibility to corrosion, and
lengthy installation times, which can slow the construction of the rock slope.
The anchors used for slope stabilization are typically 6 m (20 ft) in length, 20 mm
to 50 mm (5/8to 2 in) in diameter and made of high-strength steel (bars can be
coupled to increase the lengthup to 30 m or 100 ft, but the total length of a
stabilization bar is generally limited to 12 m or 40ft). Rock anchors can be
tensioned or untensioned.

23. AllphotosillustredarecopiedfromtheWEB
Effects of corrosion on rock
anchors injected with cement
mortar after only 6 months.
(Spearing et al., 2010)
THE CORROSION OF ROCK ANCHORS
IN COAL MINES
Material influence on the stress corrosion cracking of rock bolts and
tunnel support
Application of spiling bolts in a
weakness zone. (Einar Hrafn
Hjàlmarsson, 2011)
TBM

24. Tensioned Anchors (Rock Bolts):
Tensioned anchors (also known as rock bolts) are used on rock masses that
already show signs of instability or on newly cut rock slopes to prevent
movement along fractures and subsequent decrease of shearing resistance. A
hex nut and bearing plate are used to distribute the tensile load from the bolt to
the rock mass.
Rock bolts are considered a type of active reinforcement due to the post-
tensioning they provide,and are used to add compressive stress to joints within a
rock mass.This force increases the friction along the fracture planes and helps to
reduce block movement.
REFERENCE: CHAPTER 5 ROCK SLOPE STABILIZATION

25. ORGANO-MINERAL FOAM FOR STRATA CONSOLIDATION
-The product has greater penetration into
cracks (0.005 inches);
-The product not only anchors iron bars but
it also consolidates crumble and unstable rocks;
- The product block water inflows.
RESINNON-FLAMMABLE
RESINCARTRIDGEFLAMMABLE
YESNO
NO
GROUT (RESIN)
PERMEATED SOiL

26. INJECTIONWITH
TRADITIONALRESINOR
PRODUCTSBASEDON
CEMENT
TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF BREAKING BASED
CEMENT PRODUCTS
FRACTURED ROCK
BAR
GROUT ROCK BOLT SUBJECT TO CRUSHING

27. THE RESIN IS ABLE TO ABSORB THE
DEFORMATIONS WITHOUT
BREAKING
THEPRODUCTHASGREAT
PENETRATIONINCRACKS
(0.005INCHES)
GROUT (RESIN) PENETRAS IN SMALLEST FLEXURES PRESENT IN SOIL / ROCK
BAR

28. TEST WITH “RESIN”
TEST
DESIGN OF DRILLING MESHES AND UNDERGROUND BLASTING IN FRONTS OF
THE MINE AND TUNNELS

29. Reinforcing element is grouted into place using either cement or resin-
based grout. Both bonding agents use either a one - or two - step
application process, depending on the type of anchor being used.
Grouting for rock bolts is typically applied in two steps. In the first step, the
grout or resin is injected into the base of the bore hole — the section
known as the “bond length” of the bolt — and allowed to set. After the
bond length is dry, the bearing plate and hex nut are installed, the boltis
tightened, and the remaining length (the “free length”) is filled with grout or
resin.
In some cases, contractors can accomplish the grouting in a single step,
by using two types of grout orresin, each with a different set time. In this
method, the bond length is filled with a quick-set product while the
remainder of the hole is filled with a slow-set product; the quick-set resin is
allowed to harden, then the bolt is tightened before the slow-set resin sets.

30. TECHNICAL DATA:
Mixing ratio (A + B) : 100: 100 parts in weight (1: 1 in volume).
Compressive strength: 55,9 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.
Flexure strenght: 20,7 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.
Tensile strenght: 14,2 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.
TESTRESIN”

31. DRILLING INJECTION INSTALLATION
Resin thixotropic - two-component injection resin, polyurea silicate, fire resistant, for consolidation of land:
- consolidation of fractured rock in underground structures;
- coalbed consolidation;
- support with bolts (anchor blocks);
- does not absorb water; border time> 1 min.
TIXOTROPIC

32. TECHNICAL DATA:
Mixing ratio (A + B) : 100: 83 parts in weight (1: 1 in volume).
Compressive strength: 51,97 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.
Flexure strenght: 26,50 Mpa at 24 h at 20 ° C and 60% R.H.
TEST BY "CORE DRILLING" IN A
CONCRETE DAM 40 METERS DEEP
RESIN

33. DRILLING INJECTION INSTALLATION
COTWOODFORFIXING
PENETRAINTOCRACKSOF0,005-0,10mm
Resin injection bi-component polyurea silicate, fire resistant, for consolidation of land:
- Figure in existing procedures for injecting resin into the hole where you must anchor the bars are shown. The
procedures ensure good control over the effective fill the space between the bolts and the rock, though, if you
get to make a correct tape it is preferred method based on the resin bubbling up in the talabro;
- border time > 4 min.
CRACK TENSION DEVELOP IN ENTRY CENTER LIKE
SAGS CEILING

34. ROCK INJECTION BOLT IS USED WHEN THE CONVENTIONAL CONSOLIDATION (WITH PACKING
AND DIFFUSER) CAN NOT WAIT TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE STABILIZATION:
- STABILIZING INPUT THONG;
- INTERSECTION OF FAULTS;
- DEPUTY OF ROCK FALL IN THE POSTAL PACKER LONGWALL;
- STABILIZATION OF COVERS AND FACES IN DRIFT;
- COAL FACE STABILIZATION IN LONGWALL;
- CONSOLIDATION COAL AND STRATA;
- GRP STUCK DRILLING AND STEEL BOLTS AND DRIFTS RISE AND DIRECTION DIP;
- STUCK IN SUPPORT BOLT BELT ENTRY;
- FIXING THE FACE OF THE DRIFT.
THE ADJUSTMENT PROCESS REQUIRES A ”ORGANO-MINERAL FOAM “ PROPERTIES WITH
ALMOST THIXOTROPIC.
SETTLEMENT OF BOLTS TO SUPPORT
EXCAVATION CEILING

35. SCHEMATIC OF A TYPICAL UNDERGROUND COAL MINE SHOWING
THE ROOF SUPPORT SYSTEM AND SEVERAL IMPORTANT FACTORS
THAT RESULT IN BOLT CORROSION
COAL
SHALE
GRAY SHAL
LIME STONE
STRATA’S CONDUCTIVITY
GROUND MOVEMENT
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
STRESSES
GROUND WATER
PH
SULFATES
CHLORIDES
NITRATES
CRAKS
ROOF BOLT
FLOW AMOUNT & VELOCITY
MINE ROOF
RESIN
GASES
O2
CO2
SO2
AllphotosillustredarecopiedfromtheWEB.Societyfrommining,metallurgy&exploration
–Vol.338,2015transactions.

36. Figure gives a schematic of a typical underground coal mine
roof, showing its stratigraphy, its roof support system, consisting of
resin-grouted roof bolt, and important factors responsible for an
uncontrollable and aggressive corrosive environment, including
ground water pH and chemical composition, cyclic
temperatures, acid gases, internal and external stresses, strata
movement, and strata material electrical conductivity. In
addition, the material’s hardness and its microstructure also have
a significant effect on the corrosion process.
The injection of resin prevents corrosion of the bars.
From our laboratory tests, using a climatic chamber, 50 and 100 year
corrosion tests, we have seen that the bar has not undergone any
corrosion. In addition, the resin, did not suffer any degradation, both
chemical and mechanical.

37. LONGWALL CARBON MINING
AllphotosillustredarecopiedfromtheWEB

38. Longwall Mining is a highly mechanized underground mining system for
coal mining. A carbon layer is selected and blocked in an area known as
a panel. A typical panel can be 3000 m long by 250 m wide. The
passages would be excavated along the panel to provide access and
place a transport system to transport material outside the mine. The
entrance tunnels would be constructed from the corridors along the
width of the panel.
The longwall system would mine between entrance tunnels. The
extraction is an almost continuous operation that involves the use of
automatic advance hydraulic roof supports, some times called shields, a
cutting machine and a conveyor that runs parallel to the face that is
extracted. A typical configuration of a long-wall mining system is
illustrated below on the left.
NOTE

39. COAL FACE CONSOLIDATION AND
STABILIZATION
SOPORTE TECHO-HIDRAULICO
INJECTION PUMP
IF THERE IS NO PRESENCE OF GAS OF GREAT SIZE, FILTRA
CAN BE INJECTED THE RESIN TYPE "FOAM-SP" OR THE
"FOAM-PU-NF” OR "FOAM-PH" PHENOLIC RESIN

40. COAL FACE SALVAGE
SOPORTE TECHO-HIDRAULICO
INJECTION PUMP
IF THERE IS NO PRESENCE OF GAS OF GREAT SIZE, FILTRA
CAN BE INJECTED THE RESIN TYPE "FOAM-SP" OR THE
"FOAM-PU-NF” OR "FOAM-PH" PHENOLIC RESIN

41. CAVITY FILLED WITH FOAM TYPE
"FOAM-PH (PHENOLIC RESIN)
SOPORTE TECHO-HIDRAULICO
INJECTION PUMP
FILLING CAVITY WITH FOAM-PH
IF THERE IS NO PRESENCE OF GAS OF GREAT SIZE, FILTRA
CAN BE INJECTED THE RESIN "FOAM-SP"
COAL

42. FOAM-PH
FOAM-PH is a fast-reacting two-component phenolic foam resin that begins to
foam immediately after mixing and can exhibit excellent physical properties.
BENEFITS:
• high foaming factor;
• low density;
• reduction of coating needs.
• extremely practical;
• high filling capacity, foam starts immediately;
• no waiting time after completion of filling work;
• low emissions;
• extinguishes fires in the mine.
TECHNICAL DATA OF THE MIXTURE (AT 20 ° C):
- start foaming: sec immediately
- Final foam: sec 180 ± 60
- foam factor (in free field): 32-38
- Consumption: kg / m3 ~ 36-42

43. TWO-COMPONENT PHENOLIC FOAM "FOAM-PH" THAT IS USED
NORMALLY FOR FILLING CAVIDADES, SEALING AIR AND GAS
AND CONSOLIDATING HIGHLY FRACTURED STRATEGIES IN
UNDERGROUND MINES. THE FOAM EXPANDS UP TO 20 TO 30
TIMES THEIR ORIGINAL VOLUME AND IS FIRE RESISTANT. THE
"FOAM-PH" FOAM HAS AN APPLICATION TO SEAL
UNDERGROUND AREAS OF MINES THAT EXPERIENCE
SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION HEATING TO HELP IN THE
CONTROL AND SUPPRESSION OF FIRE IN MINES.

44. Mr. LAMANNA LUIGI FRANCO
132, via dei Serpenti – 00184 ROME – ITALY - U.E.
e-mail: lamannaluigifranco1 @ gmail.com
- TUNNELLING
- MINING
- OIL
- CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERGROUND ENG.
- TBM-EPB (GREASE-SEALANTS, SOIL CONDITIONING FOAMS AND POLIMERS)
SPECIALISTS IN TUNNELS AND UNDERGROUND WORK

45. Questo PDF è un prodotto amatoriale al quale non può essere applicato l'art. 5 della legge italiana 08
Febbraio 1948 n. 47, poiché l'aggiornamento delle notizie in esso contenute non ha periodicità regolare
(art. 1 comma 3, legge 07 Marzo 2001 n. 62).
Questo PDF non rappresenta una testata giornalistica o quant’altro e i post editi hanno lo scopo di stimolare
la discussione e l’approfondimento tecnico, la critica e la libertà di espressione del pensiero, nei modi e nei
termini consentiti dalla legislazione italiana vigente.
Come a conoscenza in tutto il mondo il materiale pubblicato su Internet è di dominio pubblico. Tuttavia, se
qualcuno riconoscesse proprio materiale con Copyright e non volesse vederlo pubblicato su questo PDF,
non ha che da darne avviso al gestore e sarà immediatamente eliminato.
Dichiariamo, inoltre, di non essere responsabili per i commenti inseriti nei post. Eventuali commenti dei
lettori, lesivi dell'immagine o dell'onorabilità di persone terze, non sono da attribuirsi a noi, nemmeno se gli
stessi vengono espressi in forma anonima o criptata.
This PDF is an amateur product which can not be applied Article. 5 of the Italian Law No 8 February 1948 n.
47, since the updating of the information contained in it has no regular periodicity (art. 1 paragraph 3, of the
law 7 March 2001 n. 62).
This PDF is not represent a journalistic head or whatever and posts published are intended to stimulate
discussion and the technical study, criticism and freedom of expression of thought, in the manner and within
the terms permitted by current Italian legislation.
How known all over the world the material published on the Internet is public domain. Nevertheless, if
someone would recognize their own material with Copyright and did not want see it published on this PDF, it
only has to give notice to the manager and will be immediately eliminated.
We declare, moreover, they are not responsible for the comments included in the post. Any reader
comments, damaging the image or repute of third persons, are not to be attributed to us, not even if these
are expressed in an anonymous or encrypted.
LIBERATORIA / DISCLAIMER