Charlemagne united many Germanic kingdoms in northern Europe under his empire in the late 8th century. This spread Christianity more widely and had a permanent impact. After Charlemagne's death, his empire fragmented and feudalism emerged as a political and military system defined by obligations between lords and vassals. Landowners granted land in exchange for military service and other duties. Society was strictly divided into those who fought, prayed, and worked. Manors formed the basic economic unit, with peasants owing labor and taxes to the lord in exchange for protection and farmland.
Germanic Tribes and Vikings5th-11th centuries The My.docxshericehewat
Germanic Tribes and Vikings
5th-11th centuries
The Myth of the Dark Ages
Germanic tribes took over Roman lands.
Hundreds of little kingdoms took the place of the Western Roman Empire in Europe.
Modelled Roman law, customs, and Christianity
Kingdoms were always at war with one another.
Myth of the Dark Ages
Germanic tribes adopted Christianity
Monasteries – communities of nuns and monks who were servants of God
They were Europe’s best educated
They opened schools
Maintained libraries
Copied important books: this preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements
The Franks
In A.D. 481, Clovis united the Franks and became their king.
Clovis converted to the Christianity.
Essentially, the Franks blended Germanic and Roman cultural practices
He established the Merovingian Kingdom
The Franks
By 800s Franks ruled much of western, central Europe
Leaders most influential in expansion of Franks all belonged to one family—Charlemagne’s family, the Carolingians
One of first Carolingians to gain power, Charlemagne’s grandfather
Charles Martel, political adviser, war leader for Frankish king
Led Frankish army in many crushing defeats of opponents, notably at the Battle of Tours
Age of Charlemagne
Charlemagne 742-814 AD
Overview:
Charlemagne became king of the Franks in 768 A.D. He tried to recreate the glory of the old Roman Empire.
He conquered vast territories and was eventually proclaimed emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III.
He gave land to his nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military service.
Charlemagne
Charlemagne was a Frankish king that lived during the 8th and 9th centuries
He became king in 768 after his father Pepin the Short died
Charlemagne was an ambitious ruler and expanded the Frankish territory
Because of his successful campaigns, he has been considered by some as the Father of Modern Europe.
Charlemagne and pope Leo
In 773 Charlemagne began his attack on the Lombard kingdom, which was in northern Italy
Pope Leo called on him for help when the Lombards attacked Papal States, 774
The Papal states was a region in central Italy under control of pope
By 774, he had the Lombards on the verge of defeat and he received the Iron Crown
The Iron Crown made him king over the Franks and Lombards
Charlemagne and Pope Leo
In 799, Charlemagne helped Leo III again. Eventually, Charlemagne was named emperor of the Roman people
The Pope’s action suggested that Charlemagne’s rule had the backing of the church and God
Th effects of this were massive:
Charlemagne now rivaled the Byzantine’s as the inheritors of Rome
It placed the Roman papacy firmly in the sphere of the west isolating it from the influence of the Byzantines
Charlemagne also considered marrying the Byzantine queen Irene to unite the empires
The West was now further unified politically and spiritually
Charlemagne
Charlemagne had tremendous power as emperor
His empire was large and not easy to rule; he made c ...
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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2. SECTION 1: GERMANIC KINGDOMS
UNITE UNDER CHARLEMAGE
MAIN IDEA: Many Germanic
kingdoms that succeeded the
Roman Empire were reunited
under Charlemagne’s empire
Why it matters now? Charlemagne
spread Christian civilizations
through northern Europe, where it
had a permanent impact
3. Setting the Stage
Gradual decline of the
Roman Empire ushered in
an era of European history
called the MIDDLE AGES (or
MEDIEVAL PERIOD)
Timeline= 500-1500
New institutions slowly
emerged to REPLACE the
fallen Roman Empire
Medieval Europe remained
FRAGMENTED
4. InvasionsTrigger Changes in
Western Europe
GERMANIC GROUPS
overran the western half the
Roman Empire
NewTrends:
1. Disruption ofTrade
2. Downfall of Cities
3. Population Shifts
5. 1. Disruption ofTrade
Merchants faced
INVASIONS from both
land and sea
businesses collapsed
This breakdown of trade
destroyed Europe’s cities
as economic centered
Money was scarce
6. 2. Downfall of Cities
After fall of the Roman
Empire, cities were
abandoned as centers of
administrations
7. 3. Population Shifts
As Roman centers of trade
collapsed so did
GOVERNMENT
Nobles MOVEDTOTHE
RURAL AREAS
Roman cities were left
WITHOUT LEADERS
Population in western
Europe become mostly
RURAL
8. The Decline of Learning
Germanic invaders who
stormed Rome could NOT
READ ORWRITE (few
people except priests and
church officials were
literate)
Germanic tribes, had oral
tradition of songs and
legends, had NO WRITTEN
LANGUAGE
Knowledge of GREEK was
almost LOST
9. Loss of a Common Language
When German-speaking
peoples MIXED with the
Roman population, LATIN
BEGANTO CHANGE
It wasn’t understood from
region to region
Different DIALECTS emerged
By 800s, French, Spanish and
other Roman-based languages
had evolved form Latin
Many different languages was
a SYMBOL of the breakup of
the Roman Empire
10. Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
Between 400 and 600,
small Germanic kingdoms
replaced Roman
provinces
Border of kingdoms
constantly changed
What survived the fall of
the Roman Empire?The
Church
11. The Concept of Government
Changes
Germanic people lived in small
communities and were governed by
UNWRITTEN RULES AND
TRADITIONS
Germanic chiefs led bands of warriors
Warriors were loyal to their leaders
They would fight and die for him
No obligation to a king they didn’t know
Franks= Germanic power held power
Clovis= leader, would eventually bring
Christianity to this region
12. The Franks Under Clovis
Clovis’ wife, Clothilde, urged him
to convert to her faith,
Christianity
Clovis was fearful going into
battle, so he appealed to the
Christian God
Tide of the battle shifted and the
Franks were able to win
Church in Rome, welcomed Clovis’
conversion
Clovis had united the Franks into
one kingdom
13. Germanic Peoples Adopt
Christianity
Frankish rulers had converted
many Germanic peoples
These converts had settled in
Rome’s former land
Missionaries were successful
in spreading Christianity
Many feared coastal attacks
by Muslims, so they converted
14. Monasteries & Convents
MONASTERIES= religious
communities, best-educated
communities
MONKS- Christian men gave
up their private possessions,
became servants of God
Opened schools, maintained
libraries, copied books
NUNS- women who followed
this religious life, lived in
CONVENTS
15. Gregory I Expands Papal Power
Gregory I=Gregory the
Great, became pope in
590
Broadened the authority
of the papacy (pope’s
office) beyond its
spiritual role
Papacy became
SECULAR (worldly,
power in politics)
16. A European Empire Evolves
After the Roman Empire fells,
small kingdoms sprang up all
over Europe
Franks controlled the largest
and strongest of all Europe’s
kingdoms (in the area of Gaul)
By the time of Clovis’ death, he
extended his rule over most of
what is now FRANCE
MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY
17. Clovis’s Descendants
Major domo= or major of the
palace, became the most
powerful person in the kingdom
Charles Martel (Charles the
Hammer) held more power than
the king
Charles extended the Franks’
reign
Defeated a Muslim raiding party
from Spain at the BATTLE OF
TOURS in 732 (if Muslims had
won, Europe might have
become part of the Muslim
Empire)
18. Clovis’s Descendants
PEPINTHE SHORT (Clovis’s
son)
Pepin wanted to become
king and allied with the pope
to get this
Pepin agreed to fight the
LOMBARDS (who were
invaded Italy)
CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY
19. Charlemagne Extends the
Frankish Rule
Pepin left a strengthened
Frankish kingdom to his 2
SONS: CARLOMAN and
CHARLES
After Carloman’s death,
Charles, aka
CHARLEMAGNE, or
Charles the Great, seized
control the of the EMPIRE
Charlemagne
Was an imposing figure,
stood 6’4
20. CharlemagneTakes Center Stage
Charlemagne built an empire greater than
any since Rome
Throughout his conquests, he spread
Christianity
He reunited western Europe for the first
time since Roman Empire
Charlemagne became the most powerful
king in western Europe
Charlemagne traveled to Rome to crush
an unruly mob that attacked the mob
In gratitude, Pope Leo III crowned him
emperor
Conferred the title “Roman Emperor” at
coronation
21. Charlemagne’s Government
Charlemagne strengthened
his power by limited the
power of the other nobles
To govern his empire, he
sent out ROYAL AGENTS
He made regular visits to
every part of his kingdom,
keeping a close watch on
his followers and estates
22. Cultural Revival
One of his greatest
accomplishments:
Encouragement of
LEARNING (Charlemagne
surrounded himself with
English, German, Italian, and
Spanish scholars)
Palace school was opened
Opened monasteries to open
schools and train future
monks and priests
Expanded libraries
Monks labored to make
copies of Latin books
23. Charlemagne’s Heirs AreWeak
Rulers
Before Charlemagne died, he
crowned his only surviving son,
LOUISTHE PIOUS, emperor
Louis was devoutly religious
Might have been a better monk
than emperor
All Louis’ sons (LOTHAIR,
CHARLES the BALD, and LOUIS
the GERMAN) all fought for power
Brothers signed theTreaty of
Verdun= divided empire into 3
kingdoms
24. Section 2: Feudalism in Europe
Main Idea: Europeans divided feudalism, a political and
military system of protective alliances and relationships
Why it matters now?The rights and duties of feudal
relationships helped shape today’s forms of representative
government
25. Setting the Stage
After theTreaty ofVerdun,
Charlemagne’s 3 feuding
grandsons broke up the
kingdom even further
With all the political
instability and warfare, it
led to the rise of
FEUDALISM (a military and
political system based on
land ownership and
personal loyalty)
27. Vikings: Raiders,Traders and
Explorers
VIKINGS= Germanic people, called
Northmen or Norsemen, from a region
called Scandinavia
Worshipped warlike gods
Carried out their raids with speed
Amazing warships
Also traders, farmers and explorers
LIEF ERICSON-Viking explorer, most
likely reached North America around
1000, 500 years before Columbus
Invaded Europe at the same time as
the discovery of Americas
28. Magyars & Muslims
MAGYARS= group of nomadic
people, attacked from the east
Superb horseback riders
Invaded western Europe
Did NOT settle conquered
land; instead they captured
people to sell as slaves
MUSLIMS= struck from the
south
Crossed the sea and disrupted
trade
Tried to conquer and SETTLE
29. Feudalisms Structures Society
911, Peace Ceremony
VIKINGS (Rolly, head ofViking
army)
FRANCE (Charles the Simple, king
of France)
France gaveVikings gave a huge
piece of French territory (known
as Normandy)
In return, Rollo swore a pledge of
loyalty
30. A New Social Order
System of feudal system emerged
(similar system emerged in China
during the Zhou Dynasty)
Based on MUTUALOBLIGATIONS
In exchange for military protection
and other services, a LORD, or
landowner, granted LAND called a
FIEF
The person received a fief was
called aVASSAL
Feudalism depends on the control
of LAND
32. Social Classes AreWell Defined
In feudal system, STATUS
determined a person’s prestige
and power
3 Groups:
Those who FOUGHT (nobles
and knights)
Those who PRAYED (men and
women of Church)
Those who WORKED (Peasants)
33. Manors:The Economic Side of
Feudalism
Manor= Lord’s estate
Basic economic arrangement
Sets of rights and obligations
between lord and serfs
Lords provided serfs with
housing, strips of farmland,
and protection
In return, serfs tended the
land, cared for estate
34. A Self-ContainedWorld
Peasants rarely traveled more
than 25 miles from their own
manor
Manor usually consisted of
manor house, church and
workshops
Manors were largely SELF-
SUFFICIENT (everything you
needed could be found on the
manor)
35. The Harshness of Manor Life
Peasants paid a high price
to live on the manor
Paid a tax ground on the
lord’s mill
Tax on marriage
(weddings could only take
place at the lord’s consent
TITHE= church tax (1/10
of their income)
Serfs lived in crowded
COTTAGES