The document discusses various atomic minerals found in India including uranium, thorium, beryllium, and lithium. It provides details on the largest reserves of each mineral by state in India and largest producing countries globally. The major uses of each mineral are also summarized, with uranium and thorium being primarily used for nuclear energy production, beryllium for alloys, and lithium for batteries.

1. A Seminar On
Jiwaji University, Gwalior
Under The Guidance By:- Submitted
By:-
Dr. Jai Prakash Gautam Akash Naik
rd

2.  Atomic Energy Minerals
 Highlight - Atomic mineral reserves in India
 Highlight - Largest producing atomic minerals in world
 Atomic minerals in India – minerology, uses, occurance and distribution
• Uranium
• Thorium
• Beryllium
• Lithium
 Conclusion
 Bibliography

3.  Atomic minerals are the most important among non-fossil energy resources.
 They are found in the slate rocks of the pre-Cambrian (Archean Schist) and
Dharwar periods in India.
 Uranium and Thorium are major minerals for the production of atomic energy.
 Uranium is mined from pitchblende, uranite, autunite, carnotite, uraconite whereas
for thorium is obtained mainly from monazite, thorite and thorianite. Thorium is
also obtained from beryllium, zircon, antimony and graphite.

4. Atomic Minerals Found in Largest Producing State India’s Reserve
(in tonnes)
Uranium Andhra Pradesh, Bihar
Chattisgarh, Jharkhand
Kerala, Madhya Pradesh
Meghalaya
Andhra Pradesh
Jharkhand
1,29,000
Thorium Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand
Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh 8,46,000
Beryllium Andhra Pradesh, Assam,
Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir
Karnataka, Kerala
Madhya Pradesh, Mysore
Odisha, Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu, West Bengal
Jharkhand
Madhya Pradesh
-------
Lithium Bihar, Karnataka, M.P,
Maharashtra, Rajasthan
Karnataka
--------

5. Atomic Minerals Largest Producing Country Reserve
(in tonnes)
Uranium Kazakshthan 906,800 MT
Thorium India 1070 TT
Beryllium United State 170 TT
Lithium Australia 40 TT

6. - Uranium is the primary fuel for nuclear reactors and must be managed properly, in a safe and sustainable manner.
- Uranium metal is white and hard having a specific gravity 18.68, discovered in 1789 by Klaproth.
- Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ leaching and by borehole.
- The upper layers of earth’s contain about 40 trillion tonnes of uranium.
- The total reserves of uranium as estimated by the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, are about 3,82,675 tonnes.

7. As uranium is radio active metal it does not found in native form, it founds combine with the minerals

8.  Over the years of dedicated work, researcher has identified and established different place of
Uranium deposits/distribution of India:-
a) Vein type Uranium deposits:
- Found along Singhbhum Shear Zone in Jharkhand at Jadguda(Second Largest mine), Narwa
Pahar, Bhatin, Bagjata , Turamdih, Bandhuhuran, Central Keraudungri, Kanyaluka, Mohuldih
& Nandup and Bodal & Jajwal in Chattisgarh.
b) Sandstone type deposits:
- At Domiasiat & Wahkyn in Meghalaya.
c) Unconformity deposits:
- At Lambapur – Peddagattu
d) Strata-bound type deposits:
- At Tummalapalle(Largest mine) in
Andhra Pradesh.
e) Thrust deposits:
- Include Gogi in Bhima basin, Karnataka; Koppunuru in Cuddapah basin, Andhra Pradesh;
Wakhyn in Mahadek basin, Meghalaya and Rohil in Aravalli-Delhi basins, Rajasthan.
- The potential basins identified are Chattisgarh basin; Gwalior basin in MP; and Kunjar basin in
Odisha.

9. https://www.inform.kz/fotoarticles/20190208171134.jpg
https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-42539299,width-300,imgsize-46458,,resizemode-4,quality-
100/.jpg
Kazakhstan Uranium Mine Jadaguda Uranium Mine

10. https://cdn.mindspritesolutions.com/examrace/Current-
Affairs/posts/6e/6e200402844de30712c93b659d6e5b682ff368b0657d55b40c5dff0e6f97c7c3/Map-of-Atomic-Minerals-
in-India.jpg

11. - Uranium is a very important element because it provides us with nuclear fuel used to generate electricity in nuclear power
stations.(1kg of uranium give rise to 100,000KW power)
- The disintegration of uranium and uranium minerals gives rise to radium(Ra) which is important for cancer treatment in
certain X-rays apparatus.
- Uranium is also used by the military to power nuclear submarines and in nuclear weapons.
- Depleted uranium is uranium that has much less uranium-235 than natural uranium. It is considerably less radioactive
than natural uranium. It is a dense metal that can be used as ballast for ships and counterweights for aircraft. It is also
used in ammunition and armor.
- Uranium salt is used to give yellow to brown colours for glass and glazes and for special alloys of steel, copper and
nickel.

12. - Thorium is a weakly radioactive metallic chemical element.
- Thorium is silvery and tarnishes black when it is exposed to air, forming thorium dioxide; it is moderately soft and malleable and
has a high melting point.
- It is derived from monazite or else by product of rare earth minerals.
- It is produced in Kerala, Jharkhand, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, and Rajasthan.
- In India there is 9,63,000 tonnes of Thorium and in World 19,00,000 tonnes.
- There are two categories of thorium minerals for thorium extraction: primary and secondary. Primary
deposits occur in acidic granitic magmas and pegmatites. They are concentrated, but of small size.
Secondary deposits occur at the mouths of rivers in granitic mountain regions. In these deposits, thorium is
enriched along with other heavy minerals.

14. https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-s2.0-B9780081003077000107-f10-04-9780081003077.jpg
Mountain Pass Thorium mine,
South California
https://images.newindianexpress.com/uploads/user/imagelibrary/2022/8/5/w1200X800/SCCL.jpg
Thorium mine,
Andhra Pradesh

15. https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/dte/userfiles/images/20111215_12.jpg
State Monazite
(Million tonnes)
Odisha 2.41
Andhra Pradesh 3.72
Tamil Nadu 2.46
Kerala 1.90
West Bengal 1.22
Jharkhand 0.22
Total 11.93

16.  As thorium is radioactive, its uses mainly lie in nuclear fuel applications.
 It is helpful in radiometric dating.
 Used as an alloying element in magnesium, to coat tungsten wire in electrical equipment.
 Used in manufacturing lenses for cameras and scientific instruments.
 Used in nuclear reactors as it does not generate plutonium.

17. - It is steel-gray, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal.
- Beryllium does not occur native in nature, it’s principal source is Beryl.
- Berylllium is extracted from its ore electrolysis in a fluoride bath containing sodium and barium.
- Generally, the occurrence of beryl is confined to pegmatite dikes, in acid granites and gneisses of the Dharwar basement
complex. Also occur as alluvial deposits as placers after being derived from the host rock, pegmatite.
- The more productive beryl deposits are found in Bihar, parts of Rajasthan and Madras. Here beryl occurs at the edges of the
prominent quartz cores of pegmatites and in the feldspathic rim surrounding it.
- Total world reserves of beryllium ore are greater than 4,00,000 tonnes.
- Production of beryl in India was insignificant before the war, but since 1949 the annual output has been in some years 2000
to 3000 tons.
https://energyeducation.ca/wiki/images/thumb/a/a2/Be.png/300px-Be.png

19. https://nma.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Materion-Beryllium-Mine-Delta.jpg
Materion Beryllium mine, U.S
https://www.icmj.com/userfiles/images/200305/23-figure-2.jpg
Utah red beryl mine, U.S

20.  Beryllium is used in alloys with copper or nickel to make gyroscopes, springs, electrical contacts, spot-welding electrodes
and non-sparking tools. Mixing beryllium with these metals increases their electrical and thermal conductivity.
 Other beryllium alloys are used as structural materials for high-speed aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and communication
satellites as strong and lite weight.
 Beryllium absorbs X-rays to a lesser extent than any other metal and so it is used in X-rays tubes.
 The oxide has a very high melting point making it useful in nuclear work as well as having ceramic applications.
 Beryl is also used as gems. Varieties are emerald and aquamarine.

21. - It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal and it constitutes about 0.002 percent of Earth’s crust.
- lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and must be stored in vacuum, inert atmosphere, or inert liquid such as purified kerosene or
mineral oil.
- It exhibits a metallic luster, but moist air corrodes it quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish.
- It never occurs freely in nature, but only compounds, such as pegmatitic minerals, which were once the main source of lithium.
- The main sources of lithium are brines and ores.
- Lithium is also found in pegmatite ores, such as spodumene and lepidolite, or in amblygonite ores, with Lithium oxide contents
ranging between 4 and 8.5 percent.
- Lithium metal is produced by electrolysis of a fused mixture of lithium and potassium chlorides.
- World has 14 million tonnes lithium reserve.

23. https://gumlet.assettype.com/swarajya%2F2018-08%2F1877d868-fee8-4982-ae8d-
e7dc802305b5%2F254f31de_fbc3_4002_98be_c184e51aabd1.jpg?q=75&auto=format%2Ccompress&w=1200
https://batteryindustry.tech/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/lithiummine.jpg
Lithium reserve, Karnataka Lithium mine, Mexico

24. - The most important use of lithium is in rechargeable batteries for mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras and electric vehicles. Lithium
is also used in some non-rechargeable batteries for things like heart pacemakers, toys and clocks.
- Lithium metal is made into alloys with aluminium and magnesium, improving their strength and making them lighter. A magnesium-
lithium alloy is used for armour plating. Aluminium-lithium alloys are used in aircraft, bicycle frames and high-speed trains.
- Lithium oxide is used in special glasses and glass ceramics. Lithium chloride is also used for absorbing moisture in air conditioning and
industrial drying systems.
- Lithium carbonate is used in drugs to treat manic depression.
- Lithium hydride is used as a means of storing hydrogen for
use as a fuel.
https://www.theindianwire.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/images-1-2.png

25. - Among all the Atomic energy minerals Uranium and Thorium are the major source atomic minerals.
- Uranium is mainly used for nuclear reactor that produce electricity and it is used in medical, industry etc.
- Thorium also mainly used as nuclear fuel and then for radiometric dating, used as alloy and etc.
- Beryllium is mainly used in alloys with copper to make product like electrodes, springs, electrodes, non sparking tools
and also used in X-ray tubes because its absorb less rays.
- Lithium is mainly used for rechargeable batteries as well as in non-rechargeable batteries and then used as alloy with
aluminium and magnesium improving their strength and making them lighter and also used in drugs for manic
treatment.

26. • Prasad, Umeshwar. Economic Geology: Economic Mineral Deposits. CBS Pub.,
2006.
• Bateman, Alan M. Economic mineral deposits, 1950.
• https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/atomic-minerals-1448695896-
1#:~:text=Uranium%20and%20Thorium%20are%20major,%2C%20zircon%2C%20antimony%20and%20gr
aphite.
• https://dae.gov.in/node/sites/default/files/atomicminerals.pdf
• https://www.pmfias.com/uranium-thorium-distribution-advantages-uranium-india-nuclear-power-plants/
• https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/4/uranium