Microcontroller based mho relay part 2
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The document discusses the design and simulation of several components for a relay menu including: 1. Interfacing an LCD and keyboard 2. Design and simulation of a zero crossing detector (ZCD) 3. Design and simulation of measuring voltage magnitude
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Till 15th feb
This is part of main ppt which will be opening from main ppt, it shows the progress of the project
i am sure you will love this ppt
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Mohan K M
Ganesh C
Yerriswamy A
from PESIT Bangalore
Testing
An oscilloscope displays varying signal voltages over time. It plots voltage on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. Trigger controls allow stable displays of periodic or non-periodic signals. Accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value and can drift over time. Bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which accurate measurements can be made. Resolution is the smallest change that can alter the reading.
Function generator
This document describes different types of waveforms that can be generated by a function generator. It discusses how triangular, square, and sine waves are produced. For triangular waves, the function generator charges and discharges a capacitor to produce a linear ramp waveform. A square wave is created using an integrator circuit that causes the output to switch between saturation voltages. Sine waves can be approximated from triangular waves using a resistor-diode network to nonlinearly scale the output.
Schmitt trigger circuit
Comparator circuits compare two input voltages and produce a logic output signal that is high or low depending on which input is larger. Real comparators do not have an abrupt transition and have very high voltage gain in the transition region. Comparators are often used as interfaces between analog and digital circuits by converting analog signals to logic levels. Open-collector outputs are useful for this by producing either 0V or the supply voltage at their outputs. Schmitt triggers, which are comparators with positive feedback, are commonly used as they introduce hysteresis which helps eliminate unwanted output transitions from noise.
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This document summarizes several comparator circuits that use operational amplifiers (OP-AMPs). It discusses the basic comparator, zero crossing detector, and Schmitt trigger. The basic comparator compares two analog voltages and outputs a saturated voltage based on which input is larger. A zero crossing detector converts a sine wave to a square wave by detecting when the input crosses zero. A Schmitt trigger adds positive feedback to the comparator, resulting in hysteresis where the output switches at different threshold voltages on the rising and falling edges of the input signal. Applications of these circuits include analog to digital conversion and noise immunity.
Relaxation oscillator
The document discusses relaxation oscillators. A relaxation oscillator produces oscillations by repeatedly disturbing a physical system from its equilibrium state and allowing it to relax back. The period of the oscillations is set by the time it takes the system to relax from each disturbed state to the threshold that triggers the next disturbance. Relaxation oscillators use positive feedback to increase gain until the input signal's impact becomes zero, producing a non-sinusoidal oscillating output. Common types include multivibrators, ring oscillators, and delay line oscillators. The 555 timer IC can function as a relaxation oscillator by charging and discharging a capacitor. Advantages are timing applications and large, linear tuning range, while disadvantages include frequency sensitivity and low duty cycle
Components 555 timer
The 555 timer is a versatile integrated circuit that can be used to generate precise timing pulses or oscillations. It can operate from 3-15V and works in either monostable (one-shot) mode to produce a single pulse, or astable (multivibrator) mode to produce a continuous train of pulses. The duration of pulses in monostable mode or frequency in astable mode is determined by external resistor and capacitor values connected to the timer. Common applications include timers, flashing indicators, and pulse generation.
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Till 15th feb
This is part of main ppt which will be opening from main ppt, it shows the progress of the project
i am sure you will love this ppt
You haven't seen this type of ppt
this is by
Mohan K M
Ganesh C
Yerriswamy A
from PESIT Bangalore
Testing
An oscilloscope displays varying signal voltages over time. It plots voltage on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. Trigger controls allow stable displays of periodic or non-periodic signals. Accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value and can drift over time. Bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which accurate measurements can be made. Resolution is the smallest change that can alter the reading.
Function generator
This document describes different types of waveforms that can be generated by a function generator. It discusses how triangular, square, and sine waves are produced. For triangular waves, the function generator charges and discharges a capacitor to produce a linear ramp waveform. A square wave is created using an integrator circuit that causes the output to switch between saturation voltages. Sine waves can be approximated from triangular waves using a resistor-diode network to nonlinearly scale the output.
Schmitt trigger circuit
Comparator circuits compare two input voltages and produce a logic output signal that is high or low depending on which input is larger. Real comparators do not have an abrupt transition and have very high voltage gain in the transition region. Comparators are often used as interfaces between analog and digital circuits by converting analog signals to logic levels. Open-collector outputs are useful for this by producing either 0V or the supply voltage at their outputs. Schmitt triggers, which are comparators with positive feedback, are commonly used as they introduce hysteresis which helps eliminate unwanted output transitions from noise.
Comparator, Zero Crossing Detector and schmitt trigger using opamp
This document summarizes several comparator circuits that use operational amplifiers (OP-AMPs). It discusses the basic comparator, zero crossing detector, and Schmitt trigger. The basic comparator compares two analog voltages and outputs a saturated voltage based on which input is larger. A zero crossing detector converts a sine wave to a square wave by detecting when the input crosses zero. A Schmitt trigger adds positive feedback to the comparator, resulting in hysteresis where the output switches at different threshold voltages on the rising and falling edges of the input signal. Applications of these circuits include analog to digital conversion and noise immunity.
Relaxation oscillator
The document discusses relaxation oscillators. A relaxation oscillator produces oscillations by repeatedly disturbing a physical system from its equilibrium state and allowing it to relax back. The period of the oscillations is set by the time it takes the system to relax from each disturbed state to the threshold that triggers the next disturbance. Relaxation oscillators use positive feedback to increase gain until the input signal's impact becomes zero, producing a non-sinusoidal oscillating output. Common types include multivibrators, ring oscillators, and delay line oscillators. The 555 timer IC can function as a relaxation oscillator by charging and discharging a capacitor. Advantages are timing applications and large, linear tuning range, while disadvantages include frequency sensitivity and low duty cycle
Components 555 timer
The 555 timer is a versatile integrated circuit that can be used to generate precise timing pulses or oscillations. It can operate from 3-15V and works in either monostable (one-shot) mode to produce a single pulse, or astable (multivibrator) mode to produce a continuous train of pulses. The duration of pulses in monostable mode or frequency in astable mode is determined by external resistor and capacitor values connected to the timer. Common applications include timers, flashing indicators, and pulse generation.
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This document provides an overview of oscilloscopes, including their working principles, construction, applications, and types. An oscilloscope is a test instrument that displays electrical signals as a graph of voltage over time on a screen. It works by using an electron gun to produce a beam that is deflected vertically and horizontally based on the input voltages, creating a visible trace. Key components include the cathode ray tube, amplifier and triggering networks, and front panel controls for settings like intensity, time base, and voltage. Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe waveform shapes in applications like voltage measurements, frequency analysis, and troubleshooting electronics. Main types include analog, digital storage, digital phosphor, and mixed-signal oscilloscopes
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The document discusses a seminar on Schmitt triggers. It begins with an introduction defining a Schmitt trigger as a bistable multivibrator circuit that remains in one state until the input passes a threshold level. It then describes the working of the circuit, including how it uses positive feedback and transistors as comparators to determine high and low thresholds. Finally, it lists important uses of Schmitt triggers such as converting input waveshapes to square waves and detecting when the input crosses trigger levels.
Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope allows observation of varying signal voltages over time by storing voltages with 8-bit precision and graphing voltage versus time. It can measure both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) voltages. The oscilloscope screen has vertical and horizontal ruled divisions in centimeters to measure voltages. Controls adjust triggering, sweep time, and allow viewing of signals from two sources on channels A and B. A function generator connected to the oscilloscope produces test waveforms like sine, square, and triangular waves. Voltage measurements involve lining wave peaks with centimeter marks and multiplying the distance by the volts/cm setting.
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The 555 timer IC gets its name from the three 5 kilo-ohm resistors in its internal circuit. It consists of two comparators, two transistors, a flip-flop, and an output stage. The comparators reference voltages of 1/3Vcc and 2/3Vcc are produced by a voltage divider of three equal 5k resistors connected in series. The 555 timer can operate in three modes - astable, monostable, and bistable - and is used for applications like precision timing, pulse generation, time delay generation, and sequential timing.
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This document discusses periodic waveforms and examples of periodic motion including pendulums, bouncing balls, and vibrating strings. It then summarizes how a 555 timer circuit can produce a steady train of pulses using a capacitor and resistors, and describes applications of the 555 timer such as producing audio signals and LED lighting. The document also discusses using a tank circuit with an inductor and capacitor to produce oscillating signals.
Schmitt trigger
A Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit that implements hysteresis by applying positive feedback to the non-inverting input. It converts an analog input signal to a digital output signal. Schmitt triggers are commonly implemented using an operational amplifier or dedicated comparator, which act as analog-digital devices that take analog inputs and output a digital signal representing the sign of the voltage difference between the two inputs.
Analog function-generator
This document describes an analog function generator circuit using an ICL8038 chip. It can generate triangular, square, sine, pulse and sawtooth waveforms simultaneously. The circuit uses operational amplifiers and passive components to produce the different waveforms. It has applications in testing and troubleshooting electronic equipment by acting as a signal source. The output waveforms can be adjusted by varying potentiometers for frequency, duty cycle and distortion.
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The document describes the 555 timer integrated circuit. It consists of two voltage comparators, a bistable flip-flop, a discharge transistor, and a resistor divider network. It can be configured as an astable multivibrator to generate a continuous train of pulses or as a monostable multivibrator to generate a single pulse in response to a trigger. The 555 timer is used in a variety of applications including timing, pulse generation, and pulse width modulation. Key parameters like frequency and duty cycle depend on external resistor and capacitor values.
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555 TIMER
1. CONTENTS :-INTRODUCTION
PIN DIAGRAM
TYPES
WORKING
2. INTRODUCTION
3. PIN DIAGRAM
4. PIN FUNCTIONING
5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
6. TYPES :-1) MONOSTABLE MULTIVAIBRATOR
2) ASTABLE MULTIVAIBRATOR
3) BISTABLE MULTIVAIBRATOR
7. FOMULAS
8. APPLICATIONS OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
1) FREQUENCY DIVIDER
2) PULSE STRETCHER
9. APPLICATIONS OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
1) SQUARE – WAVE OSCILLATOR
2) FREE- RUNNING RAM GENERATOR
10. THANK YOU
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2. There are two main grid synchronization methods - frequency-domain detection and time-domain detection. Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are commonly used for time-domain detection.
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Oscilloscopes basics
An oscilloscope measures and displays the voltage of a signal over time. It samples the voltage at regular intervals, storing up to 2500 measurements with 8-bit precision. These measurements are displayed as a graph of voltage versus time, which is refreshed when the oscilloscope receives a trigger. The trigger is a condition set on the input signal, such as a voltage threshold, that causes the display to update. A signal generator will be used to create practice signals that vary over time, which will be measured by the oscilloscope in preparation for measuring muon signals.
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The document discusses the 555 timer integrated circuit. It describes the 555 timer's basic components, including two voltage comparators, a bistable flip flop, discharge transistor, and resistor divider network. It also discusses the 555 timer's pin configurations and two common modes of operation: astable and monostable. Formulas are provided for calculating the timing parameters in each mode. Sample calculations are shown for an astable oscillator with a frequency of 200Hz and 78% duty cycle.
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This document provides an overview of oscilloscopes, including their working principles, construction, applications, and types. An oscilloscope is a test instrument that displays electrical signals as a graph of voltage over time on a screen. It works by using an electron gun to produce a beam that is deflected vertically and horizontally based on the input voltages, creating a visible trace. Key components include the cathode ray tube, amplifier and triggering networks, and front panel controls for settings like intensity, time base, and voltage. Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe waveform shapes in applications like voltage measurements, frequency analysis, and troubleshooting electronics. Main types include analog, digital storage, digital phosphor, and mixed-signal oscilloscopes
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The document discusses a seminar on Schmitt triggers. It begins with an introduction defining a Schmitt trigger as a bistable multivibrator circuit that remains in one state until the input passes a threshold level. It then describes the working of the circuit, including how it uses positive feedback and transistors as comparators to determine high and low thresholds. Finally, it lists important uses of Schmitt triggers such as converting input waveshapes to square waves and detecting when the input crosses trigger levels.
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An oscilloscope allows observation of varying signal voltages over time by storing voltages with 8-bit precision and graphing voltage versus time. It can measure both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) voltages. The oscilloscope screen has vertical and horizontal ruled divisions in centimeters to measure voltages. Controls adjust triggering, sweep time, and allow viewing of signals from two sources on channels A and B. A function generator connected to the oscilloscope produces test waveforms like sine, square, and triangular waves. Voltage measurements involve lining wave peaks with centimeter marks and multiplying the distance by the volts/cm setting.
Ic555
The 555 timer IC gets its name from the three 5 kilo-ohm resistors in its internal circuit. It consists of two comparators, two transistors, a flip-flop, and an output stage. The comparators reference voltages of 1/3Vcc and 2/3Vcc are produced by a voltage divider of three equal 5k resistors connected in series. The 555 timer can operate in three modes - astable, monostable, and bistable - and is used for applications like precision timing, pulse generation, time delay generation, and sequential timing.
Timer
This document discusses periodic waveforms and examples of periodic motion including pendulums, bouncing balls, and vibrating strings. It then summarizes how a 555 timer circuit can produce a steady train of pulses using a capacitor and resistors, and describes applications of the 555 timer such as producing audio signals and LED lighting. The document also discusses using a tank circuit with an inductor and capacitor to produce oscillating signals.
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A Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit that implements hysteresis by applying positive feedback to the non-inverting input. It converts an analog input signal to a digital output signal. Schmitt triggers are commonly implemented using an operational amplifier or dedicated comparator, which act as analog-digital devices that take analog inputs and output a digital signal representing the sign of the voltage difference between the two inputs.
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This document describes an analog function generator circuit using an ICL8038 chip. It can generate triangular, square, sine, pulse and sawtooth waveforms simultaneously. The circuit uses operational amplifiers and passive components to produce the different waveforms. It has applications in testing and troubleshooting electronic equipment by acting as a signal source. The output waveforms can be adjusted by varying potentiometers for frequency, duty cycle and distortion.
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The document describes the 555 timer integrated circuit. It consists of two voltage comparators, a bistable flip-flop, a discharge transistor, and a resistor divider network. It can be configured as an astable multivibrator to generate a continuous train of pulses or as a monostable multivibrator to generate a single pulse in response to a trigger. The 555 timer is used in a variety of applications including timing, pulse generation, and pulse width modulation. Key parameters like frequency and duty cycle depend on external resistor and capacitor values.
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1. CONTENTS :-INTRODUCTION
PIN DIAGRAM
TYPES
WORKING
2. INTRODUCTION
3. PIN DIAGRAM
4. PIN FUNCTIONING
5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
6. TYPES :-1) MONOSTABLE MULTIVAIBRATOR
2) ASTABLE MULTIVAIBRATOR
3) BISTABLE MULTIVAIBRATOR
7. FOMULAS
8. APPLICATIONS OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
1) FREQUENCY DIVIDER
2) PULSE STRETCHER
9. APPLICATIONS OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
1) SQUARE – WAVE OSCILLATOR
2) FREE- RUNNING RAM GENERATOR
10. THANK YOU
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This document describes a signal generator circuit that uses the ICL8038 integrated circuit. It explains how the ICL8038 generates repeating electronic signals using two current sources and a comparator to charge and discharge a capacitor in a cycle. It provides the equation to calculate the output frequency based on the capacitor and resistor values. It also lists the typical components used and applications like testing electronic devices and circuits by injecting waveforms.
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1. The document discusses synchronization of single-phase power converters to the electric grid. Grid synchronization is important as more renewable energy sources connect directly to local distribution grids.
2. There are two main grid synchronization methods - frequency-domain detection and time-domain detection. Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are commonly used for time-domain detection.
3. The basic structure of a PLL contains a phase detector, loop filter, and voltage-controlled oscillator. An in-quadrature signal is needed at the phase detector input to eliminate double-frequency oscillations in the phase error signal.
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An oscilloscope is a device that displays an electrical signal as a graph, with voltage on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. There are different types of oscilloscopes including analog, digital, mixed-domain, handheld, and mixed-signal. It is important to properly ground the oscilloscope and connect probes matched to the instrument. Calibration ensures accurate measurements.
Cathode ray oscilloscope (cro)
The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) is an electronic device that uses a cathode ray tube to visually display signal waveforms. It can be used to study the wave shapes of alternating currents and voltages, and to measure voltage, current, frequency, power, and phase shift. The CRO contains an electron gun that produces a focused beam of electrons, a cathode ray tube with a fluorescent screen, vertical and horizontal deflection plates to move the beam, amplifiers, a time base generator, and a power supply. The CRO allows users to view the waveform of electrical signals and to analyze their characteristics.
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The document introduces the LTC1540 ultra-low power comparator made by Linear Technology. It provides key features such as low quiescent current, adjustable hysteresis, and wide supply voltage range. It describes the pin functions and basic operations including power supplies, comparator inputs and outputs, the internal voltage reference, and how hysteresis works. It provides examples of typical applications including level detection, low dropout linear regulation, auto power-off circuits, and low battery detection.
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An oscilloscope converts electrical signals into visual waveforms displayed on a screen. A dual-trace oscilloscope can display two such waveforms simultaneously, allowing easy comparison of inputs and outputs like those of an amplifier. It uses a single electron beam that is rapidly switched between two input channels to draw the two traces, whereas a dual-beam oscilloscope uses two separate electron beams. A dual-trace oscilloscope can operate in either alternate or chopped mode to display the two signals.
Mutivibrators
A multivibrator is a circuit that switches between two voltage levels. There are three types: bistable, which has two stable states; monostable (one-shot), which has one stable state and produces a single output pulse in response to a trigger; and astable (oscillator), which continuously switches between states with no trigger needed. Resistors and capacitors are often used to control the timing of monostable and astable multivibrators. The 555 timer IC can be configured as either a monostable or astable multivibrator.
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The document discusses the 555 timer integrated circuit. It describes the 555 timer's basic components, including two voltage comparators, a bistable flip flop, discharge transistor, and resistor divider network. It also discusses the 555 timer's pin configurations and two common modes of operation: astable and monostable. Formulas are provided for calculating the timing parameters in each mode. Sample calculations are shown for an astable oscillator with a frequency of 200Hz and 78% duty cycle.
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Prepare A ppt
Topic: Resistance Welding Contentts of the presentation ppt
1, Introduction definition and type
2,Mechanism, schematically
3,processparameters and control
4,Materials and applications
5,Advantage and challenge
Title: Resistance Welding: Process, Parameters, and Applications
Slide 1: Introduction
- Definition: Resistance welding is a process that generates heat through the resistance of metal to the localized flow of electric current[3].
- Types: Resistance Spot Welding (RSW), Resistance Seam Welding (RSEW), Resistance Projection Welding (PW or RPW), High Frequency Resistance Welding (HFRW), Percussion Welding (PEW), and Stud Welding (SW)[1].
Slide 2: Mechanism
- The resistance of metal to the localized flow of current produces heat[3].
- Process variables: Current, time, and force[3].
- Electrodes: Copper base materials, divided into classes. Truncated cone, dome point, and pointed electrodes[3].
Slide 3: Process Parameters and Control
- Operating window: Lobe curve, constant electrode force, acceptable nugget size, time (cycles of current), nugget too small, expulsion, current (1000’s of amperes), roll spot weld, overlapping seam weld, and continuous seam weld[3].
- Electrode tips wear during service, causing nugget size to decrease[3].
Slide 4: Materials and Applications
- High speed, < 0.1 seconds in automotive spot welds[3].
- Excellent for sheet metal applications, < ¼-inch[3].
- No filler metal process, suitable for joining similar and dissimilar metals[3][4].
- Common applications: Automobile, aircraft, machinery manufacturing, and structural/ship building[5].
Slide 5: Advantages and Challenges
- Advantages: High production rates, no filler metal required, lends itself to mechanization and automation, lower operator skill, and high production rates possible[4].
- Challenges: Higher equipment costs than arc welding, power line demands, nondestructive testing, low tensile and fatigue strength, not portable, electrode wear, and lap joint requires additional metal[3].
Citations:
[1] Resistance Welding PowerPoint Presentation, free download https://www.slideserve.com/chapa/resistance-welding
[2] Resistance welding | PPT - SlideShare https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/resistance-welding-91956561/91956561
[3] Resistance Welding PowerPoint Presentation, free download https://www.slideserve.com/shanae/resistance-welding
[4] WELDING PROCESSES Arc Welding Resistance Welding Oxyfuel Gas ... https://slideplayer.com/slide/5702123/
[5] PPT PRESENTATION OF WELDING - SlideShare https://www.slideshare.net/SurendraKumarDewanga/ppt-presentation-of-welding
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