The document discusses various types of biomedical equipment classified into OT equipment, critical care equipment, diagnostic equipment, and treatment equipment. It provides examples for each type of equipment such as ventilators, multipara monitors, defibrillators, syringe pumps, infusion pumps, and ECG machines. It also describes some equipment in more detail including their purpose, main parameters, and how they function.

1. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

2. BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENTS
MAINLY CLASSIFIED AS
 A) OT EQUIPMENTS
 B) CRITICAL CARE EQUIPMENTS
 C) DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENTS
 D) TREATMENT EQUIPMENTS

3. OT EQUIPMENTS
 OT TABLE
 OT LIGHT
 ANAESTHESIA MACHINE
 ELECTRO SURGERY EQUIPMENTS
 HEARTLUNG MACHINE
 SURGICAL MICROSCOPES
 C-ARM
 SURGICAL LASER
 SURGICAL DRILLS
 LAPROSCOPIC EQUIPMENTS
 PHACO MACHINE

4. CRITICAL CARE EQUIPMENTS
 VENTILATORS
 ECMO
 MULTIPARA MONITOR
 DEFIBRILATOR
 ECG MACHINE
 SYRINGE PUMP
 INFUSION PUMP

5. DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENTS
 BRONCHOSCOPE
 ENDOSCOPE
 SINOSCOPE
 COLPOSCOPE
 MANOMETRY
 CT
 MRI
 XRAY & ULTRASOUND
 CATH LAB
 LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
 EEG, EMG,ECG
 UROFLOWMETRY
 PFT & SLEEP STUDY
 AUDIOLOGY & OAE

6. TREATMENT EQUIPMENTS
PHYSIOTHERAPY EQUIPMENTS
HEMODIALYSIS EQUIPMENT-
BLOOD BANK EQUIPMENTS

7. RESPIRATION
 What is Respiration?
 Respiration is the process of supplying oxygen to and removing
carbon dioxide from the tissues.These gasses are carried in the
blood, oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from
the tissues to the lungs. The gas exchanges in the lungs are called
external respiration and those in the tissues are called internal
respiration. There is a very delicate balance between the absorption
and excretion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and tissues,
and this balance is maintained by the respiratory or breathing activity.
If breathing stops for more than five minutes, death or permanent
damage will almost certainly occur. This may happen in many
conditions such as asphyxia, carbon monoxide poisoning, drowning
and electric shock, and artificial respiration is then essential.

8. Rsepiration
 If a condition makes it very difficult for you to
breathe or get enough oxygen into your
blood.,this condition is called respiratory
failure.For reduced breathing or respiratory failure
(insufficiency), mechanical devices or respirators
are used in hospitals. These devices provide
artificial ventilation, supply enough oxygen and
eliminate the right amount of carbon dioxide,
maintain the desired arterial partial pressure of
carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and desired arterial
oxygen tension (PaO2)

9. VENTILATORS
Ventilator is basically device used to move breathable air in and out of the
lungs. It may be partial support or full support depending on the condition of the
patient. The basic parameters we are setting in a ventilator are 1)pressure -the
patient initiates every breath and the ventilator delivers support with the preset
pressure value,2) rate- the number of breaths required in 1 minute- normaly 12-
15 beats/min and 3) volume-(tidal Volume-TV) of air/o2 inhaled or exhaled in
one breath. In neonatal the minimum TV will be 2-20ml, in pediatrics it is 20ml-
300ml and in adults it will be upto 1000ml.
Volume is calculated as 7 ml/Kg and for a person with 60kg the volume
required is 420 Ml.

11. Parameters of Ventilation
1)Pressure-Terminates with preset Pressure
2)Volume-Terminates with preset Tidal Volume
3)Flow-Termnates when inspiratory flow reaches a minimal
predetermined level
4)Time-Terminates when preset time has reached

12. VENTILATOR TERMS
Lung compliance- is the ability of the alveoli and lung tissue to expand on inspiration. The
lungs are passive, but they should stretch easily to ensure the sufficient intake of the air.
Airway Resistance: Airway resistance relates to the ease with which air flows through the
tubular respiratory structures. Higher resistances occur in smaller tubes such as the
bronchioles and alveoli that have not emptied properly.
Inspiratory Pause Time: When the pressure in the patient circuit and alveoli is equal,
there is aperiod of no flow. This period is called inspiratory pause time. Inspiratory Flow:
Inspiratory flow is represented as a positive flow above the zero line
Expiratory Flow: Expiratory flow is a negative flow below the zero line.
Tidal Volume: Tidal volume is the depth of breathing or the volume of gas inspired or
expired during each respiratory cycle.
Minute Volume: This refers to volume of gas exchanged per minute during quiet
breathing. Minute volume is obtained by multiplying the tidal volume by the breathing rate.
Respiration Rate: This is the number of breaths per second. It represents total respiratory
rate of the patient.
Inspiratory Expiratory Phase Time Ratio (I : E Ratio): This signifies the ratio of
inspiratory interval to expiratory interval of a mandatory breath. This ratio is normally
limited to 1:1.
Oxygen Percentage (F1O2): In all ventilatory modes, oxygen is delivered during the
inspiratory phase and the percentage (F1O2) is adjustable from 21 to 100%.

13. Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP): PEEP is a therapist-selected pressure
level for the patient airway at the end of expiration in either mandatory or spontaneous
breathing.
Modes of Ventilation
Controller: A ventilator which operates independent of the patient’s inspiratory effort.
The inspiration is initiated by a mechanism which is controlled with respect to time,
pressure or another similar factor. Controlled ventilation is required for patients who
are unable to breath on their own.
Assistor: A ventilator which augments the inspiration of the patient by operating in
response to the patient’s inspiratory effort. A pressure sensor detects the slight
negative pressure that occurs each time the patient attempts to inhale and triggers the
process of inflating the lungs. Thus the ventilator helps the patient to inspire when
needed. A sensitivity adjustment provided on the equipment helps to select the
amount of effort required on the patient’s part to trigger the inspiration
process. The assist mode is required for those patients who are able to breathe but
are unable to inhale a sufficient amount of air or for whom breathing requires a great
deal of effort.
Assistor/Controller: A ventilator which combines both the controller and assistor
functions. In these devices, if the patient fails to breathe within a pre-determined time,
a timer automatically triggers the inspiration process to inflate the lungs. Therefore,
the breathing is controlled by the patient as long as it is possible, but in case the
patient should fail to do so, the machine is able to take over the function. Such
devices are most frequently used in critical care units

15. ECMO
 In extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
(ECMO), blood is pumped outside of your
body to a heart-lung machine that removes
carbon dioxide and sends oxygen-filled
blood back to tissues in the body. Blood
flows from the right side of the heart to the
membrane oxygenator in the heart-lung
machine, and then is rewarmed and sent
back to the body.
 This method allows the blood to "bypass"
the

16. ECMO
 heart and lungs, allowing these organs to rest and
heal. It may be used in care for heart muscle
diseases and inflamations,COVID-19, ARDS ,post
transplant complications etc.

17.  The objective of patient monitoring is to have
a quantitative assessment of the important
physiological variables of the patients during
critical periods of their biological functions.
For diagnostic and research purposes, it is
necessary to know their actual value or trend
of change. Patient monitoring systems are
used for measuring continuously or at regular
intervals, automatically, the values of the
patient’s important physiological parameters
PATIENT MONITORING

18. MULTIPARA MONITORS
 For knowing the vital signs of a patient like
Saturation of peripheral Oxygen (SPO2),
ECG,IBP& NIBP, Temp,EtCo2, etc

19. Patient monitors are also known as vital sign monitors as they are primarily
designed to measure and display vital physiological parameters. It basically consists
of the modular parts for measurement of the following:
• ECG and respiration measuring electronics
• Blood pressure (non-invasive
• Blood pressure (invasive)
• Temperature measuring electronics
• Pulse probe and SpO2 (pulse oximetry)

20. DEFIBRILATOR
 Ventricular fibrillation is a serious cardiac emergency resulting from
asynchronous contraction of the heart muscles. This uncoordinated
movement of the ventricle walls of the heart may result from coronary
occlusion, from electric shock or from abnormalities of body chemistry.
Because of this irregular contraction of the muscle fibres, the
ventricles simply quiver rather than pumping the blood effectively. This
results in a steep fall of cardiac output and can prove fatal if adequate
steps are not taken promptly.
 Ventricular fibrillation can be converted into a more efficient rhythm by
applying a high energy shock to the heart. This sudden surge across
the heart causes all muscle fibres to contract simultaneously.
Possibly, the fibres may then respond to normal physiological
pacemaking pulses. The instrument for administering the shock is
called a defibrillator

21. DEFIBRILATOR
 Defibrillator is a device which gives an electric shock to the heart. This helps
reestablish normal contraction rhythms in a heart having dangerous arrhythmia
or in cardiac arrest. There is a 70% chance of survival within 3 minutes of
defibrillation after an arrest.

23. SYRINGE PUMP & INFUSION
PUMP
 SYRINGE PUMP IS USED TO INFUSE
MEDICATIONS TO A PATIENT FOR A
STIPULATED TIME.
 INFUSION PUMP IS USED TO INFUSE
FLUIDS OR NUTRIENTS TO PATIENT FOR A
STIPULATED TIME
 MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYRINGE
PUMP AND INFUSION PUMP IS SYRINGE
PUMP IS USED FOR INFUSING SMALLER
VOLUMES IN SYRINGE FROM 10ML TO 50
ML WHILE INFUSION PUMP INFUSES
FLUIDS UPTO 2L

24. SYRINGE PUMP & INFUSION
PUMP

25.  In syringe pumps a motor, through a gear-
reducing mechanism and a lead screw, applies
force to the plunger of a syringe containing the
drug. The device is mainly convenient for
applications that require the delivery of volumes
limited by the syringe size

26. In Infusion pump, we can either select rate or
Time .
If we need to deliver 100ml in 3 hr,we can set
33.3ml /min as the infusion rate(100/3)
If we need to deliver a volume 50 ml at a rate
5ml/hr,we can set time as 10 hr

27. ECG MACHINE
 The procedure of recording the electrical
activity of the heart using electrodes placed
on the body is known as
Electrocardiography (ECG) and the
machine used to enable this is called an
ECG Machine. There are various types of
ECG machines which can be used
depending on the degree of realiability,
accuracy, portability, and comfort required. .
 12 lead ECG Machine- It consists of three

28.  standard limb leads, three augmented limb leads
and six precordial leads.
 3 Lead ECG machine- This ECG machine
utilizes 4 electrodes for continuous monitoring.