This document describes a signal generator circuit that uses the ICL8038 integrated circuit. It explains how the ICL8038 generates repeating electronic signals using two current sources and a comparator to charge and discharge a capacitor in a cycle. It provides the equation to calculate the output frequency based on the capacitor and resistor values. It also lists the typical components used and applications like testing electronic devices and circuits by injecting waveforms.
1.Introduction
The 555 IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to SigNetics Corporation.
555 timer is a highly stable circuit used to generate time delays, or Oscillations.
A single 555 timer can provide time delay ranging from microseconds to hours.
It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply voltage.
2.Pin Configuration
3.Working of Pin
4.555 Integral circuit
5.Operating modes of IC
6. Bistable Mode
In bistable (also called Schmitt trigger) mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop.
The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply floating.
Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state).
Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No timing capacitors
Pin 5 (control voltage) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 μF). Pin 7 (discharge) is left floating
7.Monostable Mode
Pulse generator circuit which the period is calculated from RC network and connected to external of 555 timer
Stable when the output logic LOW (logic = 0)
When a pulse is trigger at pin 2 (normally negative trigger pulse), timer output will change to HIGH (+Vs) for a while and change to LOW (stable condition). The condition will continue LOW until pulse is trigger again.
The timing period is triggered (started) when trigger input (555 pin 2) is less than 1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge through resistor R1. Once the time period has started further trigger pulses are ignored.
The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when this reaches 2/3 Vs the time period over and the output becomes LOW,
At the same time discharge (555 pin 7) is connected to 0V, discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger.
8.Astable Mode
Astable multivibrators are also known as Free-running Multivibrator.
Astable do not need trigger pulse for external to change the output.
The period for LOW and HIGH can be calculated based on resistor and capacitor value that connected at outside of timer.
9.Applications
Schmitt trigger
PPM
PWM
Linear Ramp generator
Precision Timing
Pulse Generation
Time Delay Generation
Sequential Timing
Used as a quad timer
10. Conclusion
Hence 555 IC timer can produce very accurate and stable time delays, from microseconds to hours. It can be used with supply voltage varying from 5 to 18 V. Timer can be used in monostable mode of operation or astable mode of operation. Its various applications include waveform generator, missing pulse detector, frequency divider, pulse width modulator, burglar alarm, FSK generator, ramp generator, pulse position modulator etc.
1.Introduction
The 555 IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to SigNetics Corporation.
555 timer is a highly stable circuit used to generate time delays, or Oscillations.
A single 555 timer can provide time delay ranging from microseconds to hours.
It operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply voltage.
2.Pin Configuration
3.Working of Pin
4.555 Integral circuit
5.Operating modes of IC
6. Bistable Mode
In bistable (also called Schmitt trigger) mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop.
The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply floating.
Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state).
Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No timing capacitors
Pin 5 (control voltage) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 μF). Pin 7 (discharge) is left floating
7.Monostable Mode
Pulse generator circuit which the period is calculated from RC network and connected to external of 555 timer
Stable when the output logic LOW (logic = 0)
When a pulse is trigger at pin 2 (normally negative trigger pulse), timer output will change to HIGH (+Vs) for a while and change to LOW (stable condition). The condition will continue LOW until pulse is trigger again.
The timing period is triggered (started) when trigger input (555 pin 2) is less than 1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge through resistor R1. Once the time period has started further trigger pulses are ignored.
The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when this reaches 2/3 Vs the time period over and the output becomes LOW,
At the same time discharge (555 pin 7) is connected to 0V, discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger.
8.Astable Mode
Astable multivibrators are also known as Free-running Multivibrator.
Astable do not need trigger pulse for external to change the output.
The period for LOW and HIGH can be calculated based on resistor and capacitor value that connected at outside of timer.
9.Applications
Schmitt trigger
PPM
PWM
Linear Ramp generator
Precision Timing
Pulse Generation
Time Delay Generation
Sequential Timing
Used as a quad timer
10. Conclusion
Hence 555 IC timer can produce very accurate and stable time delays, from microseconds to hours. It can be used with supply voltage varying from 5 to 18 V. Timer can be used in monostable mode of operation or astable mode of operation. Its various applications include waveform generator, missing pulse detector, frequency divider, pulse width modulator, burglar alarm, FSK generator, ramp generator, pulse position modulator etc.
Auto Control for Three Phase Induction Motor� is one of the advancements in Electrical Machines. This paper focuses on several advancements that overcome the shortcomings,such as line dropout,single phasing,ove rload damage and reverse phasing present in the existing systems using 3 - Phase Motors. The 3 - Phase Motor controller circuit presented here is fully IC based,which is designed to work in difficult environmental conditions. This drive integrates several fac ilities with built - in protection for current sensing,overload control,under/over frequency cut - off along with auto - starter and off - timer. This controller is possesses major parts viz.,phase sequence checker,auto - starter and current sensing circuit,mot or on - off timer and power supply circuit .
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A Schmitt trigger is an electronic circuit, a Comparator that is used to detect whether a voltage has crossed over a given reference level. It has two stable states and is very useful as signal conditioning device. When an input waveform in the form of sinusoidal waveform, triangular waveform, or any other periodic waveform is given, the Schmitt trigger will produce a Rectangular or square output waveform that has sharp leading and trailing edges. Such fast rise and fall times are desirable for all digital circuits. The state of the art presented in the paper is the design and implementation of Schmitt trigger using operational amplifier µA-741, generating a Rectangular waveform. Furthermore, the Schmitt trigger exhibiting hysteresis is also presented in the paper. Due to the phenomenon of hysteresis, the output transition from HIGH to LOW and LOW to HIGH will take place at various thresholds.
Functional block, characteristics of 555 Timer and its PWM application – IC-566 voltage controlled oscillator IC; 565-phase locked loop IC, AD633 Analog multiplier ICs.
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3. Working of ICL8038
•Capacitor C
•Current source #1
•Current source #2 (OFF)
•Capacitor charges with current I
•Comparator 1 = 2/3 of input voltage
•Flip flop is triggered
•Current source #2 (ON) current 2I
•Capacitor discharges with current I
•Comparator 2= 1/3 of input voltage
•Flip flop is resetted
•Cycle gets repeated
8. Components
• Frequency range C1 value
1Hz – 100Hz=1uF
100Hz-1KHz=0.1uF
1KHz-10KHz=0.01uF
10KHz-100KHz=0.001uF
• The components list
Resistors size 1/4W 5%
R1=2.2K
R2=10K
VR1=10K Single potentiometer
Capacitors
C1 (above mentioned)
Semiconductor
IC1=ICL8038=Precision Waveform Generator/ Voltage Controlled
Oscillator
9. Applications
• The waveforms can be injected into a device under
test and analyzed as they progress through
it, confirming the proper operation of the device or
pinpointing a fault in it.
• Like Using it to test any measurement
equipment, apply signals as input to electronic
circuits.
• to calibrate a microphone setup.