In the hospitals when any major operation is performed, the patient must be in anesthetize condition. If the operation lasts for a long time, say for suppose for 4 or 5 hours, complete dose of anesthesia cannot be administered in a single stroke. It may lead to the patient’s death. If lower amount of anesthesia is administered, the patient may wakeup at the middle of the operation. To avoid this, the anesthetist administers few milliliters of anesthesia per hour to the patient. If the anesthetist fails to administer the anesthesia to the patient at the particular time interval, other allied problems may arise. To overcome such hazardous problems the design of an automatic operation of an anesthesia machine based on a micro-controller is effective. In this system a keypad is provided along with the microcontroller and syringe infusion pump. The anesthetist can set the level of anesthesia in terms of milliliters per hour to administer anesthesia to the patient with the help of keypad.

1. MICROCONTROLLERMICROCONTROLLER
BASED ANESTHESIABASED ANESTHESIA
INJECTORINJECTOR
ByBy
D. SYAM SUNDAR(KTMK)D. SYAM SUNDAR(KTMK)
V.B. SHRAVANI(RCEW)V.B. SHRAVANI(RCEW)
SECOND YEAR E.C.ESECOND YEAR E.C.E
KURNOOLKURNOOL

2. PRESENTATION PROCEEDS ASPRESENTATION PROCEEDS AS
 NECCESITY OF MICROCONTROLLERNECCESITY OF MICROCONTROLLER
BASED ANSTHESIA INJECTOR (MBAI)BASED ANSTHESIA INJECTOR (MBAI)
 WORKING OF MBAIWORKING OF MBAI
 COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR THECOMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR THE
SYSTEMSYSTEM
 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTSFUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
 CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

3. NECCESITY OF MBAINECCESITY OF MBAI
 Major operations are performed to remove or reconstruct theMajor operations are performed to remove or reconstruct the
infected parts in the human body. These operations will lead toinfected parts in the human body. These operations will lead to
blood loss and pain. Therefore it is necessary to arrest the painblood loss and pain. Therefore it is necessary to arrest the pain
and the blood loss. Anesthesia plays an important role in the partand the blood loss. Anesthesia plays an important role in the part
of painkilling .AAI can be defined as “Automatic administrationof painkilling .AAI can be defined as “Automatic administration
of anesthesia based on the bio-medical parameters of the patient,of anesthesia based on the bio-medical parameters of the patient,
eliminating future side effects and the need for an anesthetist.”eliminating future side effects and the need for an anesthetist.”
 Anesthesia is very essential in performing painless surgery and soAnesthesia is very essential in performing painless surgery and so
an Automatic administration of Anesthesia is needed for aan Automatic administration of Anesthesia is needed for a
successful surgery.successful surgery.

4. WORKINGWORKING
 By using the keypad provided along with the Microcontroller,By using the keypad provided along with the Microcontroller,
the anesthetist can set the level of anesthesia to be administeredthe anesthetist can set the level of anesthesia to be administered
to the patient in terms of milliliters per hour (1ml to 1000ml).to the patient in terms of milliliters per hour (1ml to 1000ml).
After receiving the anesthesia level from the keypad, theAfter receiving the anesthesia level from the keypad, the
Microcontroller sets the system to administer anesthesia to theMicrocontroller sets the system to administer anesthesia to the
prescribed level. It then analyses various bio-medical parametersprescribed level. It then analyses various bio-medical parameters
obtained from the sensors to determine the direction of rotationobtained from the sensors to determine the direction of rotation
of the stepper motor. The rotation of the stepper motor causesof the stepper motor. The rotation of the stepper motor causes
the Infusion Pump to move in forward or in a backwardthe Infusion Pump to move in forward or in a backward
direction and the anesthesia provided in the syringe is injecteddirection and the anesthesia provided in the syringe is injected
into the body of the patient. If the level of anesthesia isinto the body of the patient. If the level of anesthesia is
decreased to lower level than the set value, the alarm getsdecreased to lower level than the set value, the alarm gets
activated to alert the anesthetist to refill the anesthesia in theactivated to alert the anesthetist to refill the anesthesia in the
syringe pump to continue the process. In this design, the totalsyringe pump to continue the process. In this design, the total
timing and opposite flow of blood will also be detected by usingtiming and opposite flow of blood will also be detected by using
Micro Controller.Micro Controller.

5. BLOCK DIAGRAM
BLOCK DIAGRAMBLOCK DIAGRAM

6. COMPONENTS REQUIREDCOMPONENTS REQUIRED
 Temperature Sensor – to measure bodyTemperature Sensor – to measure body
temperaturetemperature
 Respiration Sensor – to measure respirationRespiration Sensor – to measure respiration
 Heart Beat Sensor – to measure heartbeatHeart Beat Sensor – to measure heartbeat
 Micro-Controller – to Control the overallMicro-Controller – to Control the overall
operationoperation
 Stepper Motor – to control the movement ofStepper Motor – to control the movement of
the Syringe Infusion Pumpthe Syringe Infusion Pump
 A/D Converter – to convert the analogA/D Converter – to convert the analog
form to a digital form.form to a digital form.

7. TEMPERATURE SENSORTEMPERATURE SENSOR
 The most accurate method to measure temperature is to use Thermistors andThe most accurate method to measure temperature is to use Thermistors and
Resistance ThermometersResistance Thermometers..
Circuit to measure the temperatureCircuit to measure the temperature

8. RESPIRATION SENSORRESPIRATION SENSOR
 Respiratory activity can be detected by measuring changes in the impedanceRespiratory activity can be detected by measuring changes in the impedance
across the thorax. Several types of transducers have been developed for theacross the thorax. Several types of transducers have been developed for the
measurement of respiration rate.measurement of respiration rate.
Circuit to measure RespirationCircuit to measure Respiration

9. HEART BEAT SENSORHEART BEAT SENSOR
 Heart rate is our body's way of telling how hard it isHeart rate is our body's way of telling how hard it is
going. It is very vital that heart beat has to be in normalgoing. It is very vital that heart beat has to be in normal
while administering anesthesia to the patient. Normalwhile administering anesthesia to the patient. Normal
heart beat is 72 beats per minute. A sensor is designedheart beat is 72 beats per minute. A sensor is designed
for monitoring the changes in the heart beat of thefor monitoring the changes in the heart beat of the
human body. There are 2 ways of monitoring heart ratehuman body. There are 2 ways of monitoring heart rate
information from the body. They areinformation from the body. They are
 Electrocardiogram (ECG)Electrocardiogram (ECG)
 PULSEPULSE

10. MICROCONTROLLERMICROCONTROLLER
The design approach of the microcontroller mirrors that of theThe design approach of the microcontroller mirrors that of the
microprocessor. The microprocessor design accomplishes a very flexible andmicroprocessor. The microprocessor design accomplishes a very flexible and
extensive repertoire of multi-byte instructions. These instructions work inextensive repertoire of multi-byte instructions. These instructions work in
hardware configurations that enables large amount of memory and IO to behardware configurations that enables large amount of memory and IO to be
connected to address and data bus pins on the integrated circuit packageconnected to address and data bus pins on the integrated circuit package
89C51 MICRO CONTROLLER89C51 MICRO CONTROLLER
The Microcontroller that is used in this system is 89C51 manufactured byThe Microcontroller that is used in this system is 89C51 manufactured by
Atmel, MC, USA.Atmel, MC, USA.
This is an advanced version of 8031.This is an advanced version of 8031.
 SERIES : 89C51 FamilySERIES : 89C51 Family
 TECHNOLOGY : CMOSTECHNOLOGY : CMOS

11. STEPPER MOTORSTEPPER MOTOR
 A stepper motor transforms electrical pulses into equalA stepper motor transforms electrical pulses into equal
increments of rotary shaft motion called stepsincrements of rotary shaft motion called steps
 In Automatic Anesthesia Injector, a 4-phase stepperIn Automatic Anesthesia Injector, a 4-phase stepper
motor is used. Consider the four phases as S1, S2, S3motor is used. Consider the four phases as S1, S2, S3
and S4. The switch sequence can be used to rotate theand S4. The switch sequence can be used to rotate the
motor half steps of 0.9º clockwise or counter clockwise.motor half steps of 0.9º clockwise or counter clockwise.
 This clockwise and counter clockwise movement of theThis clockwise and counter clockwise movement of the
stepper motor is coordinated with the movement of thestepper motor is coordinated with the movement of the
Syringe by means of a mechanical interface.Syringe by means of a mechanical interface.

12. SYRINGE INFUSION PUMPSYRINGE INFUSION PUMP
 The Syringe Infusion pump provides uniform flow of fluid byThe Syringe Infusion pump provides uniform flow of fluid by
precisely driving the plunger of a syringe towards its barrel. Itprecisely driving the plunger of a syringe towards its barrel. It
provides accurate and continuous flow rate for preciselyprovides accurate and continuous flow rate for precisely
delivering anesthesia medication in critical medical care. It has andelivering anesthesia medication in critical medical care. It has an
alarm system activated by Infra-Red Sensor and limit switches.alarm system activated by Infra-Red Sensor and limit switches.
The pump will stop automatically with an alarm when the syringeThe pump will stop automatically with an alarm when the syringe
is empty or if any air-bubble enters the fluid line. Glass andis empty or if any air-bubble enters the fluid line. Glass and
plastic Syringes of all sizes from 1ml to 30ml can be used in theplastic Syringes of all sizes from 1ml to 30ml can be used in the
infusion pump. The flow rates can be adjusted from 1ml toinfusion pump. The flow rates can be adjusted from 1ml to
99ml/hr. Since it accepts other syringe size also, much lower99ml/hr. Since it accepts other syringe size also, much lower
flow rate can be obtained by using smaller syringes.flow rate can be obtained by using smaller syringes.

13. SOFTWARE DETAILSSOFTWARE DETAILS
A program is required which when burnt into the EPROM will operateA program is required which when burnt into the EPROM will operate
with the AT 89C51 to do the function of monitoring the bio-medicalwith the AT 89C51 to do the function of monitoring the bio-medical
parameters. The program answers the following requirements:parameters. The program answers the following requirements:
 To read the input from the keypad provided with the microcontroller.To read the input from the keypad provided with the microcontroller.
 To activate the internal timer and enable it to interrupt the AT 89C51To activate the internal timer and enable it to interrupt the AT 89C51
whenever the timer overflows.whenever the timer overflows.
 To read the parameters such as heart rate, respiration, body temperature onceTo read the parameters such as heart rate, respiration, body temperature once
in every specified interval.in every specified interval.
 To check for the correctness of the parameter values and activate the alarmTo check for the correctness of the parameter values and activate the alarm
set with the system when the level of Anesthesia goes down.set with the system when the level of Anesthesia goes down.
 To calculate the stepper motor movement (increase the speed or decrease theTo calculate the stepper motor movement (increase the speed or decrease the
speed) with the parameters provided by the Sensors.speed) with the parameters provided by the Sensors.
 Continue the above until switched OFF or RESET.Continue the above until switched OFF or RESET.

14. ANESTHESIA MACHINEANESTHESIA MACHINE

15. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSEXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
 The performance of the microcontroller was checked virtually byThe performance of the microcontroller was checked virtually by
interfacing it with the computer. The program was written in theinterfacing it with the computer. The program was written in the
micro controller for analyzing the parameters. Then themicro controller for analyzing the parameters. Then the
microcontroller was interfaced with the PC using the Microsoftmicrocontroller was interfaced with the PC using the Microsoft
Communication Port interface in Visual Basic 6.0.Communication Port interface in Visual Basic 6.0.
 A Stepper motor designed in VB was made to run and the motorA Stepper motor designed in VB was made to run and the motor
speed on various conditions was noted. When the respirationspeed on various conditions was noted. When the respiration
rate and the temperature were constant, the motor speed wasrate and the temperature were constant, the motor speed was
found to be constant. When this parameter was varied (byfound to be constant. When this parameter was varied (by
manually coding the change in the microcontroller program), themanually coding the change in the microcontroller program), the
stepper motor speed was also found to vary with the aid of thestepper motor speed was also found to vary with the aid of the
microcontroller.microcontroller.

16. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTSFUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
 Multiple parameters like Blood pressure, retinalMultiple parameters like Blood pressure, retinal
size, age and weight can be included assize, age and weight can be included as
controlling parameters in the future.controlling parameters in the future.
 Specialized embedded anesthesia machine canSpecialized embedded anesthesia machine can
be developed, thereby reducing size, cost andbe developed, thereby reducing size, cost and
increasing efficiency.increasing efficiency.

17. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
 Modern technologies have developed thatModern technologies have developed that
promotes comfortable and better life which ispromotes comfortable and better life which is
disease free.disease free. PREVENTION IS BETTERPREVENTION IS BETTER
THAN CURETHAN CURE and protection is intelligent thanand protection is intelligent than
prevention and our presentation onprevention and our presentation on
MICROCONTROLLER BASEDMICROCONTROLLER BASED
ANESTHESIA MACHINE is one of theANESTHESIA MACHINE is one of the
efficient protecting systems.efficient protecting systems.

18. THANTHAN QQ