This document contains 65 slides about the cardiovascular system and blood. It begins with an overview of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels and blood. It then focuses on the anatomy and function of the heart. Next, it discusses circulation and the vascular system. It provides detailed information about the components of blood, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma and blood groups. It covers topics like blood typing, transfusions, and developmental aspects of blood formation. The document appears to be from a class on anatomy and intended to educate about the cardiovascular system and blood.
This document contains lecture slides about cells, tissues, and membranes. It begins by defining cells and tissues, with cells making up tissues and carrying out life's functions. Tissues are grouped into four primary types - epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle. Epithelial tissues line and cover surfaces, and are classified based on cell layers and shapes. Connective tissues are found throughout the body and bind other tissues together. They include bone, cartilage, fibers and adipose tissue. The document then goes into detail about the structures and functions of cells, membranes, organelles and other cellular components.
The document defines and describes monsoon climate regions, which experience seasonal reversal of wind directions and the accompanying wet and dry periods. Monsoon climates are found in South and Southeast Asia, parts of Australia and Africa, and some areas of the southern United States. They are characterized by heavy rainfall from May to October brought by southwesterly winds, and generally dry, cool conditions from November to March under northeasterly winds. Vegetation in these regions includes deciduous forests and crops like rice, sugarcane, bananas, and tea.
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope. The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and acts as a selectively permeable barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell. Transport across the membrane can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport processes that require energy. Vesicle transport is also used to move materials within and between cells.
The document provides an overview of cells, including their history, structures, and differences between plant and animal cells. It explains that cells are the basic unit of life, first observed by Robert Hooke in 1660 when he looked at bark through a microscope and saw small compartments that he named "cells." The presentation then details the structures found in typical animal cells like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies. It concludes by noting additional structures like the cell wall, chloroplasts, and chlorophyll that are present in plant cells but not animal cells.
The document provides information about the anatomy of the skeletal system. It discusses the classification of bones based on shape, including long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It also summarizes the structure and function of the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs and their attachments sites, the shoulder and pelvic girdles. The document outlines the bones that make up these various parts of the skeletal system.
The document is a presentation on the muscular system by Hilario Cruzada Noveno Jr. It contains three main points:
1) There are three basic types of muscle in the body - skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Each has distinct characteristics.
2) Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntarily controlled. It is attached by tendons to bones and has connective tissue wrappings. The microscopic structure includes sarcomeres composed of myosin and actin filaments.
3) Muscle contraction is initiated by nerve stimulation releasing acetylcholine, causing calcium release and the myosin heads to pull on the actin filaments, shortening the muscle. Different types of contractions and
This document contains slides from a lecture on the nervous system. It discusses the functions and structural classification of the nervous system. It covers the different types of nervous tissue including neurons and neuroglia. Specific areas of the central nervous system are examined in detail, including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. The document contains many labeled diagrams to illustrate key concepts.
This document contains 65 slides about the cardiovascular system and blood. It begins with an overview of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels and blood. It then focuses on the anatomy and function of the heart. Next, it discusses circulation and the vascular system. It provides detailed information about the components of blood, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma and blood groups. It covers topics like blood typing, transfusions, and developmental aspects of blood formation. The document appears to be from a class on anatomy and intended to educate about the cardiovascular system and blood.
This document contains lecture slides about cells, tissues, and membranes. It begins by defining cells and tissues, with cells making up tissues and carrying out life's functions. Tissues are grouped into four primary types - epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle. Epithelial tissues line and cover surfaces, and are classified based on cell layers and shapes. Connective tissues are found throughout the body and bind other tissues together. They include bone, cartilage, fibers and adipose tissue. The document then goes into detail about the structures and functions of cells, membranes, organelles and other cellular components.
The document defines and describes monsoon climate regions, which experience seasonal reversal of wind directions and the accompanying wet and dry periods. Monsoon climates are found in South and Southeast Asia, parts of Australia and Africa, and some areas of the southern United States. They are characterized by heavy rainfall from May to October brought by southwesterly winds, and generally dry, cool conditions from November to March under northeasterly winds. Vegetation in these regions includes deciduous forests and crops like rice, sugarcane, bananas, and tea.
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope. The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and acts as a selectively permeable barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell. Transport across the membrane can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport processes that require energy. Vesicle transport is also used to move materials within and between cells.
The document provides an overview of cells, including their history, structures, and differences between plant and animal cells. It explains that cells are the basic unit of life, first observed by Robert Hooke in 1660 when he looked at bark through a microscope and saw small compartments that he named "cells." The presentation then details the structures found in typical animal cells like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies. It concludes by noting additional structures like the cell wall, chloroplasts, and chlorophyll that are present in plant cells but not animal cells.
The document provides information about the anatomy of the skeletal system. It discusses the classification of bones based on shape, including long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It also summarizes the structure and function of the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body and includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs and their attachments sites, the shoulder and pelvic girdles. The document outlines the bones that make up these various parts of the skeletal system.
The document is a presentation on the muscular system by Hilario Cruzada Noveno Jr. It contains three main points:
1) There are three basic types of muscle in the body - skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Each has distinct characteristics.
2) Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntarily controlled. It is attached by tendons to bones and has connective tissue wrappings. The microscopic structure includes sarcomeres composed of myosin and actin filaments.
3) Muscle contraction is initiated by nerve stimulation releasing acetylcholine, causing calcium release and the myosin heads to pull on the actin filaments, shortening the muscle. Different types of contractions and
This document contains slides from a lecture on the nervous system. It discusses the functions and structural classification of the nervous system. It covers the different types of nervous tissue including neurons and neuroglia. Specific areas of the central nervous system are examined in detail, including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. The document contains many labeled diagrams to illustrate key concepts.
This document contains slides from a lecture on the special senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell, and equilibrium). It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, tongue, and nose. In 52 slides, it covers topics like the structure of the eye, vision pathways in the brain, lens accommodation, the ear anatomy, hearing and balance mechanisms, taste bud locations and sensations, and how smells are detected. The slides were created by Hilario Cruzada Noveno Jr. for a class on special senses.
This document contains slides from a lecture on the endocrine system presented by Hilario Cruzada Noveno Jr. The slides cover anatomy and functions of the major endocrine glands and hormones, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus, ovaries, testes and placenta. Contact information for the lecturer is provided at the beginning, including their email and Instagram account.
This document contains a presentation on the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the major organs of the respiratory system including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. It discusses the structures and functions of these organs as well as developmental aspects, aging effects and changes in respiratory rate throughout life. The presentation contains detailed diagrams and is intended to teach others about the respiratory system.
The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues that work together to transport fluids and defend the body. Lymphatic vessels carry lymph fluid away from tissues and return it to the bloodstream. Lymph nodes filter the lymph and contain defense cells that fight pathogens. Other lymphoid organs that help fight infection include the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and Peyer's patches in the intestines. The lymphatic system works with the nonspecific and specific immune systems to provide both immediate and targeted defenses against foreign substances that enter the body.
The document contains a series of slides about the anatomy and functions of the organs of the alimentary canal (also known as the digestive system), including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Each slide provides a brief explanation or labeled diagram about a different part of the digestive system, such as the layers of the canal walls, stomach anatomy and functions, or the subdivisions and absorptive structures of the small intestine. The slides were created by h_noveno@hotmail.com to help teach about the digestive system.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the key organs (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra), their locations, coverings, and structures. It explains urine formation through glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephrons. It also discusses blood flow in the kidneys, development of the urinary system, and changes with aging. The goal is to provide a comprehensive review of the main components and functions of the urinary system.
The document contains slides about human reproductive anatomy. It describes the major organs of the male and female reproductive systems, including the testes, ovaries, duct systems, external genitalia, and accessory glands. Key details are provided on sperm and egg production and maturation, fertilization, embryonic development, and lactation. Diagrams illustrate the location and internal structure of reproductive organs.
This document contains lecture slides about human anatomy from Hilario Jr. Cruzada Noveno. It introduces anatomy and defines it as the study of the structure of living things. It discusses the levels of organization of the human body from the chemical and cellular levels up to the organ and organ system levels. It also covers the 11 organ systems of the body, anatomical positions and planes, body cavities, and the basic life functions and needs for survival. The next topic to be covered is cells, tissues, and glands.
The document discusses various respiratory disorders including pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, tuberculosis, and lung cancer. It provides classifications, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and management for each condition. Key points include different types of pneumonia like bacterial vs viral, symptoms of COPD like cough and dyspnea, and treatments involving medications, breathing exercises, oxygen therapy, and surgery.
This document summarizes major endocrine disorders including their causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and management. It discusses disorders of the pituitary gland (hyperpituitarism, hypopituitarism), thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism), parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism), and adrenal glands (pheochromocytoma, Addison's disease). It provides details on the hormonal imbalances, symptoms, and treatment approaches for each condition.
The document discusses various respiratory disorders including pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, tuberculosis, bronchogenic carcinoma, and laryngeal carcinoma. It covers the classifications, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and management of each condition. Key points include different types of pneumonia based on causative organisms and location in the lungs. COPD encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema resulting from long-term inhalation of irritants like smoke. Asthma is characterized by bronchospasm, edema, and airway narrowing triggered by allergens or inflammation.
The document discusses body fluids and electrolytes. It covers the functions of fluids and electrolytes in the body, fluid compartments, factors affecting fluid balance, and disturbances in fluid and electrolyte balance like edema, dehydration, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, and other electrolyte imbalances. It provides information on assessment and nursing management of various fluid and electrolyte disorders.
This document summarizes major endocrine disorders, focusing on disorders of the pituitary gland and thyroid gland. It describes the negative feedback mechanism of hormone regulation and classifies endocrine disorders as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the site of dysfunction. Specific disorders discussed in detail include hyperpituitarism, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, SIADH, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and myxedema coma. Treatment options for each condition are also outlined.
Microsoft Power Point Theories Of NursingNio Noveno
This document provides biographical information on several influential nurses and nursing theorists, including Florence Nightingale, Dorothea Orem, Lydia Hall, and Margaret Jean Watson. It discusses their contributions to nursing practice and the development of nursing theory. Nightingale is described as the founder of modern nursing who established standards for nursing education and hospital management. Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory. Hall proposed a nursing philosophy centered around three aspects of care: care, core, and cure. Watson developed the Theory of Human Caring.
The document provides an overview of VoiceXML, including its history, goals, components, and applications. It discusses VoiceXML syntax and elements for dialogs, audio input/output, and telephony features. Examples demonstrate form elements, prompts, recordings, and server submission. Related standards like SRGS and applications in areas like IVR and transactions are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal disorders including the major parts of the GI system, accessory organs, and various disorders such as esophageal varices, gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, and appendicitis. It discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options including medications and surgery for each condition. Nursing considerations are also outlined to help manage related issues like pain, nutrition, and risk for complications.
The document discusses cardiovascular disorders and diagnostic assessments. It covers topics like cardiac enzymes, electrocardiography, echocardiography, coronary arteriography, cardiac catheterization, and hemodynamic monitoring. Diagnostic tests for conditions like angina pectoris and assessments of cardiovascular pain are also outlined. Common cardiovascular diseases like coronary artery disease are defined, and anginal chest pain is described.
The document provides information on various gastrointestinal procedures including:
1) Gastrointestinal series, barium enema, colostomy irrigation and care, gastric analysis, gavage, and enemas.
2) It describes how these procedures are performed and important nursing considerations for each like diet restrictions and post procedure monitoring.
3) The document aims to educate nurses on the appropriate care involved with common GI tests and treatments.
Microsoft Word Oxygenation Handouts 2007 NclexNio Noveno
This document provides review materials on cardiovascular, respiratory, and blood disorders. It includes assessments and implementations for conditions like myocardial infarction, angina, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and peripheral vascular, blood, and hematologic disorders. Nursing care focuses on monitoring, medications, diet, activity, and treating symptoms.
This document contains slides from a lecture on the special senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell, and equilibrium). It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, tongue, and nose. In 52 slides, it covers topics like the structure of the eye, vision pathways in the brain, lens accommodation, the ear anatomy, hearing and balance mechanisms, taste bud locations and sensations, and how smells are detected. The slides were created by Hilario Cruzada Noveno Jr. for a class on special senses.
This document contains slides from a lecture on the endocrine system presented by Hilario Cruzada Noveno Jr. The slides cover anatomy and functions of the major endocrine glands and hormones, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus, ovaries, testes and placenta. Contact information for the lecturer is provided at the beginning, including their email and Instagram account.
This document contains a presentation on the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the major organs of the respiratory system including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. It discusses the structures and functions of these organs as well as developmental aspects, aging effects and changes in respiratory rate throughout life. The presentation contains detailed diagrams and is intended to teach others about the respiratory system.
The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues that work together to transport fluids and defend the body. Lymphatic vessels carry lymph fluid away from tissues and return it to the bloodstream. Lymph nodes filter the lymph and contain defense cells that fight pathogens. Other lymphoid organs that help fight infection include the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and Peyer's patches in the intestines. The lymphatic system works with the nonspecific and specific immune systems to provide both immediate and targeted defenses against foreign substances that enter the body.
The document contains a series of slides about the anatomy and functions of the organs of the alimentary canal (also known as the digestive system), including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Each slide provides a brief explanation or labeled diagram about a different part of the digestive system, such as the layers of the canal walls, stomach anatomy and functions, or the subdivisions and absorptive structures of the small intestine. The slides were created by h_noveno@hotmail.com to help teach about the digestive system.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the key organs (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra), their locations, coverings, and structures. It explains urine formation through glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephrons. It also discusses blood flow in the kidneys, development of the urinary system, and changes with aging. The goal is to provide a comprehensive review of the main components and functions of the urinary system.
The document contains slides about human reproductive anatomy. It describes the major organs of the male and female reproductive systems, including the testes, ovaries, duct systems, external genitalia, and accessory glands. Key details are provided on sperm and egg production and maturation, fertilization, embryonic development, and lactation. Diagrams illustrate the location and internal structure of reproductive organs.
This document contains lecture slides about human anatomy from Hilario Jr. Cruzada Noveno. It introduces anatomy and defines it as the study of the structure of living things. It discusses the levels of organization of the human body from the chemical and cellular levels up to the organ and organ system levels. It also covers the 11 organ systems of the body, anatomical positions and planes, body cavities, and the basic life functions and needs for survival. The next topic to be covered is cells, tissues, and glands.
The document discusses various respiratory disorders including pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, tuberculosis, and lung cancer. It provides classifications, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and management for each condition. Key points include different types of pneumonia like bacterial vs viral, symptoms of COPD like cough and dyspnea, and treatments involving medications, breathing exercises, oxygen therapy, and surgery.
This document summarizes major endocrine disorders including their causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and management. It discusses disorders of the pituitary gland (hyperpituitarism, hypopituitarism), thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism), parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism), and adrenal glands (pheochromocytoma, Addison's disease). It provides details on the hormonal imbalances, symptoms, and treatment approaches for each condition.
The document discusses various respiratory disorders including pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, tuberculosis, bronchogenic carcinoma, and laryngeal carcinoma. It covers the classifications, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and management of each condition. Key points include different types of pneumonia based on causative organisms and location in the lungs. COPD encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema resulting from long-term inhalation of irritants like smoke. Asthma is characterized by bronchospasm, edema, and airway narrowing triggered by allergens or inflammation.
The document discusses body fluids and electrolytes. It covers the functions of fluids and electrolytes in the body, fluid compartments, factors affecting fluid balance, and disturbances in fluid and electrolyte balance like edema, dehydration, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, and other electrolyte imbalances. It provides information on assessment and nursing management of various fluid and electrolyte disorders.
This document summarizes major endocrine disorders, focusing on disorders of the pituitary gland and thyroid gland. It describes the negative feedback mechanism of hormone regulation and classifies endocrine disorders as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the site of dysfunction. Specific disorders discussed in detail include hyperpituitarism, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, SIADH, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and myxedema coma. Treatment options for each condition are also outlined.
Microsoft Power Point Theories Of NursingNio Noveno
This document provides biographical information on several influential nurses and nursing theorists, including Florence Nightingale, Dorothea Orem, Lydia Hall, and Margaret Jean Watson. It discusses their contributions to nursing practice and the development of nursing theory. Nightingale is described as the founder of modern nursing who established standards for nursing education and hospital management. Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory. Hall proposed a nursing philosophy centered around three aspects of care: care, core, and cure. Watson developed the Theory of Human Caring.
The document provides an overview of VoiceXML, including its history, goals, components, and applications. It discusses VoiceXML syntax and elements for dialogs, audio input/output, and telephony features. Examples demonstrate form elements, prompts, recordings, and server submission. Related standards like SRGS and applications in areas like IVR and transactions are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal disorders including the major parts of the GI system, accessory organs, and various disorders such as esophageal varices, gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcers, and appendicitis. It discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options including medications and surgery for each condition. Nursing considerations are also outlined to help manage related issues like pain, nutrition, and risk for complications.
The document discusses cardiovascular disorders and diagnostic assessments. It covers topics like cardiac enzymes, electrocardiography, echocardiography, coronary arteriography, cardiac catheterization, and hemodynamic monitoring. Diagnostic tests for conditions like angina pectoris and assessments of cardiovascular pain are also outlined. Common cardiovascular diseases like coronary artery disease are defined, and anginal chest pain is described.
The document provides information on various gastrointestinal procedures including:
1) Gastrointestinal series, barium enema, colostomy irrigation and care, gastric analysis, gavage, and enemas.
2) It describes how these procedures are performed and important nursing considerations for each like diet restrictions and post procedure monitoring.
3) The document aims to educate nurses on the appropriate care involved with common GI tests and treatments.
Microsoft Word Oxygenation Handouts 2007 NclexNio Noveno
This document provides review materials on cardiovascular, respiratory, and blood disorders. It includes assessments and implementations for conditions like myocardial infarction, angina, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and peripheral vascular, blood, and hematologic disorders. Nursing care focuses on monitoring, medications, diet, activity, and treating symptoms.
3. Skin and Body Membranes
• Function of body membranes
– Line or cover body surfaces
– Protect body surfaces
– Lubricate body surfaces
الجلد واألغشية الهيئة
وظيفة أغشية الجسم
األسطح أو تغطية خط الجسم
هيئة حماية األسطح
تزييت سطح الجسم
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
3
6. Mucous Membranes
• Surface epithelium
– Type depends on site
• Underlying loose connective
tissue (lamina propria)
• Lines all body cavities
that open to the
exterior body surface
• Often adapted
for absorption
or secretion
األغشية المخاطية
سطح ظهارة
نوع يعتمد على موقع
الكامنة النسيج
)الضام فضفاضة (الصفيحة المخصوصة
جميع خطوط تجاويف الجسم التي
تفتح على سطح الجسم الخارجي
كيفت كثير من األحيان
المتصاص أو إفراز
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
6
7. Serous Membranes
• Surface simple squamous epithelium
• Underlying areolar connective tissue
• Lines open body cavities that are closed to the
exterior of the body
• Serous layers separated by serous fluid
األغشية المصلية
الظهارة الحرشفية السطحية البسيطة
الكامنة النسيج الضام الهالي
فتح خطوط تجاويف الجسم التي تكون مغلقة على الخارج من
الجسم
مصلي طبقات مفصولة السائل المصلي
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
7
8. Specific serous membranes
Peritoneum
Abdominal cavity
Pleura
Around the lungs
Pericardium
Around the heart
األغشية المصلية محددة
الصفاق الغشاء المصلي الشفاف
تجويف البطن
غشاء الجنب
حول الرئتين
تأمور
حول القلب
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
8
15. Skin Structure
• Deep to dermis is the hypodermis
– Not part of the skin
– Anchors skin to underlying organs
– Composed mostly of adipose tissue
بنية الجلد
العميق الألدمة هي اللحمة
ليست جزءا من الجلد
الجلد ألجهزة الكامنة المراسي
تتألف في معظمها من األنسجة الدهنية
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
15
23. Melanin
• Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes
• Color is yellow to brown to black
• Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale
• Amount of melanin produced depends upon
genetics and exposure to sunlight
الميالنين
الصباغ (الميالنين) التي تنتجها الخاليا الصباغية
اللون األصفر إلى البني إلى األسود
الخاليا الصباغية هي في معظمها في الطبقة القاعدية
كمية الميالنين المنتجة يعتمد على علم الوراثة والتعرض ألشعة
الشمس
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
23
24. Normal Skin Color Determinants
• Melanin
– Yellow, brown or black pigments
• Carotene
– Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
• Hemoglobin
– Red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries
– Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
لون البشرة العادية بالمحددات
الميالنين
األصفر ، البني أو أصباغ سوداء
كاروتين
البرتقالي واألصفر الصباغ من بعض الخضروات
الهيموغلوبين
تلوين أحمر من خاليا الدم في الشعيرات الدموية األدمة
محتوى االكسجين يحدد مدى تلوين أحمر
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
24
27. SOMATIC SENSORY RECEPTORS
TYPE OF RECEPTOR
MAIN LOCATIONS
SENSATION OR FUNCTION
Touch and pressure
Free nerve endings
(nociceptors)
Most body tissues
Pain
Temperature
Itch
Tickle
Meissner’s corpuscles
Papillae of dermis
Fingertips and lips
2-point discrimination
Fine touch
Low-frequency vibration
Krause’s end bulbs
Dermis
Subcutaneous mucosa
of lips and eyelids
External genitals
Touch
Low-frequency vibration
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
27
28. SOMATIC SENSORY RECEPTORS
TYPE OF RECEPTOR
MAIN LOCATIONS
SENSATION OR FUNCTION
Ruffini’s corpuscles
Dermis
Subcutaneous
tissues of fingers
Touch
Deep pressure
Stretch
Pacinian corpuscles
Subcutaneous
Submucous and
subserous tissues
Around joints
Mammary glands
External genitals
Pressure
High-frequency
vibration
Sretch
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
28
31. Appendages of the Skin
• Sebaceous glands
– Produce oil
• Lubricant for skin
• Kills bacteria
– Most with ducts that empty into hair follicles
– Glands are activated at puberty
لواحق الجلد
الغدد الزهمية
إنتاج النفط
زيوت التشحيم للبشرة
يقتل البكتيريا
مع معظم القنوات التي تصب بصيالت الشعر
يتم تنشيط الغدد في سن البلوغ
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
31
32. Appendages of the Skin
• Sweat glands
– Widely distributed in skin
– Two types
• Eccrine
– Open via duct to pore on skin surface
• Apocrine
– Ducts empty into hair follicles
واحق الجلد
غدد عرقية
وزعت على نطاق واسع في الجلد
نوعين
ناتح
عبر قناة مفتوحة إلى مسام على سطح الجلد
مفترزة
قنوات فارغة في بصيالت الشعر
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
32
33. Sweat and Its Function
• Composition
– Mostly water
– Some metabolic waste
– Fatty acids and proteins
(apocrine only)
• Function
– Helps dissipate excess
heat
– Excretes waste products
– Acidic nature inhibits
bacteria growth
• Odor is from associated
bacteria
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
• العرق وظيفتها
تركيب
معظمهم من المياه
بعض النفايات األيضية
األحماض الدهنية والبروتينات
)(مفترزة فقط
وظيفة
يساعد على تبديد الحرارة الزائدة
منتجات يتغوط النفايات
الطبيعة الحمضية يثبط نمو البك
تيريا
رائحة هو من البكتيريا المرتبطة
33
34. Appendages of the Skin
• Hair
– Produced by hair bulb
– Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
– Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
لواحق الجلد
شعر
التي تنتجها بصلة الشعرة
يتكون من خاليا الظهارية الثابت متقرنة
الصباغية توفير صباغ للون الشعر
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
34
39. Appendages of the Skin
• Nails
– Scale-like modifications of
the epidermis
• Heavily keratinized
– Stratum basale extends
beneath the nail bed
• Responsible for growth
– Lack of pigment makes
them colorless
– Pale: white color due to
lack of O2
– Cyanosis: bluish color of
nails or skin due to poor
O2
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
• لواحق الجلد
األظافر
النطاق مثل إدخال تعديالت
على البشرة
متقرن بالسالح
الطبقة القاعدية تمتد تحت الظفر
المسؤولة عن النمو
عدم وجود صبغة يجعلها عديمة
اللو
39
40. Nail Structures
•
•
•
•
• مسمار الهياكل
الحافة الحرة
هيئة
جذر الظفر
سليفة -- الظفر الداني أن
مشاريع الهيئة على األظ
افر
Free edge
Body
Root of nail
Eponychium –
proximal nail fold
that projects onto
the nail body
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40
44. Facts
• Nails grow at an average rate of 3 mm (0.12
in) a month
• Fingernails require 3 to 6 months to regrow
completely, and toenails require 12 to 18
months
• Nails grow faster in the summer than in any
other season
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
44
45. Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
• Infections
– Athletes foot
• Caused by fungal
infection
– Boils and carbuncles
• Caused by bacterial
infection
– Cold sores
• Caused by virus
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
• االختالالت الجلد استتبابي
العدوى
الرياضيون القدم
تسببها العدوى الفطرية
الدمامل والدمامل
الناجمة عن عدوى بكتيرية
القروح الباردة
الناجم عن فيروس
45
46. Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
• Infections and allergies
– Contact dermatitis
• Exposures cause
allergic reaction
– Impetigo
• Caused by bacterial
infection
– Psoriasis
• Cause is unknown
• Triggered by trauma,
infection, stress
• Autoimmune disease
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
• االختالالت الجلد استتبابي
االلتهابات والحساسية
أكزيما تماس
يسبب التعرض الحساسية
الحصف
الناجمة عن عدوى بكتيرية
الصدفية
السبب غير معروف
سببها، والصدمات
النفسية اإلجهاد ، والعدوى
46
47. Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
• Burns
– Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV
radiation, or chemicals
– Associated dangers
• Dehydration
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Circulatory shock
االختالالت الجلد استتبابي
الحروق
تلف األنسجة وموت الخاليا التي تسببها الحرارة والكهرباء واألشعة فوق
البنفسجية، أو المواد الكيميائية
المخاطر المرتبطة بها
جفاف
خلل الكهارل
صدمة في الدورة الدموية
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
47
48. Rule of Nines
• Way to determine the extent of burns
• Body is divided into 11 areas for quick
estimation
– Each area represents about 9%
سيادة التسعات
طريقة لتحديد مدى الحروق
وتنقسم الى 11 مناطق الجسم لتقدير سريع
٪ 9 كل مجال يمثل حوالي
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
48
50. Severity of Burns
• First-degree burns
– Only epidermis is
damaged
– Skin is red and swollen
• Second degree burns
– Epidermis and upper
dermis are damaged
– Skin is red with blisters
• Third-degree burns
– Destroys entire skin
layer
– Burn is gray-white or
black
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
• شدة الحروق
بحروق من الدرجة األولى
تلف البشرة فقط
جلد أحمر ومتورمة
حروق من الدرجة الثانية
معطوبة البشرة واألدمة العليا
جلد أحمر مع بثور
بحروق من الدرجة الثالثة
يدمر كل طبقة الجلد
حرق هو رمادي أبيض أو أسود
50
52. Critical Burns
• Burns are considered critical if:
– Over 25% of body has second degree burns
– Over 10% of the body has third degree burns
– There are third degree burns of the face, hands, or
feet
بيرنز الحرجة
: وتعتبر الحروق الحرجة في الحاالت التالية
أكثر من 52 ٪ من الجسم وحروق من الدرجة الثانية
أكثر من 01 ٪ من الجسم وحروق من الدرجة الثالثة
هناك حروق من الدرجة الثالثة في الوجه واليدين والقدمين أو
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
52
54. Skin Cancer
• Cancer – abnormal cell
mass
• Two types
– Benign
• Does not spread
(encapsulated)
– Malignant
• Metastasized (moves)
to other parts of the
body
• Skin cancer is the most
common type of
cancer
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
• سرطان الجلد
السرطان -- الشاذ كتلة الخلية
نوعين
حميدة
)ال ينتشر (مغلفة
خبيث
الجسد (ينتقل) إلى أجزاء أخرى
من الجسم
سرطان الجلد هو النوع
االكثر شيوعا من سرطان
54
55. Skin Cancer Types
• Basal cell carcinoma
– Least malignant
– Most common type
– Arises from stratum basale
• Squamous cell carcinoma
– Arises from stratum
spinosum
– Metastasizes to lymph
nodes
– Early removal allows a
good chance of cure
• أنواع سرطان الجلد
سرطان الخاليا القاعدية
األقل الخبيثة
النوع األكثر شيوعا
ينشأ من الطبقة القاعدية
سرطان الخاليا الحرشفية
ينشأ من الطبقة الشائكة
مستطير إلى الغدد الليمفاوية
إزالة المبكر يسمح فرصة
جيدة للشفاء
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
55
56. Skin Cancer Types
• Malignant melanoma
– Most deadly of skin
cancers
– Cancer of
melanocytes
– Metastasizes rapidly
to lymph and blood
vessels
– Detection uses ABCD
rule
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
• أنواع سرطان الجلد
القتامي الخبيث
األكثر فتكا من سرطانات الجلد
سرطان الخاليا الصباغية
مستطير بسرعة إلى األوعية
الليمفاوية والدم
الكشف
عن استخدامات مادةABCD
56
57. ABCD Rule
• A = Asymmetry
– Two sides of pigmented
mole do not match
• B = Border irregularity
– Borders of mole are not
smooth
• C = Color
– Different colors in
pigmented area
• D = Diameter
• ABCD القاعدة
A = اتناظر
وجهان اللخلد المصطبغة ال
تتطابق
ب = الحدود مخالفة
حدود الخلد غير متجانسة
C = لون
ألوان مختلفة في منطقة مصطبغة
D = قطر
بقعة أكبر ثم 6 ملم وقطرها
– Spot is larger then 6
mm in diameter
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
57
58. Aging
• Adolescence- can
develop acne
• Mostly dermis- visible
~ age 40
• Loss of collagen fibers
• Loss of elasticity
• Loss of immune
responses
• Decreased melanocyte
functions– gray hair, blotches
• Thinning
• شيخوخة
المراهقة يمكن وضع حب
.الشباب
معظمهم من األدمة المرئية ~ سن
40
خسارة من ألياف الكوالجين
فقدان مرونة
فقدان االستجابات المناعية
انخفاض وظائف الخاليا
،الصباغية
رمادي الشعر ، بقع
رقيق
hnoveno@ut.edu.sa
58