The document presents a comprehensive overview of the stages of mining, focusing on development and exploitation. It outlines the processes involved in mine development, including environmental regulations, financing, and the selection of mining methods based on various factors. Additionally, it discusses cost estimation, management, and strategies for effective mineral exploitation.

1. Welcome to our presentation

2. The presentation topic
Stages of mining : Development and
Exploitation

3. Mining Stages
Prospecting
Exploration
DevelopmentExploitation
Reclamation

4. Mine Development
•Process of constructing a mining facility.
•Infrastructure to support the facility.
•Major purposes: Providing access, Permitting
entry, Ventilation, Transportation, Waste
disposal.
•Limited to: Excavation of openings,
Equipment installation and construction
requiring initial exploitation.

5. Factors in Mine Development
Factors
Locational
Natural and
Geologic
Social-
Economic-
Political-
Environmental

6. Locational Factors
Ease of transport
Availability of services
Operational and Psychological impcats
Employees’ satisfaction

7. Natural and Geologic Factors
Topography
Spatial relations
Geologic considerations
Rock mechanics properties
Chemical and metallurgical properties

8. Socio-Economic-Political-
Environmental Factors
Demographics and occupational skills
Financing and Marketing
Political stability
Environmental legislation
Government: Aids and Restricton

9. Sequence of Development
Adoption of Feasibility report.
Confirmation of Mining method.
Finance arrangement.
Land and Mineral acquisition.
Documentation of environmental impact
statements.
Provision of access, transportation, communication
and power supply.

10. Sequence of Development
Planning and Construction of surface plant.
Erection of Mineral processing plant.
Mining equipment acquisition.
Main openings construction.
Underground facilities construction.
Requirement and training.

11. Land Acquisition
Ownership of
Public Land
Leasing of
Private Land
Leasing of
Public Land
Ownership of
Private Land

12. Environmental Protection
Regulations requires adopting modern technology.
Environmental protection must be planned before
excavation.
Mining permits are withheld, until environmental
laws are obeyed.
Three major acts:
1. The National Environmental Policy
act(NEPA)
2. Environmental Impact Statement(EIS)
3. Environmental Assessment(EA)

13. Financing and Implementation
Loans from various
sources
Issues of securities
through investment
Leasing of equipment Government loans

14. Financing and Implementation
Implemented
according to a crafted
schedule
Mine Plant
CPM method to
achieve development
in shortest possible
time
Such schedule is
required to acquiring
financial support

15. Taxation
Taxation is a system by which a
government takes money from people
based on their property and earning to use
for government purposes.
Mineral property taxation is unique ,
variable and complex.
There are different types of taxes these
significantly affect income(depletion rates
affects tax , as mineral value varies from
5% to 22% for variation of mineral ).

16. Cost estimation
Cost estimation is the approximation of the cost of a
program, project or operation.
Bureau of Mine Staff has provided us with the
knowledge of cost estimation.
Along that, SME Mining Engineering Handbook
provides primarily metal mining information and coal &
secondarily metal mining data.

17. Cost estimation
The mine budget is the sum of all cost that are used in
mine.
In mine operation a capital investment goes on
development of mine.
As a result it’s of acute need to secure enough capital to
open a mine and to initiate revenue from deposit.

18. Cost estimation
•An example goes-
Coal Mines
Surface $40-150/ton/yr ($44-165/ton/yr)
Underground $100-200 (110-220)
Metal Mines
Surface $75-200 (83-220)
Underground $100-200 (110-330)

19. Exploitation :
Exploitation is the work of recovering mineral from
earth in economic amounts and delivering it to shipping
or processing facilities.
A chief activity of this stage is production. Production
process includes production cycle and support
operations.
Exploitation is the brief of first three and the fifth stage
of a mine.
General strategy

20. Exploitation :
Strategy of exploitation stage are –
 Selection of mining methods matching unique
characteristics.
 Safety requirements
 Mineral processing
 Environment
 Reducing mining cost
 Combination of mining , processing and
requirements of land.
General strategy

21. Exploitation:
Factors in selection: In selection of mining method there
are many quantitative and qualitative that must be evaluated.
The following are considered:
Spatial characteristics of the deposit: size , shape, attitude,
depth etc.
Geologic and hydrologic conditions: chemical
composition, mineralogy, petrology etc.
Geotechnical properties: rock mass rating, elastic-plastic
properties etc.
Mining Method

22. Exploitation:
Economic considerations: reserve, production rate,
mine life etc.
Technological factors: recovery, dilution, flexibility
etc.
Environmental concerns: workforce, atmosphere
control etc.

23. Guidelines and Procedure
Mining method is carried in three levels . These are-
I. Conceptual study
II. Engineering study
III. Detailed design study

24. Classification of mining methods
Locate Class Subclass Method Commodities
Relative
Cost (%)
Surface Mechanical Open pit mining Metal,
nonmetal
5
Quarrying
mining
Nonmetal 100
Open cast
mining
Coal, nonmetal 10
Auger mining Coal 5
Aqueous Placer Hydraulicking
mining
Metal,
nonmetal
5
Dredging Metal,
nonmetal
<5
Solution Borehole
mining
Nonmetal 5
Leaching Metal 10

25. Classification of mining methods
Locate Class Subclass Method Commodities
Relative
Cost (%)
Underground Unsupported Room and pillar
mining
Coal, nonmetal 20
Stope and pillar
mining
Metal, nonmetal 10
Shrinkage stoping Metal, nonmetal 45
Sub-level stoping Metal, nonmetal 20
Supported Cut and fill mining Metal 55
Stull stoping Metal 70
Square set mining Metal 100
Caving Longwall mining Coal 15
Sub-level caving Metal 15
Block caving Metal 10

26. MINE MANAGEMENT

27. Mining costs
Overall Mining cost is the sum of two ,either total unit basis as
follow:
Overall mining cost = Direct cost+ Indirect cost
Sum of all costs associate with the prospecting, exploration,
development, exploitation and reclamation is called direct
mining cost.
The indirect cost includes the allowance.

28. Mining costs
Summing the five stages in mine life assuming in 20years
mine life for stage four we obtain data like the following
on-

29. Mining costs
While calculating cost of mine we find that,
1. Labour intensive method increase the absolute
cost on the contrary mechanized and automated
method decrease the absolute cost.
2. Geological condition, ground condition in
production, physical dimensions of deposit affects
the absolute costs.

30. Conclusion
In order to become well acquainted with various
mining method these following things should keep in
practice-
I. Sketch each method
II. Describe how is to developed and operated
III. Summarize its distinctive conditions and features.
At conclusion, assembling the assigned methods ,a
lasting well-engineered summary record is
produced for future .

31. Thank
You